Full Penetration Research Articles

Sexual Satisfaction in Obese People

Obesity has numerous consequences for the psychosocial and physical functioning of the individual which most often include comorbidities, disorders, and negative social attitudes influencing self-image. These factors indirectly associate obesity with problems in the sphere of sex life. Empirical evidence on this issue is relatively unambiguous but studies that focus on the positive dimensions of sex life do not provide clear-cut conclusions. Previous studies have often been carried out in specific groups and various socio-cultural conditions. The current study analyzed the relationship between sexual satisfaction and a variable describing preferences, expectations, and needs of obese people and non-obese people. Satisfaction was analyzed taking into account two components. One reflected the degree of discrepancy/convergence between the desired and actual frequency of sexual behavior. The other reflected the degree of pleasure felt in connection with actual sexual behavior. The sample consisted of 148 obese people and 128 non-obese people. Three measures were used: the Sexual Activity Questionnaire, Sexual Stimulus Scale, and Sexual Needs and Reaction Scale. The groups did not differ significantly in terms of sexual satisfaction in either dimension. The results of the regression analysis showed a more complex structure of correlations between satisfaction, preferences, expectations, and needs in obese people compared to non-obese people. Also, the activity of the partner, including experiences during full penetration, was found to be most important for pleasure (as one of the dimensions of satisfaction) in the test group.

Influence of laser power and welding speed on dendrite structure growth of low power pulsed laser welded super alloy

The influence of different welding parameters like welding speed and laser power on microstructure and the mechanical properties of low power pulsed Nd: Yag laser welded Nickel based super alloy inconel 617 sheets of thickness 1.5 mm has been investigated. In the present study, the welding of the specimens was done in a single pass aimed to full depth penetration. The microstructure of the various samples at fusion zone and at heat affected zone was characterized by field effect scanning electron microscope (FESEM) while the weld size of the welded metal at different parameters were measured using optical microscope (OM). The microhardness in the various zones for the welded sample has also been investigated. The microhardness of the welded samples was compared with base metal after experimental observations. The XRD technique was used to analyze the crystallography of the material at (2θ degree). The material has been used for the present study because of its exceptional properties of heat resistant and corrosion resistant. The Nd: YAG pulsed laser has been used because of its overlapping factor during welding that reduces porosity in the weld zone.

Fabrication and testing of small mock-ups for helium cooled ceramic reflector breeding blanket development

Korea has developed a helium cooled ceramic reflector test blanket module (TBM) for fusion reactors. An advanced reduced activation alloy has been developed as a structural material and various joining methods such as E-beam welding, tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, laser welding, and hot isostatic pressing have been applied to establish its fabrication method and procedure. Based on the current design of the TBM and breeding blanket, TIG welding was selected as the main joining method, and the U-shaped first wall (FW) was adopted. For welding of the breeding blanket, a special joining technique without a permanent backing strip with simultaneous full penetration welding in accordance with the design rules of class N2RX of RCC-MRx is required for the pressure vessel. For the U-shaped FW, distortion of the drilled cooling hole during the bending should be limited. Three small mock-ups were fabricated in this study to investigate these issues. The joints and bending parts were visually observed after cutting, and the hydrostatic pressure test was performed for regions with low thickness. The results show that the proposed fabrication methods are applicable in the fabrication procedure development for the breeding blanket.

Effect of Aluminum Arc Butt Joint Weld Geometry on Fatigue Strength

The use of aluminum in auto odies is increasing due to the requirement of mass reduction for gas mileage enhancement. However, few open studies have been conducted on the fatigue strength of arc welded aluminum butt joints. In this study, the fatigue strength of arc welded butt joints of aluminum sheets was investigated. The material was 6061-T6 with a thickness of 4 mm. Welding specimens were prepared to determine the effects of the top bead toe angle, penetration depth, top surface misalignment, and alternative double-butt joint formation. Results showed that the top surface misalignment and partial penetration were more critical than the top bead toe angle on fatigue strength. Partial and full penetration revealed the lowest and highest fatigue strength, respectively. Because of the low viscosity and surface tension, achieving full penetration in butt joint aluminum arc welding without a backing component while also controlling penetration depth are impossible. An alternative solution to this problem is to ap-ply a double-butt joint design, with experimental results showing for the first time the validity of this solution in terms of fatigue strength. Key words: Aluminum, Arc, Welding, Fatigue, Automotive, Butt joint

Coupled analysis of full flow penetration problems in soft sensitive clays

This study describes the development and implementation of a numerical procedure for the analysis of coupled geotechnical problems involving finite deformations, changing boundary conditions, multiphase porous media and softening behaviour. The numerical scheme is first validated through a benchmark problem concerning the laying of an on-bottom offshore pipeline, and then some further highlights of the effects of soil softening are presented. The scheme is then specifically employed to study the penetration process of a full flow cyclic T-bar test in soft sensitive clay. An advanced soil constitutive model has been implemented to capture the effects of soil structure and its progressive de-structuring as well as soil fabric anisotropy. Accordingly, the changing soil resistance due to the combined effects of soil softening, remoulding and reconsolidation is illustrated, by considering a T-bar undergoing large amplitude cyclic sequences interspersed with consolidation periods. The results from the numerical simulations reveal the effects of soil softening on the soil deformation pattern, the evolution of shear bands, the generation of excess pore pressures and the process of soil reconsolidation.

Influence of Assembly Gap Size on the Structure and Properties of SUS301L Stainless Steel Laser Welded Lap Joint.

The microstructure and properties of laser welding lap joints with different assembly gap sizes are experimentally investigated. The laser weld joint is composed of γ-austenite and δ-ferrite, and the strip ferrite phase is mainly distributed at the austenite grain boundary. The weld metal presents the austenitic-ferritic (AF) solidification mode. When there is a gap between the two plates, a triangular region composed of similar equiaxed crystals can be found, and the size of the cellular crystals in this region decreases significantly. When the assembly gap size increases from 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm, the weld penetration state of the joint changes from full penetration to semi-penetration, and the surface collapse increases. The excessive size of the gap leads to a decrease in the tensile-shear force and fatigue strength of laser welded joints. In order to ensure that the surface morphology and properties of the welded joint meet the quality standard and requirement, the assembly gap should be less than 0.1mm.

Magnesium gasar as a potential monolithic hydrogen absorbent

The study focuses on the aspect of using the structure of gasars, i.e. materials with directed open porosity, as a potential hydrogen storage. The structure of the tested gasar is composed of a large number of thin, open tubular pores running through the entire longitudinal section of the sample. This allows hydrogen to easily penetrate into the entire sample volume. The analysis of pore distribution showed that the longest diffusion path needed for full penetration of the metal structure with hydrogen is about L = 50–70 μm, regardless of the external dimensions of the sample. Attempts to hydrogenate the magnesium gasar structure have shown its ability to accumulate hydrogen at a level of 1 wt%. The obtained results were compared with the best result was obtained for the ZK60 alloy after equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and crushed to a powder form. The result obtained exceeded 4 wt% of hydrogen accumulated in the metal structure, at theoretical 6.9 wt% maximum capacity. A model analysis of the theoretic absorption capacity of pure magnesium was also carried out based on the concentration of vacancies in the metal structure. The theoretical results obtained correlate well with experimental data.

The interaction of SKP2 with p27 enhances the progression and stemness of osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma is a highly aggressive malignancy for which treatment has remained essentially unchanged for years. Our previous studies found that the F-box protein SKP2 is overexpressed in osteosarcoma, acting as a proto-oncogene; p27Kip1 (p27) is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and a downstream substrate of SKP2-mediated ubiquitination. Overexpression of SKP2 and underexpression of p27 are common characteristics of cancer cells. The SCFSKP2 E3 ligase ubiquitinates Thr187-phosphorylated p27 for proteasome degradation, which can be abolished by a Thr187Ala knock-in (p27T187A KI) mutation. RB1 and TP53 are two major tumor suppressors commonly coinactivated in osteosarcoma. We generated a mouse model with a double knockout (DKO) of Rb1 and Trp53 within cells of the osteoblastic lineage, which developed osteosarcoma with full penetrance. When p27T187A KI mice were crossed on to the DKO background, p27T187A protein was found to accumulate in osteosarcoma tumor tissues. Furthermore, p27T187A promoted apoptosis in DKO tumors, slowed disease progression, and significantly prolonged overall survival. RNA sequencing analysis also linked the SCFSKP2 -p27T187A axis to potentially reduced cancer stemness. Given that RB1 and TP53 loss or coinactivation is common in human osteosarcoma, our study suggests that inhibiting the SKP2-p27 axis may represent a desirable therapeutic strategy for this cancer.

Experimental investigation on the energy absorption characteristics of sandwich panels with layering of foam core under quasi-static punch loading

Quasi-static full penetration tests were investigated on sandwich panels with graded polyurethane foam core and aluminum face-sheets. Results showed that the panels with decreasing foam core density (HL) create more contact force and its amount is 1.5 times the force required to penetrate into panels with increasing foam core density (LH). Also, the indenter needs the highest energy to penetrate into sandwich panel with decreasing foam core density (HL), and its value is 1.32 times the energy required to penetrate into panel with increasing foam core density (LH).

Weld Metal Microstructure Prediction in Laser Beam Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel

In the present work an approach to weld metal microstructure prediction is proposed, based on an analytical method that allows the evaluation of the thermal fields generated during the laser beam travel on thick plates. Reference is made to AISI 304L austenitic steel as a base material, with the aim to predict the molten zone microstructure and verify the best condition to avoid hot cracking formation, which is a typical issue in austenitic steel welding. The “keyhole” full penetration welding mode, characteristic of high-power laser beam, was simulated considering the phenomenological laws of conduction by the superimposition of a line thermal source along the whole thickness and two point sources located, respectively, on the surface and at the position of the beam focus inside the joint. This model was fitted on the basis of the fusion zone profile, which was experimentally detected on a weld seam obtained by means of a CO2 laser beam, in a single pass on two squared edged AISI 304L plates, that were butt-positioned. Then the model was applied to evaluate the thermal fields and cooling rates, the fusion zone composition and the solidification mode.

Biallelic loss-of-function in NRAP is a cause of recessive dilated cardiomyopathy

Familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is typically a monogenic disorder with dominant inheritance. Although over 40 genes have been linked to DCM, more than half of the patients undergoing comprehensive genetic testing are left without molecular diagnosis. Recently, biallelic protein-truncating variants (PTVs) in the nebulin-related anchoring protein gene (NRAP) were identified in a few patients with sporadic DCM. We determined the frequency of rare NRAP variants in a cohort of DCM patients and control patients to further evaluate role of this gene in cardiomyopathies. A retrospective analysis of our internal variant database consisting of 31,639 individuals who underwent genetic testing (either panel or direct exome sequencing) was performed. The DCM group included 577 patients with either a confirmed or suspected DCM diagnosis. A control cohort of 31,062 individuals, including 25,912 individuals with non-cardiac (control group) and 5,150 with non-DCM cardiac indications (Non-DCM cardiac group). Biallelic (n = 6) or two (n = 5) NRAP variants (two PTVs or PTV+missense) were identified in 11 unrelated probands with DCM (1.9%) but none of the controls. None of the 11 probands had an alternative molecular diagnosis. Family member testing supports co-segregation. Biallelic or potentially biallelic NRAP variants were enriched in DCM vs. controls (OR 1052, p<0.0001). Based on the frequency of NRAP PTVs in the gnomAD reference population, and predicting full penetrance, biallelic NRAP variants could explain 0.25%-2.46% of all DCM cases. Loss-of-function in NRAP is a cause for autosomal recessive dilated cardiomyopathy, supporting its inclusion in comprehensive genetic testing.

Numerical Simulation of Subsurface Penetrating Radar in Isidis Planitia on Mars for China’s First Mission to Mars

The water ice exploration mission is an important scientific target of China’s first Mission to Mars. The high frequency full polarimetric subsurface penetrating radar (SPR) system onboard the landing rover can carry out high-resolution imaging of the near-surface area of Mars, which is an important tool for detecting the presence of shallow water ice and soil structure. At present, most of the radar detection simulations are based on low-frequency antennas to analyze the geological structure of Mars down to several kilometers, with low resolution, which is difficult to detect the subsurface structure in the near-surface accurately. Considering topographic relief, interface roughness, subsurface rock, water ice, and permittivity changes at different layers, a three-dimensional near-surface model in the Isidis Planitia on Mars is established. The interpretation of the forward simulation results is of reference value for future Mars exploration missions.

Novel PRKAG2 variant presenting as liver cirrhosis: report of a family with 2 cases and review of literature

BackgroundMutations in the PRKAG2 gene encoding the 5′ Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), specifically in its γ2 regulatory subunit, lead to Glycogen storage disease of heart, fetal congenital disorder (PRKAG2 syndrome). These mutations are rare, and their functional roles have not been fully elucidated. PRKAG2 syndrome is autosomal dominant disorder inherited with full penetrance. It is characterized by the accumulation of glycogen in the heart tissue, which is clinically manifested as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. There is little knowledge about the characteristics of this disease. This study reports a genetic defect in an Iranian family with liver problems using targeted-gene sequencing.Case presentationA 4-year-old girl presented with short stature, hepatomegaly, and liver cirrhosis. As there was no specific diagnosis made based on the laboratory data and liver biopsy results, targeted-gene sequencing (TGS) was performed to detect the molecular basis of the disease. It was confirmed that this patient carried a novel heterozygous variant in the PRKAG2 gene. The echocardiography was a normal.ConclusionA novel heterozygous variant c.592A > T (p.Met198Leu) expands the mutational spectrum of the PRKAG2 gene in this family. Also, liver damage in patients with PRKAG2 syndrome has never been reported, which deserves further discussion.

Simulation and experiment for dynamics of laser welding keyhole and molten pool at different penetration status

The penetration status profoundly influences the dynamic behaviors of keyhole and molten pool during laser welding. This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical simulation model with a ray-tracing method, which is dedicated to investigating the different penetration statuses in laser welding of type 304 stainless steel. In the proposed model, the factors include melting, evaporation, solidification, the vapor-induced plume heat transfer, buoyancy force, Marangoni effect, surface tension, and recoil pressure. Unlike existing similar work, three types of penetration status are investigated, including non-penetration, insufficient penetration, and full penetration. The weld cross-section geometry of simulation results is in good agreement with the experimental results. The behaviors of keyhole and molten pool, energy absorbed by the weldment, and flow field in the molten pool are discussed in details. It is found that the penetration status affects the dynamics of keyhole and molten pool, the temperature field, the absorbed energy, and the flow field, which is greatly connected with weld bead formation and joint quality.

Penetration and mixing of filler wire in hybrid laser welding

Modern lasers allow achievement of full penetration single pass welds in steel plates with thicknesses exceeding 20 mm, at welding speeds much greater than any traditional arc-based process. However, the addition of filler wire, which in most structural welds is required to ensure good mechanical properties, is more challenging. Most welds from laser and hybrid welding with filler feeding start to exhibit inhomogeneous fusion zones above a particular joint thickness. The filler consumable segregates near the top section of the joint, while the bottom forms by the re-melted parent metal, which negatively affects mechanical properties. In this work, the homogeneity of laser-arc hybrid welds was investigated experimentally, using a filler wire with a signature element, whose distribution was measured. Three different bevels with different geometry were used to study the flow of liquid filler wire across the joint. The laser and arc parameters were varied to establish the dominant forces responsible for the transport of filler wire and weld homogeneity. The results indicate that hybrid welds are susceptible to form inhomogeneous fusion zones and to achieve acceptable welds, two aspects need to be controlled. The first one is the average content of an alloying element in the meltpool, which is mainly controlled by the wire composition, its deposition rate and dilution with the parent metal. Whilst the second aspect being the weld homogeneity. It has been found that the laser power density is predominantly responsible for the transport of the consumable metal across the material. Furthermore, most processing parameters, such as the arc power or laser power, play contradicting roles, improving one aspect and simultaneously hindering another. The best way of achieving fully homogenous welds with known composition is by applying sufficient wire deposition, to satisfy the compositional requirement, and then provide enough laser power density to transport it across the full thickness.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are early indicators of an upcoming metabolic decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease

BackgroundNeuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are increasingly recognized as early non-cognitive manifestations in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) continuum. However, the role of NPS as an early marker of pathophysiological progression in AD remains unclear. Dominantly inherited AD (DIAD) mutation carriers are young individuals who are destined to develop AD in future due to the full penetrance of the genetic mutation. Hence, the study of DIAD mutation carriers enables the evaluation of the associations between pure AD pathophysiology and metabolic correlates of NPS without the confounding effects of co-existing pathologies. In this longitudinal study, we aimed to identify regional brain metabolic dysfunctions associated with NPS in cognitively intact DIAD mutation carriers.MethodsWe stratified 221 cognitively intact participants from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer’s Network according to their mutation carrier status. The interactions of NPS measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q), age, and estimated years to symptom onset (EYO) as a function of metabolism measured by [18F]flurodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography, were evaluated by the mixed-effects regression model with family-level random effects in DIAD mutation carriers and non-carriers. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify the neuropsychiatric subsyndromes in DIAD mutation carriers using the NPI-Q sub-components. Then the effects of interactions between specific neuropsychiatric subsyndromes and EYO on metabolism were evaluated with the mixed-effects regression model.ResultsA total of 119 mutation carriers and 102 non-carriers were studied. The interaction of higher NPI-Q and shorter EYO was associated with more rapid declines of global and regional [18F]FDG uptake in the posterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, the bilateral parietal lobes and the right insula in DIAD mutation carriers. The neuropsychiatric subsyndromes of agitation, disinhibition, irritability and depression interacted with the EYO to drive the [18F]FDG uptake decline in the DIAD mutation carriers. The interaction of NPI and EYO was not associated with [18F]FDG uptake in DIAD mutation non-carriers.ConclusionsThe NPS in cognitively intact DIAD mutation carriers may be a clinical indicator of subsequent metabolic decline in brain networks vulnerable to AD, which supports the emerging conceptual framework that NPS represent early manifestations of neuronal injury in AD. Further studies using different methodological approaches to identify NPS in preclinical AD are needed to validate our findings.

Mutation of the Cell Cycle Regulator p27kip1 Drives Pseudohypoxic Pheochromocytoma Development.

Simple SummaryPheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) can be subdivided into at least three different subgroups associated with different clinical manifestations and depending on the risk to metastasize. A shortage in human tumor material, the lack of a functional human cell line and very limited animal models were major drawbacks for PPGL research and consequently for the development of patient-tailored targeted therapies. We have previously reported that the MENX rat model develops pheochromocytoma with a full penetrance at the age of 8–10 months, however, it was unclear which human group the rat tumors modeled best. In order to characterize the rat pheochromocytomas, we analyzed gene expression, the catecholamine profile, TCA-cycle metabolism, methylation, angiogenesis, histology and mitochondrial ultrastructure. In all aspects, rat MENX pheochromocytomas resemble the features of the human pseudohypoxia group, the most aggressive one and in need of effective therapeutic approaches.Background: Pseudohypoxic tumors activate pro-oncogenic pathways typically associated with severe hypoxia even when sufficient oxygen is present, leading to highly aggressive tumors. Prime examples are pseudohypoxic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (p-PPGLs), neuroendendocrine tumors currently lacking effective therapy. Previous attempts to generate mouse models for p-PPGLs all failed. Here, we describe that the rat MENX line, carrying a Cdkn1b (p27) frameshift-mutation, spontaneously develops pseudohypoxic pheochromocytoma (p-PCC). Methods: We compared rat p-PCCs with their cognate human tumors at different levels: histology, immunohistochemistry, catecholamine profiling, electron microscopy, transcriptome and metabolome. The vessel architecture and angiogenic potential of pheochromocytomas (PCCs) was analyzed by light-sheet fluorescence microscopy ex vivo and multi-spectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) in vivo. Results: The analysis of tissues at various stages, from hyperplasia to advanced grades, allowed us to correlate tumor characteristics with progression. Pathological changes affecting the mitochrondrial ultrastructure where present already in hyperplasias. Rat PCCs secreted high levels of norepinephrine and dopamine. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed changes in oxidative phosphorylation that aggravated over time, leading to an accumulation of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, and to hypermethylation, evident by the loss of the epigenetic mark 5-hmC. While rat PCC xenografts showed high oxygenation, induced by massive neoangiogenesis, rat primary PCC transcriptomes possessed a pseudohypoxic signature of high Hif2a, Vegfa, and low Pnmt expression, thereby clustering with human p-PPGL. Conclusion: Endogenous rat PCCs recapitulate key phenotypic features of human p-PPGLs. Thus, MENX rats emerge as the best available animal model of these aggressive tumors. Our study provides evidence of a link between cell cycle dysregulation and pseudohypoxia.

MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Carney complex: clinical and genetic update 20 years after the identification of the CNC1 (PRKAR1A) gene.

Described for the first time in 1985, Carney complex (CNC) is a rare dominantly inherited multiple neoplasia syndrome with almost full penetrance and characterized by both endocrine - primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease with Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly and thyroid tumors - and non-endocrine manifestations such as cardiac, cutaneous and mucosal myxomas, pigmented cutaneous lesions, psammomatous melanotic schwannoma, osteochondromyxoma and a wide range of other tumours with potential malignancy. The pathophysiology of CNC is a model of dysregulation of the cAMP/PKA signalling in human diseases. As described 20 years ago, inactivating heterozygous mutations of PRKAR1A formerly known as CNC1, encoding the regulatory subunit 1α of protein kinase A, are identified in more than 70% of the index cases, while inactivating mutations of genes encoding phosphodiesterases are found in rare and particular forms of the complex. There is at present no medical specific treatment for CNC, every confirmed or suspected CNC patient should be managed by a multi-disciplinary team according to each manifestation of the disease and offered a long-term follow-up and genetic counselling. The better knowledge that we have now of this fascinating rare disease and its genetics will help to improve patients outcome.

Karakterizacija zavarenih spojeva sa delimičnom penetracijom na konstrukcionom čeliku S355N

Existing standards require welded joints with full penetration. It is considered that welded joints with complete penetration minimize the stress concentration in the root passage. However, there are numerous situations in the industry, in which the load-bearing capacity of the welded joint with partial penetration is satisfactory. If the tests of partially penetrated welds show satisfactory load capacity, the benefits compared to fully penetrated welds are reflected in lower costs, ie less time is required to prepare the joint, less additional material is needed, ie shorter time is required to make the welded joint. The paper presents the testing of butt welded joints of structural steel S355N, with partial penetration, achieved by the MAG welding in the overhead position (PD) in the protection of the gas mixture. The samples were welded with different welding parameters and with different joint preparation, and the tests were performed by non destructive methods (visual inspection, testing with penetrants and magnetic particles) and destructive methods - tension and bending tests, Vickers hardness testing.

MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND TENSILE PROPERTIES ASSESSMENT OF GTAW WELDED INCOLOY 800H ALLOYS FUEL CLADDING FOR SCWR

Incoloy 800H is one of several candidates for a fuel cladding material in super-critical water nuclear reactor concepts. The objective of this work is to determine the effect of the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process on the microstructure and resulting tensile properties of Incoloy 800H tubes. In this work, GTAW was used to join Incoloy 800H. During welding, the weld thermal cycle produces differently featured heat-affected zone and fusion zone (FZ) microstructures. Microstructural examination revealed that weld-characteristic columnar and equiaxed dendritic structures were formed in the FZ. In comparison with the optimum heat input, both increase and decrease of heat input led to the formation of more columnar dendritic structures in the FZ. The chemical element distribution analysis using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed the segregation of Ti in the form of Ti-rich carbides and nitrides; other elements did not display any obvious segregation. Tensile test results revealed that Incoloy 800H alloy welds exhibit an excellent combination of strength and ductility almost equal to the base metal (BM) at the optimum and higher than optimum heat input conditions with full penetration. The welding process has no obvious effect on the microhardness across the whole welding zone. The refinement of grain size and morphology in the FZ can contribute to the improvement in the mechanical properties. As a result, the Incoloy 800H weldment shows the comparable mechanical properties to the BM.