Full Effort Research Articles

Experimental Verification and Further Reflection on the Peak-End Rule

People make choices all the time, and sometimes the results of choices are unexpected, and the existence of the peak-end rule can explain the counterintuition in our decision evaluation. In fact, changes in "peak" and "end" experiences affect the choices people make all the time and greatly affect the evaluation of decisions. This article summarizes the characteristics of the Peak-End Rule and provides a large number of real-life examples to explain it. Based on this, three experiments were designed to verify the correctness of the Peak-End Rule from different perspectives. Among these experiments, Experiment 2 was the most important, and all participants participated in two stages of the experiment. In the first stage, they ran 100 meters with full effort, and in the second stage, they slowed down and ran 50 meters after running 100 meters with full effort. It was recorded that all participants chose to participate in the second stage of exercise, and more people chose to complete the second stage. This conclusion is contrary to common sense because the second stage covered an additional distance of 50 meters. But this result precisely confirms the conclusion of the Peak-End Theorem, because the end of the second stage run is easier, and more participants choose to run in the second stage. Meanwhile, through in-depth analysis of the data from Experiment 3, the author believes that the impact of the "endpoint" on decision-making is greater than that of the "peak".

Exploration on the change process of human glucocorticoid during incremental exercise load training

Glucocorticoid is a kind of hormone synthesized from glycogen, which has many physiological functions such as improving the body’s anti fatigue, anti stress, and promoting growth. Oxidation medicine is a new medical science with dual characteristics of theory and technology, which is based on biological processes. Glucocorticoids can treat many diseases, but there are certain limitations in this process, especially in diseases that play a vital role. The purpose of this paper is to explore the change process of human glucocorticoid in the process of incremental exercise load training. This paper put forward the algorithm of incremental load training and action recognition in sports training, and analyzed the changes of human glucocorticoid (GC) in the process of incremental load training based on this research. The experimental design includes the selection of research subjects, the determination of sample size, and the setting of experimental and control groups. The load was set to start at 10 a.m., with cycling training from full effort to exhaustion. The initial load was 100 W, and it increased by 20 W every 10 min. The experimental results in this paper showed that for the changes of testosterone (T) during exercise, the salivary T secretion rate immediately after exercise was significantly different from that in the resting state at the recovery period of 30 min. For the change of GC during exercise, the secretory rate of saliva GC was 2.84 mmol/min in the resting state; the secretion rate of saliva GC was 2.46 mmol/min after 20 min of exercise and 2.15 mmol/min after 40 min of exercise; the secretion rate was 1.71 mmol/min immediately after exercise and 2.55 mmol/min after 30 min rest; there was a significant difference in the secretion rate of saliva GC for 5 times. In a word, there was no significant change in saliva T/GC value during exercise and rehabilitation under static state, which was related to strong adaptability of the body and no significant stress response.

Effects of caffeine and chronobiotics on morning repeated sprint performance

Gross muscular performance (lasting <6 s) is 3.4-10.2% higher in the evening when compared with early morning (17:00-19:00 vs. 06:00-10:00 h; Pullinger et al., 2019). However, there is limited research on the effect of caffeine and chronobioltics (bright light) on gross muscular performance, in the early hours of the morning. Twelve healthy, active male participants (mean±SD; age, 21 ± 2 years, body mass, 79 ± 6 kg; stature, 180 ± 5 cm) volunteered and completed 2 familiarisation sessions and 2 experimental sessions. Experimental condition 1: caffeine pill condition (ingested at 06:30 h and 2; Exposure to bright light for 1 h and exercising for the last 30-min on a cycle ergometer at 07:00 h the morning before morning performance; with dawn simulation exposure for 30-min prior to waking on the testing day. Participants retired at 22:30 and woke at 06:30 h throughout the experiment. Both sessions commence at 07:00 h. On entry to the laboratory participants were seated and after intra-aural temperature (IA) was recorded 30-min. During this time questionnaires were administrated regarding mood and prior sleep. Following this, participants then took part in several tests including agility, hand grip strength, counter movement jump and squat jumps. Agility was measured (Whitty SEM Microgate system, UK). Hand grip strength was measured using a dynamometer and squat and countermovement jump values were measured using a jump mat (best of 3 attempts). After this, participants then completed a warm-up (5-min at 10km/h on a motorised treadmill followed by a combination of stretches). Participants were then asked to complete 10 full effort sprints were time, rating of perceived exertion, heart rate and thermal comfort were recorded after each sprint during the 30 s rest. Blood glucose and lactate were also measured before exercise, post warm-up and post exercise. After 30-min participants were asked to cycle around 160 bpm. Heart rate, RPE and thermal comfort were recorded every 5-min. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of caffeine and chronobiotics (bright light/exercise and dawn simulation) on morning RSP and grip strength.

관념과 심미성의 역동적 융합

Tolstoy’s Resurrection is the dynamic cohesion of aesthetic narrative and philosophical hypothesis. He delineates the process of Nekhludov building up identity and fundamental transformation of his conceptualization in various terms of multi­layered narratives. Tolstoy describes the panorama of long spiritual wandering caused by two different selves’ never­ending conflicts from the standpoint of lyrical aesthetics. Based on different criteria for literary purposefulness and aesthetics, critics bring about extremely opposite evaluations on this work. Despite of heated arguments, it seems to be very refreshing that Tolstoy’s creative attempt to put together ideas and aesthetics cohesively. On top of that, he tries to merge together literary themes and social reformative thoughts, and it is well established.
 In this masterpiece, Tolstoy strives to make elaborate analysis of Nekhludov. The fable of ‘Buridan’s donkey’ epitomizes his real characterization. This rhetoric properly symbolizes Nekhludov’s essential personality, which shows his indecisiveness not making final decision with self­autonomy between two equal values for his own destination. Looking forward to the following stage, Nekhludov still can not bring up strong confidence in his capability and authenticity. Tolstoy delineates ‘allegory of the river’, through which he figuratively suggests Nekhludove ultimately comes up with his true identity, exerting himself to fulfill his inborn values and gifted talents.
 In the process, Nekhludov lays out well articulated criticisms on absurdity of given circumstances and irrationality of administrative systems. During this process, he is criticized as a dreaming anarchist, but never distracted on his way to his purpose­driven journey, closely influenced by Henry Thoreau’s hypothesis ‘good soul’s prison’. He keeps on revealing permeated falsehood and hypocrisy in social system with his full swing effort and reformative will. In so doing, unconsciously he redeems himself with well­deserved sound belief in him, then, he achieves his resurrection with his own individual self­autonomy and willingness.

Predicting elbow load based on individual pelvis and trunk (inter)segmental rotations in fastball pitching

ABSTRACT The baseball pitch is a repetitive, full-body throwing motion that exposes the elbow to significant loads, leading to a high incidence of elbow injuries. Elbow injuries in pitching are often attributed to high external valgus torques as these are generally considered to be a good proxy for the load on the Ulnar Collateral Ligament. The aim of the study is to contribute to elbow load monitoring by developing a prediction model based on the pelvis and trunk peak angular velocities and their separation time. Eleven male youth elite baseball pitchers (age 17 ± 2.2 years) threw 25 fastballs at full effort off a mound. Two-level varying-intercept, varying-slope Bayesian models were used to predict external valgus torque based on (inter)segmental rotation in fastball pitching with pitcher’s weight and height added to strengthen the individualisation of the prediction. The results revealed the high predictive performance of the models including a set of kinematic parameters trunk peak angular velocity and the separation time between the pelvis and trunk peak angular velocities. Such an approach allows individualised prediction of the external valgus torque for each pitcher, which has a great practical advantage compared to group-based predictions in terms of injury assessment and injury prevention.

Effects of Ball Size and Weight on Throwing Kinematics and Kinetics in Youth Baseball Athletes

Background: In baseball, youth athletes play on smaller fields with shorter distances between bases, shorter pitching distances, and smaller mounds. Despite this, youth athletes use baseballs weighing the same amount as those used at the professional level, possibly predisposing youth baseball players to injuries. Purpose: (1) To determine the effects of throwing a smaller, lighter, and both smaller and lighter baseball on throwing arm stress in youth athletes and (2) to also investigate how changing the ball size and weight would affect elbow varus torque, shoulder distraction force, and throwing arm internal rotation velocity during the throwing motion. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This cross-sectional cohort study analyzed the kinematics and kinetics of 38 youth baseball players (mean age, 8.3 ± 0.8 years) throwing a baseball modified in size and weight. Three-dimensional motion data were collected using a retroreflective marker set and a 12-camera motion analysis system. Full-body kinematics and kinetics were calculated using commercial software. Participants threw 5 different types of baseballs 3 times each, in random order, with full effort from a pitching mound to a target 14 m away. The balls used were a 5-oz regular baseball, 5-oz (0.142-kg) baseball with a 5% reduced circumference, 4-oz (0.113-kg) baseball, 4-oz baseball with a 5% reduced circumference, and 3-oz (0.085-kg) baseball. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical differences in elbow varus torque, shoulder distraction force, and throwing arm internal rotation velocity among baseball types. The Tukey post hoc test was used to further investigate differences between the ball groups, considering P < .05 to be significant. Results: Analysis of variance detected a significant difference in elbow varus torque among ball groups (P = .024). The Tukey post hoc test revealed a moderate difference in elbow varus torque between the 5-oz baseball (4.73 ± 1.06 percentage body weight × height [%BW × H]) and 3-oz baseball (4.06 ± 0.83 %BW × H) (P = .017; d = 0.677 [95% CI, 0.08-1.27]). No significant differences were found in shoulder distraction force or throwing arm internal rotation velocity among ball groups. Conclusion: Compared with a 5-oz baseball, throwing a 3-oz baseball resulted in decreased elbow varus torque with a moderate effect size.

Arm Swing while Walking and Running: A New Clinical Feature to Separate Parkinson's Disease from Functional Parkinsonism.

Functional parkinsonism is an important differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Based on anecdotal experience, we hypothesized that arm swing while walking and running could differentiate these two conditions, but this assumption has not been previously explored systematically. To examine differences in arm swing while walking and running between patients with PD and functional parkinsonism. We analyzed blinded video assessments of arm swing and other gait parameters in patients with asymmetrical PD (n = 81) and functional parkinsonism (n = 8) while walking and running. The groups were matched for age, sex and disease duration. In contrast to those with PD, patients with functional parkinsonism (i) were more likely to have a marked asymmetry in arm swing while walking (5/8 vs. 25/81; P = 0.06), (ii) were less likely to improve arm swing while running with full effort (3/8 vs. 72/81; P < 0.001) and (iii) demonstrated normal passive arm swing even when asymmetry of arm swing was marked during running/walking (6/6 vs. 9/33; P = 0.002). Assessment of arm swing while walking and running and passive arm swing could be important differentiating clinical features between functional parkinsonism and PD.

Influence of Work Engagement and Organizational Culture on Employee Performance in Banjarmasin Islamic Hospital

This study intends to build a conceptual model to describe and empirically prove the formation of employee performance through work engagement and organizational culture. This study used quantitative methods and involved 96 non-medical employees as samples. Data were collected using questionnaires, then analyzed by multiple linear regression. Empirically shows that work engagement has a significant effect on employee performance. Employee performance will improve if employees feel valued and obligated to put in full effort at work. Likewise, organizational culture has a significant effect on employee performance. This is because workers who have understood and applied organizational culture effectively to their work activities will force others to follow the rules set by the company, which in turn will encourage improved employee performance. The better the organizational culture, the more employees will care about the company's values and use them as a guide when doing work. With employee engagement and a strong organizational culture will drive performance improvement.

Modeling insufficient effort responses in mixed-worded scales.

Surveys often add reverse-coded questions to monitor respondents with insufficient effort responses (IERs) but often wrongly assume that all respondents consistently answer all questions with full effort. By contrast, this study expanded the mixture model for IERs and ran a simulation via LatentGOLD to show the harmful consequences of ignoring IERs to positively and negatively worded questions: less test reliability, bias and less accuracy in slope and intercept parameters. We showed its practical application to two public data sets: Machiavellianism (five-point scale) and self-reported depression (four-point scale).

Digital Module 32: Understanding and Mitigating the Impact of Low Effort on Common Uses of Test and Survey Scores

AbstractMost individuals who take, interpret, design, or score tests are aware that examinees do not always provide full effort when responding to items. However, many such individuals are not aware of how pervasive the issue is, what its consequences are, and how to address it. In this digital ITEMS module, Dr. James Soland will help fill these gaps in the knowledge base. Specifically, the module enumerates how frequently behaviors associated with low effort occur, and some of the ways they can distort inferences based on test scores. Then, the module explains some of the most common approaches for identifying low effort, and correcting for it when examining test scores. Brief discussion is also given to how these methods align with, and diverge from, those used to deal with low respondent effort in self‐report contexts. Data and code are also provided such that readers can better implement some of the desired methods in their own work.

University Students’ Perspectives on Gamification in Vocabulary Learning: A Literature Review

Enriching vocabulary among English as a Second Language (ESL) learners, especially university students; plays a vital role in enhancing their mastery of the English language holistically. Nevertheless, some challenges have been addressed from the vocabulary learning practices in tertiary academic institutions, particularly concerning the de-emphasis of vocabulary learning rather than other language skills, vocabulary learning requires full effort and commitment, and lack of motivation among university students to increase their vocabulary knowledge. Hence, gamification in vocabulary learning has been designated as one of the preferable vocabulary learning strategies used in teaching and learning in this current era. There are several positive and negative perspectives on gamification in vocabulary learning among university students which should be considered to improve the quality of gamified vocabulary learning. This paper aims to review the literature relevant to vocabulary and vocabulary learning strategies, challenges related to vocabulary learning, the use of gamification in vocabulary learning, and university students’ perspectives on gamification in vocabulary learning. From the discussion, it is discovered that university students perceive gamification in vocabulary learning positively in terms of creating an interesting and richer learning environment, promoting healthy competition, and increasing their motivation to learn. However, some of them have difficulties in adapting to gamified vocabulary learning due to poor Internet connection and lack of digital literacy. Hence, this study is significant to highlight the positive and negative perspectives towards gamification in vocabulary learning to strive for a better future of gamified vocabulary learning in universities.

Video Transcript Summarizer

In today’s world, a large number of videos are uploaded in everyday, which contains information about something. The major challenge is to find the right video and understand the correct content, because there are lot of videos available some videos will contain useless content and even though the perfect content available that content should be required to us. If we not found right one it wastes your full effort and full time to extract the correct usefull information. We propose an innovation idea which uses NLP processing for text extraction and BERT Summarization for Text Summarization. This provides a video main content in text description and abstractive summary, enabling users to discriminate between relevant and irrelevant information according to their needs. Furthermore, our experiments show that the joint model can attain good results with informative, concise, and readable multi-line video description and summary in a human evaluation.

Effect of Quantitative Partial Valgus Stress During Baseball Pitching on Ball Velocity and Subjective Pitch-Effort.

Excessive elbow valgus stress can often cause pitching elbow injuries, and rehabilitation is usually required before an athlete can resume playing. However, there is a lack of information on the partial load rehabilitation of pitching elbow injuries caused by valgus extension overload based on elbow valgus stress. The purpose of this study was to clarify how quantitative partial elbow valgus stress while pitching affects ball velocity and subjective pitch-effort. Forty-six male baseball pitchers participated in this study. Each player wore a wearable device on the elbow that collected their pitch parameters. Ball velocity was measured using a radar gun. Each elbow valgus stress was measured while each player was instructed to throw five fastballs at full effort. Then, based on the average stress of the five throws (100% partial valgus stress), the 75% and 50% stresses were calculated (75% and 50% partial valgus stress, respectively). Each pitcher continued to pitch until the number of pitches thrown at the targeted elbow stress reached five. Each player was asked about their subjective pitch-effort after completing each type of partial valgus stress pitch. Outcomes were statistically evaluated using either a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance or two-way analysis of variance. The ball velocity was 72% (95% confidence interval [CI], 69%-75%) and 58% (95% CI, 55%-61%) during the 75% and 50% partial valgus stress, respectively (P < .001). Subjective pitch-effort was 41% (95% CI, 38%-44%) and 19% (95% CI, 16%-22%) while pitching at 75% and 50% partial valgus stress, respectively (P < .001). It may be desirable to instruct pitchers to throw at less than 20% subjective pitch-effort of the max if they want to pitch at 50% partial valgus stress. Elbow valgus stress might correlate with ball velocity at 75% partial valgus stress pitch. These results could enable clinicians and coaches to perform safer return-to-throwing programs and prevent excessive load on the elbow.

The smart analysis for workforce and organization management in corporate environment

The overall objective of all management practices is to get work done efficiently, at the lowest cost, in the best manner possible, using selected and trained personnel and machinery. Absolute best results cannot be achieved without the full effort of skilled employees with the best office equipment and a good harmonious office environment. Effectiveness in the successful execution of office tasks lies in the selection and use of office space. The facilities provided to do the work help to do the work in the best way. Office space is a prime factor for successful business execution. It is also clear that it does not come easily. When deciding on the suitability of a building, the manager should prepare a thorough checklist of requirements. Naturally, each business organization, department, and office has its own unique needs. Priority levels are assigned once the checklist is prepared. Discussing what is important, wanted, and useful with subordinates helps everyone get a sense of ownership while also demonstrating and confirming priority levels

Interindividual differences in upper limb muscle synergies during baseball throwing motion in male college baseball players

Throwing is a fundamental human motor behavior that has evolved to aid hunting and defense against predators. In modern humans, accurate throwing is an important skill required in many sports. However, the spatiotemporal coordination of muscles during baseball throwing has not been fully elucidated. We herein aimed to identify the muscle synergies involved in baseball throwing and determine whether their spatiotemporal patterns are shared among individuals. Ten college baseball players participated in this study. Electromyographic activity was recorded from 13 ipsilateral upper limb muscles during throwing using full effort. Non-negative matrix factorization was used to extract the motor module composition and temporal activation patterns during baseball throwing, followed by k-means analysis to cluster the extracted motor modules based on their similarity. Four motor modules were extracted for each player. These were classified into four clusters (Clusters 1–4), each reaching the peak activity sequentially from the early cocking phase to ball release. Spatiotemporal interindividual similarity in the muscle synergy cluster comprising the muscles activated during the transition from early cocking to late cocking (Cluster 2) was significantly lower than that in the other clusters. There was no individual-specific muscle synergy. These results suggest that the skilled baseball throwing motion acquired through years of practice may consist of four basic muscle synergies that are common among individuals with some differences in their spatiotemporal patterns.

Students’ Autonomous Learning Activities outside the Classroom to Master English as a Foreign Language

The complexity of foreign language learning and its restricted time to learn in the classroom need proactive efforts from the English students outside the classroom with full initiative and effort. This study tended to investigate to what extent students’ autonomous learning activities outside the classroom to master English (four English skills). This study applied a descriptive quantitative design. It was conducted at a state university in Majene, West Sulawesi, Indonesia in the academic year 2021/2022. The population was English education students in the second and third years. There were 62 students who participated in this research. They were selected by using a convenience sampling technique. To gain the data, this research employed a questionnaire as a research instrument which consists of 16 items of statements. The data, then, were analyzed by employing descriptive statistics. Based on the data analysis, it was found that students’ autonomous learning activities outside the classroom are still limited to activities that are entertaining for them. Apart from that, it has not been found that their extra efforts are done independently to become more proficient in every English skill. This indicates that students are still passive learners. By knowing the independent learning efforts carried out by students out of the classroom, English lecturers are expected to be able to design policies or teaching strategies to guide students so that they can increase their efforts by optimizing the wealth of available independent learning resources.&#x0D;

STUDI DESKRIPTIF PEMBELAJARAN DARING MATA PELAJARAN PPKn PADA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 2 MOJOSONGO KABUPATEN BOYOLALI DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 TAHUN PELAJARAN 2021/2022

The outbreak of the Corona virus in early 2020 made the world stop for a moment from the hectic daily activities. The COVID-19 virus, as determined by the World Health Organization, was upgraded from an epidemic to a pandemic. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of online learning for Civics subjects to class VIII students used at SMP Negeri 2 Mojosongo, Boyolali Regency during the pandemic, to determine the level of student participation in online learning. To find out the advantages, weaknesses, and obstacles of online learning during a pandemic, to find out student learning outcomes by implementing online learning for Civics subjects during a pandemic. The research was conducted using data collection methods with interviews and documentation. Data validation used the Norman K. Denkin triangulation method. Results of online learning research are generally carried out using information technology and not only for communication, but also used as a learning medium during the pandemic. Online learning is carried out with the help of the parents of each student at home. The role of teachers with limitations that exist during the current covid-19 pandemic is trying to provide material to the maximum, even though with full effort. The role of the homeroom teacher is also important, as the homeroom teacher must also know how the situation of each student in the class even though they cannot meet face-to-face.

Gender and Habit: John Dewey and Iris Marion Young on Embodiment and Transformation

Gender and Habit: John Dewey and Iris Marion Young on Embodiment and Transformation

How to design a multi-stage tournament when some results are carried over?

The paper discusses the strategy-proofness of sports tournaments with multiple group stages, where the results of matches already played in the previous round against teams in the same group are carried over. These tournaments, widely used in handball and other sports, are shown to be incentive incompatible in the sense that a team can be strictly better off by not exerting full effort in a game. Historical examples are presented when a team was ex ante disinterested in winning by a high margin. We propose a family of incentive compatible designs. Their main characteristics are compared to the original format via simulations. Carrying over half of the points scored in the previous round turns out to be a promising policy.

Who Let All These People In?

Children’s hospitals are wonderful places full of dedicated pediatricians, nurses, respiratory therapists, pharmacists, paramedics, and others focused on optimizing the outcomes for pediatric patients. Over the years, more “free-standing” children’s hospitals have been built that are isolated from adult medicine counterparts to support the specialized staff and programs required for cutting edge clinical care while providing a developmentally appropriate environment for children and families at their most vulnerable time.1 Free-standing children’s hospitals are designed to take care of kids, from the emergency department, to radiology, to the wards, outpatient clinics, and ICUs. The staff are trained experts in caring for kids enabling them to excel at their mission while also creating a unique vulnerability, which includes dealing with the occasional medical emergency of all the adult pediatric providers, support staff, and a majority of the parents, grandparents, and other family members who visit children’s hospitals. The dedicated, highly-trained code response team is usually the one called because of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act in the United States.2 The response necessary for adult emergencies will be very different than that necessary for a typical hospitalized child, in which thoughts of “could this be a STEMI?” or “what is their Cincinnati Stroke score?” are exceedingly rare.3In this month’s issue, Hoffman et al4 also rightly identify that beyond being a hospital, most children’s hospitals are actually large medical centers with a far larger outpatient population than inpatient. The authors note that their highly qualified emergency response team for managing acutely deteriorating hospitalized children is frequently called on to manage both outpatient children and visiting adults, neither of which match the typical population for which the team was likely designed. Simply calling 9-1-1 is not a good option, partly because of the aforementioned Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act rules, but also because many municipalities struggle to fully staff their emergency medical services, and pulling a response to the hospital may delay responses to locations that do not have trained medical personnel handily available (personal communication, local emergency medical services director). Fortunately, actual need for a full resuscitative effort including chest compressions and defibrillation for these nonhospitalized individuals is rare. The authors report only a single event requiring defibrillation; importantly, the shock was delivered before arrival of the code team thanks to the availability of a public access automated external defibrillator.There are two big take home points from this article: first is that there are more nonhospitalized individuals than patients in a children’s hospital; therefore, planning for adult and outpatient responses are important. The second is that because the events are both common and rarely severe, a different level of response may be optimal to decrease the drain on resources in the intensive care units or within the emergency departments. As always, the responding team should be prepared and comfortable with all potential emergencies, including adult emergencies. More notably, the most significant adult event described in the paper was managed by bystanders by using a public access automated external defibrillator before the team’s arrival. No matter the emergency response chosen by a children’s hospital, encouraging all employees to learn basic life support, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator use, can be lifesaving. As we build more free-standing children’s hospital to continue to support pediatric patients and their families, we must continue to care for not just the hospitalized children but also the outpatients and the families and staff that exist within this environment. Hoffman et al4 help us to understand the type of team we might need and the best way to help others.