Fruit Research Articles

APPROACHING AND APPLYING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN THE MIDLAND AND NORTHERN MOUNTAINOUS PROVINCES OF VIETNAM: CURRENT SITUATION AND SOLUTIONS

This paper assesses the current situation and proposes solutions for the application of science and technology (S&T) in agricultural production in the midland and northern mountainous regions of Vietnam, based on a survey of 1,040 farming households. The results show that access to S&T is still limited due to geographical challenges, economic conditions, and farming knowledge. Some technologies have been applied, but unevenly. Proposed solutions include enhancing government support, promoting business–farmer linkages, training skills, transferring appropriate technologies, developing cooperatives, and expanding preferential credit. These measures aim to improve production efficiency and ensure livelihood stability. Among various crops, the proportion of cultivated areas using modern inputs and new production processes ranges from approximately 16% to 58%, with the highest adoption seen in fruit trees and the lowest in forestry crops. The average investment capital for crop production (including new seeds, machinery, etc.) is about VND 55.94 million, with the lowest for forestry crops and the highest for fruit trees.

Enhancing Growth and Yield in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Kandhari) through Foliar Zinc and Boron Application

Punica granatum L., commonly known as pomegranate, is a significant fruit tree of family Punicaceae and originated from Iran. Its cultivation is suitably done in most of the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It is a highly nutritious fruit crop which provides a significant amount of carbohydrates, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, etc that help in reducing various health problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the enhancement of growth and yield in pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Kandhari) through foliar zinc and boron application. The study was carried out during 2022-2023 on five year-old plants of pomegranate cv. Kandhari at Experimental Research Farm Kakhli, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour (H.P.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with nine treatments each having three replications. The plants were subjected to different concentrations of boron (0, 0.3 and 0.6%) and zinc (0, 0.3 and 0.6%) foliar application either alone or in combinations. All recorded data were compiled and analyzed using MS Excel and the statistical software OPSTAT. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted following the Randomized Block Design (RBD). Results revealed that the maximum plant height (m), plant spread East-West (m), plant spread North-South (m), canopy volume (m3), number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit set (%), yield per plant (kg), yield per hectare (t) and fruit weight (g) were recorded in treatment T4 (boron 0.6%+zinc 0.6%). Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that the combined application of boron (0.6%) and zinc (0.6%) effectively improves the growth and yield of pomegranate plants by influencing the various physiological processes like cell division, photosynthesis, sugar translocation etc. The pre-harvest application of these micronutrients in combination can be effectively adopted as a nutrient management strategy to improve the productivity and profitability of pomegranate cultivation in similar agro-climatic regions.

Integrated multi-omics analyses reveal the roles of apricot miR166a and miR396c in the growth and development of apricot-peach grafted chimera.

Integrated multi-omics analyses reveal the roles of apricot miR166a and miR396c in the growth and development of apricot-peach grafted chimera.

Genetics and Molecular Breeding of Fruit Tree Species

Fruit tree species contribute to human nutrition and health security by providing important beneficial compounds (e [...]

Vulnerability of Fruit Cultivation to Climate Change and Suggested Solutions: Modern Biotechnological Approaches (CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi)

Climate change significantly affects agriculture, particularly fruit cultivation, by causing issues such as rising temperatures, droughts, excessive rainfall, pest infestations, and the spread of diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of climate change on fruit production and discuss key modern biotechnological solutions in plant breeding, which have been increasingly implemented both nationally and internationally, to address these challenges. Fruit species are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations, water stress, and pests. Therefore, the development of climate-resilient fruit varieties is of paramount importance. Genetic engineering techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9, which have revolutionized plant biotechnology, can be used to enhance heat tolerance, drought resistance, and pest resistance in fruit trees. Additionally, genetic modifications that increase photosynthetic efficiency and optimize water usage contribute to the sustainability of fruit production. Moreover, RNA interference (RNAi) technology can regulate genes related to disease resistance and water efficiency, helping to create pest-resistant plants while reducing water consumption. The widespread adoption of these modern biotechnological methods will not only enrich scientific knowledge but also contribute to the development of sustainable solutions in applied agriculture. Particularly, multidisciplinary research that delves deeper into the effects of climate change and explores the field applicability of biotechnological innovations is crucial. Such studies will help create more resilient and sustainable systems in vital sectors like fruit production, ensuring their adaptation to the challenges posed by climate change.

Ethnobotany of Selected Philippine Indigenous Fruit Tree Species in CALABARZON, Philippines

The wealth of indigenous food resources in the Philippines is not adequately documented in published literature. Consequently, an ethnobotanical investigation was conducted to provide baseline information regarding the traditional and current uses of seven Philippine indigenous fruit tree species (IFTS) in Region IV-A (CALABARZON), namely, Katmon (Dillenia philippinensis), Bitongol (Flacourtia rukam), Kalumpit (Terminalia microcarpa), Tibig (Ficus nota), Lipote (Syzygium polycephaloides), Binayuyu (Antidesma ghaesembilla), and Libas (Spondias pinnata). The study utilized structured and key informant interviews with 264 informants selected through snowball sampling. Citations were analyzed using ethnobotanical indices: Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Use Reports (UR), Use Value (UV), and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). The URs were grouped into three use-categories—dietary, medicinal, and practical—with more specific sub-categories under each. The most widely identified IFTS in the region was F. nota (RFC = 79%, UR = 145), with utilization dominated by practical purposes (UR = 78). Conversely, D. philippinensis yielded the highest UR (246) across all use-categories region-wide. Most of the UR for F. nota and D. philippinensis came from the province of Rizal. All selected IFTS, except F. nota, were primarily recognized for dietary uses, particularly as fresh fruits. Medicinal uses were cited with high consensus (ICF ≥ 0.75) for A. ghaesembilla, F. nota, and D. philippinensis. The research revealed that while some IFTS were widely recognized and utilized in specific provinces, others remain poorly known and underutilized, indicating varied levels of local knowledge. Nonetheless, the study documented the existing local importance and uses of the selected IFTS in Region IV-A.

Modeling of Droplet Deposition in Air-Assisted Spraying

Air-assisted spraying is the primary method of plant protection in orchards, and precision spraying according to the canopy characteristics of fruit trees can reduce waste and pollution due to pesticide drift. To facilitate targeted pesticide application in the canopy of fruit trees, this study employed a newly developed wind-speed-adjustable orchard sprayer and established a prediction model for deposition based on data from orthogonal trials using a central composite design accounting for the coupling effect of three-dimensional spatial parameters. The experimental design systematically quantified the interaction effects of spray distance (1.5–2.5 m), fan wind speed (10–20 m/s), and deposition height (0.5–3 m) on the spatial distribution of droplets. Model significance was p < 0.0001 and the misfit term was significant (p = 0.2193), supporting its validity. The research found that wind speed and distance significantly interact in influencing deposition. By adjusting fan speed and spray distance, variable applications can be achieved in different canopy zones during plant protection operations. The response surface model developed in this study can be applied to variable-rate spraying control systems, thus providing a quantitative basis for dynamic droplet control guided by canopy characteristics. Validation tests revealed that the model’s accuracy was lower in high canopy regions and upwind spraying scenarios, indicating areas for further research.

Field Study of UAV Variable-Rate Spraying Method for Orchards Based on Canopy Volume

The use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) pesticide spraying technology in precision agriculture is becoming increasingly important. However, traditional spraying methods struggle to address the precision application need caused by the canopy differences of fruit trees in orchards. This study proposes a UAV orchard variable-rate spraying method based on canopy volume. A DJI M300 drone equipped with LiDAR was used to capture high-precision 3D point cloud data of tree canopies. An improved progressive TIN densification (IPTD) filtering algorithm and a region-growing algorithm were applied to segment the point cloud of fruit trees, construct a canopy volume-based classification model, and generate a differentiated prescription map for spraying. A distributed multi-point spraying strategy was employed to optimize droplet deposition performance. Field experiments were conducted in a citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) orchard (73 trees) and a litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) orchard (82 trees). Data analysis showed that variable-rate treatment in the litchi area achieved a maximum canopy coverage of 14.47% for large canopies, reducing ground deposition by 90.4% compared to the continuous spraying treatment; variable-rate treatment in the citrus area reached a maximum coverage of 9.68%, with ground deposition reduced by approximately 64.1% compared to the continuous spraying treatment. By matching spray volume to canopy demand, variable-rate spraying significantly improved droplet deposition targeting, validating the feasibility of the proposed method in reducing pesticide waste and environmental pollution and providing a scalable technical path for precision plant protection in orchards.

Pest categorisation of Eulecanium excrescens

Following the commodity risk assessments of Acer spp., Malus spp. and Prunus spp. plants for planting from the United Kingdom (UK), in which Eulecanium excrescens (Ferris) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) was identified as a pest of possible concern, the European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to conduct a pest categorisation of E. excrescens for the territory of the European Union (EU). E. excrescens, commonly known as excrescent or wisteria scale, is a polyphagous pest, primarily feeding on deciduous orchard and ornamental trees. It is present in the USA, China (Sichuan) and in the UK. It is not present in the EU. E. excrescens can be found on leaves and woody parts of the host plants. The pest completes one generation per year and overwinters on twigs as nymphs. E. excrescens is reported as harmful in Oregon (USA) on hazelnut, and in China on fruit trees, without details on the magnitude of yield and quality losses. In the UK, serious damage was reported on wisteria plants in 2001, but since then there have been no further reports of damage. The magnitude of impact in the EU is therefore uncertain. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry. All criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met.

Study on the functional role and tissue localization of GmolTrypsin in larvae of Grapholita molesta feeding on different host plants.

Study on the functional role and tissue localization of GmolTrypsin in larvae of Grapholita molesta feeding on different host plants.

Precision agriculture in growing three apple varieties in the Republic of Bulgaria

In the conditions of the changing climate, with tendencies towards warming and drying, it is necessary to make new innovative solutions for the cultivation of fruit trees. In 2020 - 2021, on the territory of the experimental field “Chelopechene” of ISSAPP “N. Poushkarov” an experimental trial was conducted with three varieties of apple, Florina, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith, created in 2017. The soil in the research area is leached Cinnamon forest. Three different varieties of apples were studied - T1 - Florina, T2 - Golden Delicious and - T3 - Granny Smith under irrigation conditions with maintenance of pre-irrigation soil moisture 70% of the FC. In terms of precipitation, both years are very dry with a probability of exceedance of 95.67% (2020) and 94.07% (2021). For 2020 on average, during the vegetation period of the apple orchard , to maintain the soil moisture in the range of 70% of FC to 100% of FC, it was necessary to apply 10 irrigations with an irrigation norm of 380 mm, and for 2021, 12 irrigations with an irrigation norm of 510 mm. During the years under review, different yields from the apple plantations were established. The highest yield was found in Florina variety, which was 431% higher compared to Granny Smith variety in third variant T3.

First Report of Phakopsora cherimoliae Causing Rust Disease on Annona squamosa in China

Annona squamosa L., one of the most economically significant fruit trees in southern China, is increasingly threatened by invasive pathogens. In May 2024, severe rust disease (60-70% incidence) was observed on Annona squamosa trees (Jifena, native variety) in a commercial orchard (1.2 ha, 117.354808°E, 23.905476°N) in Yunxiao County, Fujian Province, China. Affected trees exhibited leaf yellowing, premature defoliation, dense chlorotic lesions on the adaxial leaf surfaces, and brown rust-like powdery substances (later identified as uredinia) on the abaxial surfaces. Microscopic analysis revealed globose to ovoid urediniospores (26.0 ± 3.9 × 21.6 ± 3.3 μm, n=30) with echinulate walls; teliospores were absent. Genomic DNA of isolate PC001 was extracted (CTAB method, Allen et al. 2006) and amplified for the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA, primers LRust1R/LRust3) (Beenken 2014) and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 3 gene (CO3, primers CO3_F1/R1) (Beenken et al. 2012). Bidirectional sequencing yielded LSU (PV342396) and CO3 (PV351739), showing 99.35% (606/610 bp) and 99.77% (425/426 bp) identity to Phakopsora cherimoliae ex-type sequences KF528011 and KF528048 (BLASTn E-value <1×10-150). Phyogenetic reconstruction was performed on concatenated LSU-CO3 alignments using Uromyces viciae-fabae as the outgroup. Phylogenetic analyses using PhyloSuite (maximum likelihood [ML] with Tamura 3-parameter model in MEGA11; Bayesian inference [BI] with Bayes) demonstrated that isolate PC001 formed a fully supported clade (ML bootstrap = 100%, BI posterior probability = 1.0) with P. cherimoliae references, distinctly separated from other Phakopsora species and Batistopsora spp. Diseased specimens and DNA samples were deposited in the Fungal Herbarium of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Voucher no. FAFUN54320). Pathogenicity was validated through Koch's postulates: Inoculation of whole healthy 2-month-old A. squamosa seedlings with surface-sterilized urediniospores (5 × 104 spores/mL in 0.01% Tween 20, sterilized in 0.5% NaOCl for 1 min, rinsed thrice with sterile water) under controlled conditions (25°C, 12-h photoperiod) induced chlorotic lesions and abaxial uredinia on leaves within 12 days. Urediniospores from inoculated plants were morphologically identical to field isolates. Combined morphological, molecular (multilocus phylogeny), and pathogenicity evidence conclusively identified the pathogen as P. cherimoliae, representing the first documented infection of this pathogen on A. squamosa in China. The lack of telia in field observations suggests that P. cherimoliae likely persists year-round via urediniospores in this region, aligning with the genus’ monophagy without alternate hosts (Ono et al. 1992). These findings directly inform rust disease management strategies critical to protecting China's A. squamosa industry.

First report of the natural infection of Cephaleuros virescens causing algal spot on avocado leaves in the Philippines

The avocado Persea americana is an important tropical fruit that is a good source of vitamins and minerals, as well as fatty acids and lipids. It is also an important fruit tree for growers as a source of livelihood. In April 2024, severe infections of algal spot characterized by circular, orange to brown spots were observed on the leaves of avocado plants grown in Guagua, Pampanga, Philippines. Based on morphology, the pathogen associated with the algal spot was identified as Cephaleuros virescens. This is the first confirmed record of C. virescens on avocado leaves in the Philippines.

Fruit characterization and seed germination of selected dry forest wild edible fruit tree species in North West Ethiopia

Dry forests tree species such as Tamarindus indica and Diospyros mespiliformis are known for their diverse socioeconomic and ecological importance. Tamarindus indica and Diospyros mespiliformis play a critical role in maintaining ecosystem stability and supporting biodiversity, while contributing significantly to local livelihoods through their nutritional and income generation. Despite their actual and potential benefits, conservation of the species has received little attention and the species are being threatened by overexploitation and degradation. This study characterizes fruit and examines the seed quality and determines appropriate pre-sowing treatment for enhanced germination. The seed quality examination was conducted based on the International Seed Test Association (ISTA) standard testing procedures. The germination experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five pre-sowing treatments (control, cold water, hot water, concentrated sulphuric acid (98%), and nicking) with four replications. The results revealed that the average number of seeds in T. indica and D. mespiliformis fruits varies greatly, averaging 5.55 ± 2.46 and 3.72 ± 0.8 seeds per fruit, respectively. Both the T. indica and D. mespiliformis species have orthodox seeds, with a moisture content of 7.91 ± 0.02% and 6.22 ± 0.02%, respectively. There were 1262–1273 seeds obtained in a kilogram of T. indica with seed purity ranging from 98.39–98.61%. For D. mespiliformis, a kilogram of seed contains 3154–3167 seeds with a purity range of 92.1–92.9%. Thus, based on the result from one kilogram of pure seeds of T. indica and D. mespiliformis, there can be raised 1242-1255 and 2905-2942 seedlings, respectively. The germination percentage, germination index, mean germination time, and germination period of both study species showed significant differences across treatments (P< 0.05), with the exception of D. mespiliformis’ germination period. For T. indica, nicking was resulted in the best germination (100%), followed by sulphuric acid 97.5 ± 4.62%, whereas the lowest germination of 60.0 ± 7.55% was obtained under the control. For D. mespiliformis, sulphuric acid was resulted the highest germination 66.22 ± 4.78%, whereas nicking yielded the lowest germination 10 ± 2.31%. Both species exhibit a physical seed dormancy associated with their hard seed coats. Thus, appropriate pre-sowing treatment is essential to break their seed dormancy and enhance germination. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for improving the germination of the species in nurseries for conservation, propagation and domestication efforts of species and future commercialization initiatives through cultivation. This in turn contributes to maximizing the ecological and food security and local livelihood contributions of these wild edible fruit tree species.

Potential of mango (Mangifera indica L.) plantations in carbon detention and ecosystem services.

Fruit tree plantations have a pivotal role in regulating the microclimate and physical environment of a region. Contribution of forestry species in carbon sequestration and as carbon sinks has been well documented. However, meager attention has been paid to reveal the contribution of fruit tree species. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit tree crop of tropical and subtropical regions of the world, grown in more than 100 countries. With an annual production of 20,946 thousand metric tons (MT), a 2,371 thousand ha area is under mango cultivation in India alone. To assess the carbon detention potential of mango trees, 35-year-old, uniform trees were selected. The circumference of trees in the study was found to vary from 1.43 to 1.96 m, diameter below graft union varied from 0.44 to 0.68 m, tree height varied from 9.45 to 11.13 m, above-ground weight of trees ranged from 1,489.44 to 3,788.56 kg/tree, total weight of trees varied from 1,787.32 to 4,546.27 kg/tree, and total dry weight of trees varied from 1,295.81 to 3,296.05 kg/tree. Magnitude of carbon dioxide sequestered by mango trees was estimated to be 660.98-3,838.96 kg/tree. Annual carbon sequestration potential of an individual mango tree was found to vary from 30.78 to 78.30 kg/tree with an average of 50.55 kg/tree. Mango plantations are crucial for fruit production, ecosystem services, and sustainability of the region. Hence, monitoring and estimation of carbon detention and interaction with the farmers was done simultaneously. The study signifies the fundamental role of mango trees in the mitigation of adverse impact of climate change through carbon detention and vital impact on ecosystem services.

Investigating bark beetles, ambrosia beetles, and longhorn beetles communities in fruit tree orchards of Java region, Indonesia

Investigating bark beetles, ambrosia beetles, and longhorn beetles communities in fruit tree orchards of Java region, Indonesia

Characterization of Polyploid Embryoid Lines Induced via Unfertilized Ovule Culture of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)

Polyploidy plays a significant role in loquat breeding, particularly in triploid breeding for seedless fruit production. Currently, loquat polyploid breeding primarily relies on natural seedling selection and sexual hybridization approaches. In this study, unfertilized ovules from four loquat varieties were in vitro cultured. Gynogenesis and embryoid regeneration were achieved in ‘Xingning 1’ and ‘Huabai 1’, with ‘Xingning 1’ demonstrating the highest gynogenesis efficiency (21.63%). Flow cytometry and chromosome counting revealed that the obtained embryoid lines included haploid, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, and chimeric ploidy types. Further characterization of ‘Xingning 1’-derived embryoid lines through SSR markers and whole-genome resequencing confirmed that the haploid, diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploidy embryoid originated from haploid–somatic chimeras, diploid, doubled diploid and tripled diploid, respectively. Metabolic analysis showed a positive correlation between ploidy level and the content of both soluble sugars and organic acids. This study explored a novel platform for polyploid induction in loquat and may provide methodological insights for improvement of other perennial fruit trees.

Fruit Orchard Canopy Recognition and Extraction of Characteristics Based on Millimeter-Wave Radar

Fruit orchard canopy recognition and characteristic extraction are the key problems faced in orchard precision production. To this end, we built a fruit tree canopy detection platform based on millimeter-wave radar, verified the feasibility of millimeter-wave radar from the two perspectives of fruit orchard canopy recognition and canopy characteristic extraction, and explored the detection accuracy of millimeter-wave radar under spray conditions. For fruit orchard canopy recognition, based on the DBSCAN algorithm, an ellipsoid model adaptive clustering algorithm based on a variable-axis (E-DBSCAN) was proposed. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm was verified in the real operation scene of the orchard. The results show that the F1 score of the proposed algorithm was 96.7%, the precision rate was 93.5%, and the recall rate was 95.1%, which effectively improves the recognition accuracy of the classical DBSCAN algorithm in multi-density point cloud clustering. Regarding the extraction of the canopy characteristics of fruit trees, the RANSAC algorithm and coordinate method were used to extract crown width and plant height, respectively, and a point cloud density adaptive Alpha_shape algorithm was proposed to extract volume. The number of point clouds, crown width, plant height, and volume value under spray conditions and normal conditions were compared and analyzed. The average relative errors of crown width, plant height, and volume were 2.1%, 2.3%, and 4.2%, respectively, indicating that the spray had little effect on the extraction of canopy characteristics by millimeter-wave radar, which could inform spray-related decisions for precise applications.

Assessing Carbon Sequestration and Ecosystem Services of Agroforestry Practices in Madhupur Garh of Bangladesh for Climate Change Mitigation

Agroforestry has emerged as a sustainable land-use strategy to combat climate change while supporting livelihoods in tropical regions. This study evaluates the carbon sequestration potential and ecosystem services of agroforestry systems in Madhupur Garh, Bangladesh, to assess their role in climate change mitigation and socio-ecological resilience. Through field measurements and farmer surveys, the research analyzed ten dominant tree species for their carbon storage capacity and explored the multidimensional benefits these systems provide to local communities. The findings reveal substantial variation in carbon sequestration across species. Shorea robusta (Sal) demonstrated the highest capacity (1878.18 lbs CO₂ per tree), followed by Acacia auriculiformis (Akashmoni), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), and Swietenia macrophylla (Mahogany), all of which are characterized by high biomass, height, and diameter. These species act as effective carbon sinks. In contrast, fruit trees like Litchi chinensis and Areca catechu (Betel nut) sequestered less carbon but enhanced agroforestry diversity and household nutrition. Beyond carbon sequestration, agroforestry systems provided vital ecosystem services. About 58% of farmers reported improved food security, while 62% observed better forest resilience through soil erosion control and biodiversity enhancement. Cultural and aesthetic benefits were also noted—50% valued the scenic beauty of agroforestry landscapes, 40% practiced traditional land rituals, and 38% experienced improved mental well-being. However, challenges persist, including limited awareness of sustainable practices (only 36.67% showed high knowledge) and low participation in ecological monitoring (just 20%). The study recommends emphasizing high-carbon species while preserving species diversity to ensure multifunctionality. Policy actions should support farmer training, incentivize best practices, and integrate indigenous knowledge into forest governance. This research offers a practical framework for scaling agroforestry as a nature-based solution, advancing both climate resilience and rural development in Bangladesh and comparable tropical regions.

Stability Analysis and Multi-Trait Selection of Flowering Phenology Parameters in Olive Cultivars Under Multi-Environment Trials

Flowering represents the most important process in the reproductive stage of fruit trees, including olive trees. Previous studies have demonstrated that the genotype–environment interaction (GEI) has a considerable influence on olive flowering time. This study investigated the GEI and genetic parameters influencing olive flowering phenology in Southwestern China (a non-Mediterranean region), using multi-trait-based stability selection methods. Sixteen olive cultivars from five countries were evaluated over two years in two distinct climatic regions of Southwestern China. Flowering phenology was assessed based on three parameters: full-bloom date (FBD), flowering-period length (FP), and full-bloom-period length (FBP). In the analyses, the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) to predict genetic value and genotype + genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot methods to visualize and assess stability and performance were employed across four environments. The results showed that genotype, environment, and GEI had highly significant effects on flowering traits, with GEI accounting for 54.12% to 89.62% of the variance. Heritability values were low (0.0589 to 0.262), indicating that genetic factors had limited control over flowering phenology compared to environmental factors. A stability analysis using a mean performance and stability (MPS) index identified genotypes with earlier flowering dates and longer flowering periods. Multi-trait selection using a multi-trait mean performance and stability (MTMPS) index further highlighted six superior genotypes with high performance and stability across environments. The findings emphasize the critical role of environmental factors on olive flowering phenology, highlighting the challenges in breeding for stable flowering traits. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of multi-trait selection methods in identifying genotypes with superior performance and stability under different environmental conditions. These results provide valuable insights for olive breeding programs, particularly in non-Mediterranean regions, suggesting that targeted selection and multi-trait evaluation could enhance the adaptability and productivity of olive cultivars under changing climatic conditions.