Full Bin Research Articles

Smartbin Track

This project presents a sophisticated waste management system that combines IoT technology with an Android application to optimize garbage collection processes. The core infrastructure includes IoT-enabled smart trash cans equipped with sensors to detect fill levels autonomously. Complementing this hardware, the Android app serves as a comprehensive platform for managing various aspects of waste collection operations. Divided into modules for administration, employees, and truck drivers, the app offers functionalities such as real-time monitoring of trash levels, route optimization for collection trucks, and automated alerts for full bins. Through seamless integration of IoT capabilities and mobile technology, the system facilitates efficient and environmentally responsible waste management practices, contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable urban environment. Furthermore, the system enhances coordination and transparency within the municipal waste management framework. Municipal administrators gain valuable insights into waste collection efficiency through the app's dashboard. Employees can input data and perform tasks seamlessly, while truck drivers receive real-time updates on bin fill levels and optimized routes, improving overall operational efficiency. By harnessing IoT technology and mobile platforms, this innovative solution not only streamlines waste collection processes.

Analysis of sensor parameters for ultra close range lateral penetration of subway tunnel full section sand layer soil pressure shield tunneling

In order to solve the problem of large disturbance to the stratum caused by shield tunneling in the full face sand layer geology by using the earth pressure balance full bin tunneling technology in the subway tunnel shield construction, this paper presents a parameter analysis of the ultra close side penetration of the full face sand layer earth pressure shield in the subway tunnel. By analyzing the monitoring data of surface settlement caused by subway shield construction, it is concluded that the law of surface horizontal settlement basically conforms to peak settlement theory, and the law of surface vertical settlement basically shows a steady downward trend. Through the mathematical modeling of the cumulative settlement data affected by the shield passing of the right line tunnel at the surface monitoring point, the influence of the shield passing of the left line tunnel on the surface settlement is predicted, and the prediction result is accurate. The experimental results show that the maximum deviation is 1.47 mm and the minimum deviation is 0.03 mm. The prediction accuracy is high and meets the accuracy requirements of practical engineering. Under the same geological conditions and construction parameters, the disturbance law of tunnel shield construction on the ground surface has important guiding significance in practical engineering.

Efficient Fill-Level Monitoring for Smart E-waste Recycling

Proper electronic waste management is compulsory nowadays because, with improper management, the harmful substances in electronic waste will put humans and the environment at risk. The production of e-waste differs from domestic waste as it is not regular. It is vital to improve the e-waste management process. This paper presents a smart e-waste bin fill level monitoring system. This paper proposes a module for identifying fill level, display, and communication systems integrated with a mobile application. Different sensors are implemented to monitor the bin status in real-time. The system will alert the collection party on various scenarios through a mobile application, including the full bin and a fire in the container.

Smart Bin for Solid Waste Management in Cities

With the increase in population, the amount of waste generated has increased significantly worldwide and proper waste management has become inevitable. In majority of the cities, trash cans are over flowing due to untimely management of waste. An effective system is required to collect the waste from trash cans and prevent overflow. For cleaner environment and implementation of smart cities, it is essential to reduce overflowing litter cans by a monitoring system. The proposed system keeps track on trash cans and detects the level in it and updates it in a web page. The same could be viewed on a mobile app of the garbage collector and determine the shortest path by linking various routes of the almost full bins. Alerts are produced as in app-notifications for the user. The IoT based garbage monitoring system will enable to maintain a cleaner community.

In-Field Route Planning Optimisation and Performance Indicators of Grain Harvest Operations

Operational planning, automation, and optimisation of field operations are ways to sustain the production of food and feed. A coverage path planning method mitigating the optimisation and automation of harvest operations, characterised by capacity limitations and features derived from real world scenarios, is presented. Although prior research has developed similar methods, no such methodologies have been developed for (i) multiple field entrances as line segments, (ii) the feasibility of stationary and on-the-go unloading in the headland and main field, (iii) unloading timing independent of the full bin level of the harvester, and (iv) the transport unit operational time outside the field. To find the permutation that best minimises the costs in time and distance, an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm was used as a meta-heuristic optimisation method. The effectiveness of the method was analysed by generating simulated operational data and by comparing it to recorded data from seven fields ranging in size (5–26 ha) and shape. The implementation of controlled traffic farming (CTF) in the coverage path planning method, but not with the recorded data, resulted in a reduced risk of soil compaction of up to 25%, and a reduction in the in-field total travel distance of up to 15% when logistics was optimised simultaneously for two transport units. A 68% increase in the full load frequency of transporting vehicles and a 14% reduction in the total number of field to storage transports was observed. For fields located at outermost edges of the storage facility (>5 km), the increase in full load frequency, average load level, and decrease in in-field travel distance resulted in a reduction in fuel consumption by 7%. Embedding the developed coverage path planning software as a service will improve the sustainability of harvest operations including a fleet of one to many harvesting and transporting units, as the system in front of the vehicle operator calculates and displays all required actions from the operator.

Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a New Apple Harvest Assist and In-Field Sorting Machine

HighlightsA new, improved apple harvest assist and in-field sorting (HAIS) machine was developed.The HAIS machine has several major innovations for enhanced harvesting and infield sorting efficiencies.Laboratory tests showed superior performance in fruit grading and sorting and bin filling and handling.Field tests showed only 0.4% of harvested fruit downgraded due to harvest-induced bruising.Abstract. Apples are still manually harvested in the U.S. and other countries, which contributes to high labor and production costs. Currently, no presorting is performed at harvest or in the field, which could incur significant postharvest costs or even economic loss to growers, when a high percentage of culls are present in harvested apples. Hence, technologies that integrate harvest assist and in-field sorting (HAIS) functionalities would be greatly beneficial to the apple industry by enhancing both harvest efficiency and postharvest cost savings. A new apple HAIS prototype machine was recently developed, which includes adjustable picking platforms with fruit receiving conveyors covering the entire height of trees, a computer vision-based grading and sorting system that is capable of sorting apples for color and size at a speed of up to 12 apples s-1, an automatic bin filling system for discharging graded fruit to bins, and a computer-controlled hydraulic system for automatic handling of empty and full bins. Inhouse developed operating software is fully integrated with the HAIS machine for automatic control of fruit grading and sorting and bin filling and handling. Laboratory tests showed superior performance of the machine in fruit grading and sorting and bin filling and handling. Field tests and demonstration (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21SB9FJjf2M) conducted in a commercial apple orchard in 2019 harvest season, showed that only 0.4% of harvested fruit were downgraded due to bruising, which exceeded the industry’s requirement for harvest-induced apple bruising. With further improvements, the HAIS machine can be commercially used for harvesting and infield presorting of apples. Keywords: Apple, Bin filling, Bruise evaluation, Bin handling, Computer vision, Harvest, In-field sorting.

Conceptual and Simulated Semi-Automatic Urban Waste Management System using Global Systems for Mobile Communication and Customer Reliability Indices

: Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) poses great challenges to many cities around the world. The challenges are fuelled by population explosions all over the world, especially in the major urban centres, against the backdrop of limited resources to manage wastes efficiently. In this paper, a conceptual and simulated semi-automatic approach to MSWM is considered using the prevalent Global Systems for Mobile Communication (GSM) technology to engage both the waste generators and collectors. This system connects users into a central database where data about their waste bin levels are harnessed. Users are prompted via GSM handsets daily for the level of the waste bin. Waste Collection Vehicles are routed based on the responses while an updatable Reporting Reliability Index (RRI) is computed for each user based on estimate of actual level of waste collected as against the reported level to factor future reporting. With history of collection volume at a location known, forecast is made as to the generated waste level when a customer’s response to prompt is not available. The system is tested on a simulated 30-node housing estate and two dump sites with vehicles routed to optimize distance covered and volume of waste collected. Customers report when prompted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 for waste levels ranging from empty to full bin fills. Vehicles are routed to collect wastes at locations with a minimum threshold level of 2. Results obtained showed statistically insignificant differences in distribution of means of collection distance covered weekly but 13.31 volume units/km collected with this method compared with 3.08 volume units/km run of fixed routing scheme, at = 0.05. The cost saving potential and environmental benefits of timely waste disposal of this scheme is thus demonstrable.Keywords: Municipal Solid Waste, Waste Management, SMS Gateway, GSM, Reporting Reliability Index.

Bin-Dog: A Robotic Platform for Bin Management in Orchards

Bin management during apple harvest season is an important activity for orchards. Typically, empty and full bins are handled by tractor-mounted forklifts or bin trailers in two separate trips. In order to simplify this work process and improve work efficiency of bin management, the concept of a robotic bin-dog system is proposed in this study. This system is designed with a “go-over-the-bin” feature, which allows it to drive over bins between tree rows and complete the above process in one trip. To validate this system concept, a prototype and its control and navigation system were designed and built. Field tests were conducted in a commercial orchard to validate its key functionalities in three tasks including headland turning, straight-line tracking between tree rows, and “go-over-the-bin.” Tests of the headland turning showed that bin-dog followed a predefined path to align with an alleyway with lateral and orientation errors of 0.02 m and 1.5°. Tests of straight-line tracking showed that bin-dog could successfully track the alleyway centerline at speeds up to 1.00 m·s−1 with a RMSE offset of 0.07 m. The navigation system also successfully guided the bin-dog to complete the task of go-over-the-bin at a speed of 0.60 m·s−1. The successful validation tests proved that the prototype can achieve all desired functionality.

Line-scan Raman spectroscopy for detection and imaging of explosives traces by a compact Raman spectrometer

Measurements of Raman scattering spectra and of Raman maps of particles of explosives and related compounds [potassium nitrate, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX)] were performed by a homebuilt compact Raman system, functioning with a 532-nm laser beam, focused as a point or line, along with full vertical binning or image readout of an intensified charge-coupled device camera. High specificity and sensitivity were obtained by line-excitation, which allowed fast detection and mapping of explosive particles with a relatively simple system.

First Measurement of VUV Spectroscopy Using 1 m Normal Incidence Spectrometer on HL-2A

A 1 m vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectrometer with temporal and spatial resolution was developed for impurity study of HL-2A tokamak. The instrument is equipped with two concave gratings blazed at 80 nm and 150 nm, respectively, and a windowless back-illuminated charge coupled device (CCD) detector of 256 × 1024 pixels. The total wavelength coverage of spectrometer is 30 ∼ 320 nm with a spectral resolution of 0.015 nm at a width of entrance slit of 10 μm. A portion of this range is observed during a plasma discharge with a spectral range of 20 nm. The minimum integration time of the detector system is about 6.7 ms for each frame in a full binning mode. Using a space-resolved slit located between the entrance slit and the grating a radial profile on the vertical direction with a range of 400 mm can be obtained. The primary results were successfully obtained with high signal-to-noise ratio and good spectral resolution, which demonstrated the instrument functions very well.

ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL FRACTAL BEHAVIOR OF PIONS IN NUCLEAR COLLISION

This paper reports a study on multidimensional fractal behavior of pions emitted in 16 O - AgBr interactions at 2.1 and 60 AGeV by dividing the full bin range into different sub-bin ranges. Analysis is performed in (Xη - Xϕ) space following two-dimensional factorial moment methodology using the concept of Hurst exponent, which takes into account the anisotropy of phase space. Different scaling behavior is observed in different bins at two different energies. The data show a positive evidence of change of fluctuation pattern from self-similarity to self-affinity with increase of energy. Multifractal dimensions have been calculated in each case and it is observed that pions at both energies exhibit multifractal behavior.

Development of a Wide Band and Compact X-Ray Crystal Spectrometer for Iron Charge State Distribution Measurement on LHD

A wide band and compact X-ray spectrometer has been developed using a Johan-type crystal and a back-illuminated CCD detector for charge state distribution measurement of highly ionized iron in LHD. In order to observe all charge states of iron ions a curved crystal of LiF(220) with a curvature of 430 mm was selected for the spectrometer. A wide energy range of 6.4-7.0 keV could be observed with use of CCD detector in a size of 26.6 × 6.7 mm2 . An energy resolution of the spectrometer was 10 eV at full width at half maximum (FWHM). Time-developed Fe Kα spectra were thus measured with a time interval of 10 ms in the full binning mode of the CCD. The charge states from Fe ions of FeXXI to FeXXV were clearly observed, but FeXXVI has not been observed. In the next step, then, the charge state distribution measurement is focused on the measurement of FeXXI-XXV and a quartz(2023) curved crystal is selected to measure the energy range of 6.40-6.75 keV. The expected energy resolution is 4 eV at 6.7 keV for the quartz crystal, which is enough for further analysis of the iron charge state distribution.

Iron Kα measurement of LHD plasmas using a wide band and compact x-ray crystal spectrometer

X-ray spectra of FeKα transitions have been obtained on the Large Helical Device (LHD) using a wide band and compact x-ray spectrometer. The spectrometer consists of a Johann-type LiF(220) crystal with a curvature of 430mm and a back-illuminated charge-coupled device (CCD) detector with a size of 26.6×6.7mm2. A wide energy range of 6.4–7.0keV can be observed with high brightness and high temporal resolution, which enables us the measurement of Kα transitions from all charge states of Fe ions. An energy resolution of the spectrometer was 10eV at full width at half maximum. Time-developed Kα spectra after injection of Fe-coated impurity pellet were also measured with a time interval of 10ms in the full binning mode of CCD in order to analyze the impurity transport at the central column of LHD plasmas. The system can be modified to have better time response up to 1ms to analyze the ionization and recombination processes after the pellet injection.

AERATION STRATEGIES FOR RECONDITIONING DRY SOYBEANS

A computer model and 34 years of weather data for five Midwest locations (St. Paul, Minn.; Fargo, N.D.; Sioux Falls, S.D.; Des Moines, Iowa; and Indianapolis, Ind.) were used to simulate reconditioning of 10% moisture (wet basis) soybeans to a target final moisture of 13%. A more complete set of conditions was evaluated for St. Paul and a smaller set was studied at the other locations for comparison. Reconditioning strategies included use of both upward and downward airflow in full bins and in bins where layers were removed from the bin after they reached 13% moisture. Airflow rates included 0.11, 0.33, 0.55, and 1.1 m3/min–t (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 cfm/bu) and fan control consisted of operation above relative humidity set–points of 50%, 60%, and 70%. In most cases, it was possible to recondition soybeans to at least 13% moisture and the value added by soybean weight gain exceeded the cost of electricity to operate the fan. Higher airflow rates resulted in faster reconditioning, but at much greater cost. Results followed the same patterns for all five locations and for all three humidity set–points. Rewetting was most rapid at Indianapolis because of higher ambient temperatures and humidities than the other four locations. Removing layers as they reached the target moisture resulted in better reconditioning performance and reduced the possibility of soybean spoilage and bin damage due to soybean swelling.

Permeabilization of model lipid membranes by Bacillus sphaericus mosquitocidal binary toxin and its individual components.

The high larvicidal effect of Bacillus sphaericus (Bs), a mosquito control agent, originates from the presence of a binary toxin (Bs Bin) composed of two proteins (BinA and BinB) that work together to lyse gut cells of susceptible larvae. We demonstrate for the first time that the binary toxin and its individual components permeabilize receptor-free large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (LUVs) and planar lipid bilayers (PLBs) by a mechanism of pore formation. Calcein-release experiments showed that LUV permeabilization was optimally achieved at alkaline pH and in the presence of acidic lipids. BinA was more efficient than BinB, BinB facilitated the BinA effect, and their stoichiometric mixture was more effective than the full Bin toxin. In PLBs, BinA formed voltage-dependent channels of approximately 100-200 pS with long open times and a high open probability. Larger channels (> or =400 pS) were also observed. BinB, which inserted less easily, formed smaller channels (< or =100 pS) with shorter mean open times. Channels observed after sequential addition of the two components, or formed by their 1:1 mixture (w/w), displayed BinA-like activity. Bs Bin toxin was less efficient at forming channels than the BinA/BinB mixture, with channels displaying the BinA channel behavior. Our data support the concept of BinA being principally responsible for pore formation in lipid membranes with BinB, the binding component of the toxin, playing a role in promoting channel activity.

Ergonomics Interventions in the Manual Harvest of Wine Grapes

Winegrape operations, especially at harvest, produce a high incidence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, predominantly involving back injury. The Agricultural Ergonomics Research Center of the University of California initiated a study of vineyard operations and recruited four cooperating growers representing 191 permanent workers. The goal was to develop, field-test, and evaluate interventions to reduce ergonomics risk factors for WRMSD's during winegrape harvest. We assessed pre- and post-intervention injury records and other indicators of musculoskeletal symptoms to monitor the impact of interventions on involved workers, and used biomechanical, metabolic, and postural analyses to evaluate the effectiveness of various approaches for handling cut grapes during vineyard harvest. We introduced a smaller, lighter tote bin with improved handles, reducing the average full bin load from 25.5 kg to 20.9 kg. The proportion of workers reporting pain lasting more than a week dropped from 61% to 26%. Biomechanical and metabolic assessments indicated reduced risk for WRMSD's. We are currently field-testing a conveyor system to reduce the height at which the bins are dumped.

Parallel randomized load balancing

It is well known that after placing n balls independently and uniformly at random into n bins, the fullest bin holds Θ(log n/log log n) balls with high probability. More recently, Azar et al. analyzed the following process: randomly choose d bins for each ball, and then place the balls, one by one, into the least full bin from its d choices. Azar et al. They show that after all n balls have been placed, the fullest bin contains only log log n/log d+Θ(1) balls with high probability. We explore extensions of this result to parallel and distributed settings. Our results focus on the tradeoff between the amount of communication and the final load. Given r rounds of communication, we provide lower bounds on the maximum load of \Omega(\root r \of {\log{n}/\log\log{n}}) [Note to reader: see “View Article” for equation] for a wide class of strategies. Our results extend to the case where the number of rounds is allowed to grow with n. We then demonstrate parallelizations of the sequential strategy presented in Azar et al. that achieve loads within a constant factor of the lower bound for two communication rounds and almost match the sequential strategy given log log n/log d+O(d) rounds of communication. We also examine a parallel threshold strategy based on rethrowing balls placed in heavily loaded bins. This strategy achieves loads within a constant factor of the lower bound for a constant number of rounds, and it achieves a final load of at most O(log log n) given Ω(log log n) rounds of communication. The algorithm also works well in asynchronous environments © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Structure Alg., 13, 159–188 (1998)

Two-particles correlations from central Au+Au collisions at the AGS at BNL

Bose-Einstein correlation functions are measured using the E877 apparatus in 11.4 A GeV/c Au+Au central collisions (0–4% σ/σgeom) at the AGS at BNL. π+π+ and π∔π∔ correlations are measured in varying pair averaged rapidity and transverse momentum bins while theK+K+ correlation is measured in only one bin, the pair’s full acceptance bin, due to limited statistics. Finite source size Coulomb corrections are applied to all measured correlations to isolate only the Bose-Einstein statistics effect. Additionally model correlations are calculated using RQMD(v2.3) cascade code coupled with the Koonin-Pratt code which imposes statistical and final state interaction weights to the paris and compared to data.

Stability of On-Line Bin Packing with Random Arrivals and Long-Run-Average Constraints

Items of various types arrive at a bin-packing facility according to random processes and are to be combined with other readily available items of different types and packed into bins using one of a number of possible packings. One might think of a manufacturing context in which randomly arriving subassemblies are to be combined with subassemblies from an existing inventory to assemble a variety of finished products. Packing must be done on-line; that is, as each item arrives, it must be allocated to a bin whose configuration of packing is fixed. Moreover, it is required that the packing be managed in such a way that the readily available items are consumed at predescribed rates, corresponding perhaps to optimal rates for manufacturing these items. At any moment, some number of bins will be partially full. In practice, it is important that the packing be managed so that the expected number of partially full bins remains uniformly bounded in time. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for this goal to be realized and describe an algorithm to achieve it.

Management of Solar and Low-Temperature Grain Drying Systems—Part I: Operation Strategies with Full Bin

Management of Solar and Low-Temperature Grain Drying Systems—Part I: Operation Strategies with Full Bin