Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite Research Articles

Pest and disease control on intensive apple trees by overhead mobile spraying

AbstractIn 3 year field experiments on pest and disease control by mobile overhead spraying of intensive Cox's Orange Pippin apple trees, overhead booms applying 1125 litres/ha and overhead mist‐blowing equipment applying 562 litres/ha, each spraying two complete rows from one alley in half the normal time, were compared with conventional automatic mast spraying at 2250 litres/ha and with conventional mist‐blowing at 562 litres/ha. The overhead boom application of demeton‐S‐methyl (0.0036% a.i.) with azinphos‐methyl (0.0165% a.i.) or of fenitrothion (0.031% a.i.) at the green cluster stage gave control of the applegrass aphid, Rhopalosiphum insertum, virtually equal to that obtained by conventional application of the same insecticides. Similarly, the overhead mist applications of conventional quantities of insecticides gave equal control, but not when applying one‐quarter of the normal amount of insecticides. The conventional methods generally gave better control of apple sucker, Psylla mali. In 1971, when the incidence of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis, was only moderate, the overhead boom method gave equal control to conventional spraying with both dodine/captan (0.03% a.i. and 0.094% a.i.) and benomyl (0.025% a.i.) programmes: in 1972 and 1973, when the scab incidence was heavier, the overhead boom spraying was again equal to the conventional method with the benomyl programme but was less effective with the dodine/captan programme. The overhead mist applications gave control only when the scab incidence was light. Repeated applications of dinocap emulsion (0.025% a.i.), included in the fungicide programme in 1971, gave as good control of the active stages of fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, when applied by the overhead methods as by conventional spraying, but application of the benomyl programme gave poor control. Mobile overhead spraying of small intensive apple trees is a promising method but needs further development before becoming fully acceptable.

The colonization of an apple orchard by predators of the fruit tree red spider mite

Annals of Applied BiologyVolume 80, Issue 1 p. 119-122 The colonization of an apple orchard by predators of the fruit tree red spider mite M. G. Solomon, M. G. Solomon East Mailing Research Station, Maidstone, KentSearch for more papers by this author M. G. Solomon, M. G. Solomon East Mailing Research Station, Maidstone, KentSearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1975 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1975.tb01608.xCitations: 22AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume80, Issue1May 1975Pages 119-122 RelatedInformation

Resistance to Binapacryl in Field Populations of Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch)

SUMMARYAssays in 1969 on larvae of Panonychus ulmi from English apple, orchards showed an average 4x resistance to binapacryl after three to five years' use and, except for one population, a low degree of cross‐ resistance to dinocap. In contrast, there was no resistance to dinocap after four to ten years' use of this material. A resistant strain, after prolonged selection with binapacryl in the laboratory, showed 16x resistance to binapacryl and 2x cross‐resistance to dinocap in assays on adult female mites.

Effects of the Apple Mildew Spray Programme on the Control of Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite

SUMMARYBetaomyl, diethyl phthalimidophosphonothionate (‘Dowco 199’) and triarimol were less effective than binapacryl or dinocap in suppressing fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in post‐blossom trials in Kent of fungicides active against apple powdery mildew, Podosphaera leucotricha. Residual effects observed in 1970 indicated that the extension of 10‐day programmes in 1969 from 30 June to 31 July improved mite control, except with triarimol. The omission of any consecutive pair of dinocap applications between late May and late June, 1970, increased the number of mites present at the end of the season more than did later interruptions of the programme. This period in early summer, which covered the hatching of winter eggs, is known to be crucial in the control of mildew. Mite damage was most severe following the omission of dinocap in late May and early June.

Variation in the intensity of diapause in winter eggs of fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ultni

SUMMARYWinter eggs of Panonychus ulmi from six orchards in Kent showed a range of 3 weeks in the dates of 50 % hatch at field temperatures. From the effects of the duration and temperature of chilling, and the temperature of incubation, it was concluded that samples varied in their chilling requirement, and not in threshold temperatures for development. Diapause was terminated most effectively by chilling initially at o oC (for late‐hatching strains) or 5 followed by 9 for the last month or two. Heritable variation in diapause intensity is discussed in relation to heat sums and the forecasting of hatch, and to phenology.

The Effects of Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite (Panonychus ulmi) on Yield of Apple Trees in Kent

SUMMARYYields of apple fruits over 55 mm or 2 1/4 in. in diameter of CV. Cox's Orange Pippin in orchards studied in Kent were significantly decreased in only two out of five years between 1965 and 1971 by infestations of fruit tree red spider mite. In both these years, early peak populations of the mite occurred before mid‐July.

Panonychus ulmi . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Panonychus ulmi (Koch) ( Metatetranychus pilosus [Panonychus ulmi] (C. & F.)) (Acarina, Tetranychidae) (European or Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite). Host Plants: Deciduous fruit and forest trees. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE (excl. USSR), Austria, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Western, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Northern, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, ASIA (excl. USSR), Iran, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, USSR, AFRICA, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Tunisia, AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, New Zealand, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, U.S.A., WEST INDIES, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela.

The toxicity of formetanate and chlorphenamidine to resistant fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch)

AbstractFormetanate was found to be somewhat less effective on three strains of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) resistant to organophosphorus compounds (O.P.'s), and on two others multi‐resistant to O.P.'s and tetradifon, than on susceptible mites; the LC50's in tests on larvae or adult mites were two to three times greater. Chlorphenamidine was as effective on O.P.‐resistant mites as on susceptibles; but on the multi‐resistant strains it was more effective, the ratio of LC50's, R/S, in assays on larvae being ×0.37. However, it has not been shown that resistance to tetradifon confers true (pleiotropic) negative cross‐resistance to chlorphenamidine.

Effects of infestation with fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), on the growth and cropping of young fruit trees

SUMMARYWhen Brompton plum, and M. IV and Crab C apple rootstocks grown in pots were inoculated with fruit tree red spider mites (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)), shoot extension was decreased by 7–17%, the dry weight of the new shoot by 21–32%, and the dry weight increments of old stem and roots by 12–30%, and 7–50%, respectively, compared with control plants sprayed with the acaricide tetradifon. Some of these effects were found in a field experiment with Brompton plum, but not with potted M. I apple rootstocks. Infestation of fruiting Lord Lambourne apple trees, also in pots, had little effect on vegetative growth but in one experiment modified fruit setting, and decreased the dry‐matter content, but increased the seed content of harvested fruit. Lighter inoculation caused no damage to Brompton plum. Spraying inoculated Brompton plum rootstocks with tetradifon + TEPP in mid‐June and mid‐July prevented damage, and though August sprays did not prevent damage to the new shoot, the decreases in dry weight increments of old stem and roots were only 9–13% and 11–19%, respectively, compared with 21–25% and 45–50% in infested, unsprayed plants.

The aetiology and development of damage in young fruit trees infested with fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch)

SUMMARYInfestations of fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) altered the growth of young plants of plum and apple. At first, damage to the leaves from mite feeding did not affect their photosynthetic rates. The effects on other processes depended on the density of the infestation. Densities of 1–2 mites/cm2 of leaf decreased the rate of shoot extension of Brompton plum, but about 0.5 mite/cm2 increased it. Less dense infestations apparently caused no damage. The rate of growth of the leaf area of a plant relative to that of the mite population on it determined changes in the mite density, and therefore the effects of infestation. The growth of the root system was decreased before that of the shoots.Later, when some leaves were severely damaged photosynthesis was decreased. The onset and severity of this phase probably depended on the number of mites and days of feeding on individual leaves. The later‐formed leaves were smaller, and sometimes fewer on infested plants. Some plants were infested with too low a density of mites to decrease shoot extension, but grew less in dry weight because of decreased photosynthesis later in the season.The initial effects are ascribed to an imbalance in the growth controlling substances caused by feeding. Radioactivity was detected in the growing regions of plants remote from mature leaves on which 14C‐labelled mites were confined.

Changes in the Growth-regulator Content of Plum Infested with Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite,Panonychus ulmi(Koch)

Extracts and diffusates were collected from the extending region of Brompton plum shoots shortly after a reduced rate of extension was detected in those infested with fruit tree red spider mites. Bioassays showed greater amounts of gibberellin-like substances and smaller amounts of auxin-like substances, with the exception of IAA, in the mite-infested material. Although the extending internodes of infested plants contained significantly less IAA than the controls, there were similar amounts of IAA in the expanding leaves of infested and control plants.

On the seasonal fluctuation of population of fruit tree red spider mite in Sapporo (Acarina : Tetranychidae).

On the seasonal fluctuation of population of fruit tree red spider mite in Sapporo (Acarina : Tetranychidae).

Concentrate spraying of apple trees

SUMMARYFollowing earlier indications of the importance of the quantity of lime‐sulphur concentrate applied per acre (dosage) in the control of apple scab and powdery mildew, further intensive paint‐gun experiments were designed to clarify basic dosage/volume relationships. They established that control depends primarily on the dosage and not merely on the volume of spray applied, but the volume was in some circumstances a critical factor in spray damage.Incidental data showed the influence of lime‐sulphur dosage also on the population of fruit tree red spider mite and on infestations of sawfly. There was evidence that the incidence of fruit russet and poor skin finish is sometimes related to impaired foliage.Gravity flow and droplet‐size of spray together increased with increasing dilution of lime‐sulphur, and thus influenced spray distribution on the foliage when a range of dilutions was applied at fixed volume/acre.

Further Studies on the Influence of Fungicide Sprays on the Balance of Phytophagous and Predacious Mites on Apple in South-East England

The importance of the fungicide used for Apple Scab control in affecting the development of harmful populations of the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch), has been noted by Gilliatt (1935), Cutright (1944) and Pickett et al. (1946). The advent of the relatively specific organic fungicide glyodin (Chandler and Thurston, 1949) offered a hope of scab control with a minimum of side-effects on arthropod populations and hence of assessing the role of predators in the control of M. ulmi. In a preliminary trial in Kent (Collyer and Kirby, 1955), on plots sprayed with one or another of four fungicides in 1951–3, higher populations of M. ulmi developed following lime sulphur sprays than after glyodin or captan ; wettable sulphur gave an intermediate result. Conversely, higher populations of predacious mites (Typhlo- dromus spp.) were present on glyodin- or captan-treated trees than on trees receiving lime sulphur. No apparent differences in populations of predatory insects resulted from the fou...

The action of ‘early‐season’ sprays of chlorbenside against fruit tree red spider mite

AbstractAn account is given of the action of chlorbenside when applied just before, or during, the hatching of the winter eggs of fruit tree red spider mite. The results obtained show that the persistent larvicidal effects of spray residues on the foliage were more important to the action of the chemical than the direct kill of winter eggs.The growth of the foliage during the hatching period of the mites was assessed on different varieties of apple. This was a factor which affected the efficiency of application by ‘thinning out’ spray deposits, but if application were made later than the time by which adult mites had developed, usually at ‘petal fall’, mite damage to the foliage resulted.There was evidence that the increase in leaf area during this period was more marked on Worcester than on Cox but there was no evidence that this reduced the efficiency of preblossom application on Worcester as compared to Cox.

Some Factors Affecting the Balance of Phytophagous and Predacious Mites on Apple in South-East England

A study of the importance of predators of the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite, Metatelranychus ulmi (Koch), in Nova Scotian orchards twenty years ago led Gilliatt (1935) to conclude that another mite, Seiulus pomi Parrott, predacious on M. ulmi, was a major factor in the control of the latter under suitable conditions. S. pomi, however, was found to be very susceptible to the winter oil and lime-sulphur sprays applied as a routine at that time, and was unable to prevent increases of M. ulmi in such orchards. Similar increases of M. ulmi in Ohio orchards receiving sulphur sprays were attributed by Cutright (1944) to the greater susceptibility of predacious mites to this chemical.

The toxicity of phenyl benzenesulphonate and some chlorinated derivatives towards eggs of certain tetranychid mites

AbstractCertain chlorinated phenyl benzenesulphonates in current use for the control of mites infesting plants appear to function mainly as ovicides. 4‐Chlorophenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate and 2 : 4‐dichlorophenyl benzenesulphonate have been selected as being the most effective by American workers, whereas 4‐chlorophenyl benzenesulphonate appeared to be the most ovicidal of the esters examined in Britain.This paper describes the results of replicated assays of the ovicidal activities of phenyl benzenesulphonate and certain chlorinated derivatives towards the glasshouse red spider mite, and of leaf‐permeation studies involving summer eggs of the fruit tree red spider mite.4‐Chlorophenyl benzenesulphonate was found to be at least as ovicidal as 4‐chlorophenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate; differences between the five most potent compounds were significant at the LD50 level, but not at the LD95 level. Phenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate and the esters containing three or four chlorine atoms were of low or negligible activity.The ability of 4‐chlorophenyl benzenesulphonate to exert ovicidal action against eggs on the under surfaces of leaves after its application to their upper surfaces exceeded that of 4‐chlorophenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate and that of phenyl benzenesulphonate.Chlorination in the para‐position of the phenyl ring of phenyl benzenesulphonate enhanced ovicidal action, whereas para‐chlorination in the benzenesulphonic ring reduced it greatly. The effects of para‐chlorination in both rings do not appear to be merely a summation of the effects of chlorination in either ring.

Toxicity of chlorinated phenyl benzenesulphonates to winter eggs of the fruit tree red spider mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch).

THE mite ovicidal activity of a number of substituted phenyl benzenesulphonates toward the eggs of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus bimaculatus Harvey, was examined by Kenaga and Hummer1, who found that substitution by bromine or, better, chlorine in the para-position in both phenyl rings led to compounds of considerable activity. By far the most active was 4-chlorphenyl 4-chlorbenzene-sulphonate, and this has now been developed commercially in the United States. Afterwards, Kirby and McKinlay2, using summer eggs of the fruit tree red spider mite Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch), and Read and Smith3, using eggs of the glasshouse red spider mite Tetranychus telarius L., found that 4-chlorphenyl benzenesulphonate (CPBS) was at least as potent as 4-chlorphenyl 4-chlorbenzenesulphonate (CPCBS) toward both these eggs. Field experience in 1952 has shown that the former, especially when applied in conjunction with an acaricide, can give remarkably persistent control of the fruit tree red spider mite under English conditions, but considerable damage may occur in a year like 1952 to fruits of certain apple varieties, notably Worcester Pearmain.

Biology of Some Predatory Insects and Mites Associated with the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite (Metatetranychus Ulmi(Koch); in South-Eastern England

Biology of Some Predatory Insects and Mites Associated with the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite (<i>Metatetranychus Ulmi</i>(Koch); in South-Eastern England

Biology of some Predatory Insects and Mites Associated with the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite (Metatetranychus Ulmi(Koch))in South-Eastern England II. Some Important Predators of the Mite

Biology of some Predatory Insects and Mites Associated with the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite (<i>Metatetranychus Ulmi</i>(Koch)<i>)</i>in South-Eastern England II. Some Important Predators of the Mite