Fruit Plants Research Articles

Selection for breeding use of plum varieties resistant to spring frosts from the bioresource collection of VNIISPK

Spring frosts during flowering and fruit setting often deprive the plum of the harvest, worsen the general condition of trees and the quality of fruits. In this regard, the purpose of the research was to isolate plum varieties resistant to spring frosts for breeding use. The research was carried out in 2022-2023 at the sites of the primary variety study of stone crops and in the laboratory of the Physiology of the stability of fruit plants of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. The objects of the study were plum varieties of various genetic origin of the bioresource collection of the Institute. The assessment of resistance to spring frosts in the field was carried out in accordance with the "Program and methodology of variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops". In laboratory conditions, artificial freezing was carried out in the climate chamber Espec PSL-2KPH (Japan). The stability of generative organs of Prúnus doméstica, Prunus salicina and Prunus × rossica Erem. varieties was evaluated. in field and controlled conditions. Varieties of Prunus × rossica Erem. - Vetraz’, Gek, Zlato Skifov and Prunus salicina - Orlovskaya mechta, Skoroplodnaya, Suvenir Vostoka showed high stability of flowers and buds after the action of temperature -3 °C. The varieties Hungarian Zarechnaya, Stanley and Kuban Comet withstood a temperature of -3 °C with a proportion of dead buds of no more than 10 % and flowers of no more than 25 %. The data obtained under controlled conditions had a close correlation with the field assessment of damage to plum blossoms r = 0.75. The most resistant to spring frosts in the field and laboratory conditions are the varieties of plum Kubanskaya cometa, Skoroplodnaya and Orlovskaya mechta.

Loss of Traditional Orchards and Its Impact on the Occurrence of Threatened Tree-Dwelling Bird Species

Horticulture is one of the land use types in agricultural landscapes, which is beneficial for nature if traditional ways of management are implemented. Orchards are affected by three negative transformations: abandonment that leads to afforestation; grubbing as a result of the cessation of fruit plantation; or intensification with the use of chemicals. In this study, changes in orchard management and structure were examined over a decade (2014–2023) in southern Poland (the Carpathians). Additionally, changes in the distribution of Syrian woodpeckers were assessed—a rare species of special concern in the European Union being a major nest hole excavator in orchards. Over a decade, trees in nearly one-fourth of orchards were removed, 15% of orchards were overgrown by forests due to abandonment, and only 40% remained unchanged. The changes were most pronounced in already abandoned orchards and many traditionally used ones. Fruit trees were grubbed in orchards in areas with a high density of people and roads, whereas succession prevailed in orchards in the vicinity of forests. During the same period, around 40% of woodpecker territories vanished, and this phenomenon was associated with tree grubbing or succession by forests. As the Syrian woodpecker requires protection in Europe, it is recommended to preserve traditional horticulture. Moreover, conservative cultivation of traditional varieties of fruit trees and agro-tourism in traditional orchards could be implemented in synergy with nature conservation.

Association of Non-host Crop Plants with Mandarin in Host Location and Survival of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae).

Research efforts have been made to develop novel tactics, such as those targeting behavioral control, for management of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), vector of the causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing. Here, we investigated whether association of "Ponkan" mandarin (Citrus reticulata) with volatiles from non-host crops: avocado, passion fruit or coffee, alters host location by the Asian citrus psyllid; and whether they can be temporary hosts for the Asian citrus psyllid. In wind tunnel assays, we found that the association of mandarin seedling with avocado plant volatiles reduced in 30% the number of psyllids sitting on host plants compared to the mandarin alone. In contrast, passion fruit plant volatiles facilitated host location by psyllids, which found mandarin seedlings faster than when exposed to mandarin alone. The association with coffee volatiles did not alter the attractiveness of mandarin to the Asian citrus psyllid. Survival and half-lethal time (LT50) of D. citri fed on non-host plants were longer than those insects with water only, but shorter than those fed on mandarin. Among the non-host plants, D. citri performed better in coffee, followed by avocado and passion fruit plants. Our results indicate that the association of mandarin with avocado plant can be beneficial for Asian citrus psyllid management.

Characterization of Bacillus velezensis 32a metabolites and their synergistic bioactivity against crown gall disease

Crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is considered to be the main bacterial threat of stone fruit plants in Mediterranean countries. In a previous study, Bacillus velezensis strain 32a was isolated from Tunisian rhizosphere soil and revealed high antagonistic potential against A. tumefaciens strains. In order to better characterize the antagonistic activity of this strain against this important plant pathogen, the production of secondary metabolites was analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The results revealed the production of different compounds identified as surfactins, fengycins, iturins and bacillibactin belonging to the lipopeptide group, three polyketides (macrolactins, oxydifficidin and bacillaenes), bacilysin and its chlorinated derivative; chlorotetaine. The involvement of lipopeptides in this antagonistic activity was ruled out by performing agar and broth dilution tests with pure molecules. Thus, the construction of B. velezensis 32a mutants defective in polyketides and bacilysin biosynthesis and their antagonistic activity was performed and compared to a set of derivative mutants of a comparable strain, B. velezensis GA1. The defective difficidin mutants (△dfnA and △dfnD) were unable to inhibit the growth of A. tumefaciens, indicating the high-level contribution of difficidin in the antagonism process. While the macrolactin deficient mutant (∆mlnA) slightly decreased the activity, suggesting a synergetic effect with difficidin. Remarkably, the mutant △dhbC only deficient in bacillibactin production showed significant reduction in its capacity to inhibit the growth of Agrobacterium.Taken collectively, our results showed the strong synergetic effect of difficidin and macrolactins and the significant implication of siderophore to manage crown gall disease.

Mathematical model of the supporting structure of a finely-dispersing sprinkler installation

BACKGROUND: The paper considers the issue of creating a reliable system for protecting fruit plantations from adverse atmospheric phenomena, diseases, pests in mountain terrain, which can be solved with the use of artificial irrigation. To solve this issue, it is necessary to develop a supporting structure for a finely-dispersing sprinkler installation with sprayers attached to it, which make it possible to process fruit plantations from all sides simultaneously. At the same time, the design and technological parameters of the operation of the finely-dispersing sprinkler installation depend on ensuring the strength and stability of the supporting structure.
 AIMS: Development of the mathematical model of the supporting structure of the finely-dispersing sprinkler installation.
 METHODS: The methods of physical and mathematical modeling, the method of task-oriented enumeration of parameters (the Gemerling’s method) were used. The research object is the supporting structure of the finely-dispersing sprinkler installation. The verification of the operability of the supporting structure according to the criteria of strength and stability was carried out with a computer using the MATLAB software.
 RESULTS: An optimization problem has been solved for 4 variants of the layout of the supporting structure of the finely-dispersing sprinkler installation.
 CONCLUSIONS: Various options for the layout of the supporting structure of the finely-dispersing sprinkler installation have been obtained, ensuring the fulfillment of the conditions of stability and strength; technological requirements for the total length of the pipeline, for its internal diameter and for the number of nozzles; the requirements of the standard for the material and outer diameter of the pipeline.

Advancement in Tissue Culture Techniques for Fruit Crops

Tissue culture is a highly promising approach that enables the efficient propagation of many plants from tiny fragments of the parent plant within a relatively brief timeframe and confined area. Tissue culture, a contemporary approach, is primarily employed for the efficient and extensive replication of many commercially significant plant species, such as the date palm. Utilizing the tissue culture technique presents a potential approach for generating a substantial quantity of genetically homogeneous palm plants that resemble other plants and yield typical fruit within four years from initial planting. Furthermore, this technique allows to produce date palm plants devoid of diseases, exhibiting an exceptionally high survival rate of nearly 100% when compared to the traditional vegetative propagation of shoots, owing to the robustness of their root system. The process of surface sterilization holds significant importance in the production of explants for in vitro studies, as it effectively addresses the issue of bacterial and fungal contamination originating from field sources, which might vary considerably across different fruit plant species. The efficacy of tissue culture techniques for date palm acclimatization in vitro is contingent upon the observation of leaf count prior to transplantation in the greenhouse. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the determinants that govern the tissue culture of fruit trees. India is known for being the native land of various fruit crops that are both significant and minor in terms of their importance. These crops include Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Karonda (Carissa carandas L.), Bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii L.), and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.), etc. These fruits possess considerable nutritional, medicinal, and therapeutic value, making them highly valuable in commercial sectors such as medicine, food, and cosmetics. The limited availability of suitable planting materials imposes constraints on the commercial production process for these crops. Using plant tissue culture techniques holds promise in substantially augmenting the number of novel cultivars or genotypes inside fruit crops. The primary aim of this review study is to consolidate and synthesize the extant body of knowledge about the tissue culture techniques employed in cultivating various fruit crops.

Tissue-specific distribution and bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids, isomers, alternatives, and precursors in citrus trees of contaminated fields: Implication for risk assessment

The ingestion of fruits containing perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) presents potential hazards to human health. This study aimed to fill knowledge gaps concerning the tissue-specific distribution patterns and bioaccumulation behavior of PFAAs and their isomers, alternatives, and precursors (collectively as per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs) within citrus trees growing in contaminated fields. It also assessed the potential contribution of precursor degradation to human exposure risk of PFASs. High concentrations of total target PFASs (∑PFASstarget, 92.45–7496.16 ng/g dw) and precursors measured through the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay (130.80–13979.21 ng/g dw) were found in citrus tree tissues, and short-chain PFASs constituted the primary components. The total PFASs concentrations followed the order of leaves > fruits > branches, bark > wood, and peel > pulp > seeds. The average contamination burden of peel (∑PFASstarget: 57.75%; precursors: 71.15%) was highest among fruit tissues. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and translocation potentials of short-chain, branched, or carboxylate-based PFASs exceeded those of their relatively hydrophobic counterparts, while ether-based PFASs showed lower BAFs than similar PFAAs in above-ground tissues of citrus trees. In the risk assessment of residents consuming contaminated citruses, precursor degradation contributed approximately 36.07% to total PFASs exposure, and therefore should not be ignored.

Influence of Spraying Potassium, Sugar Alcohol, and Boron on Yield and Quality of Melon under Protected Cultivation

An experiment was conducted in one of the plastic houses at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, during the spring season of 2023. The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of spraying with potassium, a combination of alcohol sugar (Sorbitol), and Boron on the yield and quality of melon under protected cultivation conditions. The study included two factors: the first factor was spraying with potassium at three concentrations: 0, 4, and 8 gm/L, and it was coded as K0, K1, and K2, respectively. The second factor was spraying with a combination of sorbitol and boron at five concentrations that were coded as T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4. Potassium was sprayed when 50% of the flowers appeared and until the fruit ripened at a rate of one spray per week. The combination of Boron and Sorbitol was sprayed on the plants at age of 6-8 true leaves with three times, two weeks interval between sprays. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment within a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replicates. The study showed that the second Potassium concentration K1 was superior and achieved the highest (fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, plant yield, and plastic house yield) of 1.238 kg, 3.887 (fruit plant-1), 4.827 (kg plant-1), and 5.793 (tons per house-1). This was compared to the lowest values achieved by the control plants, which were 1.100 kg, 3.533 (fruit plant-1), 3.900 (kg plant-1), and 5.386 (tons per greenhouse-1), respectively. The combination of boron and sorbitol had a significant effect on yield traits, as treatment T4 significantly achieved the highest values in fruit weight, number of fruits, and total greenhouse yield of 1.281 kg, 4.078 (fruit plant-1), 5.232 (kg plant-1) and 6.279 (tons greenhouse-1), compared to the control treatment, which gave the lowest values for the same traits of 1.109 kg, 3.243 (fruit plant-1), 3.604 (kg plant-1), and 4.324 (tons per greenhouse-1). Spraying plants with potassium, especially at level K1, led to a significant increase in fruit quality traits, including fruit pulp thickness, total sugar content, and beta-carotene content, and gave the highest values of 6.550 mm, 10.770 (%), and 10.770 (μg g-1 fresh weight), compared to the lowest values achieved by the control plants, which gave the lowest values of 35.815 mm, 0.7449 (%), and 19.300 (μg g-1 fresh weight) for the same traits, respectively. The combination of sorbitol and boron had a significant effect on fruit quality traits, as treatment T4 plants achieved the highest values for fruit pulp thickness, total sugar content, and beta-carotene content of 48.618 mm, 11.272 %, and 20.754 (μg g-1 fresh weight) compared to the lowest values achieved by the control plants, which were 48.618 mm, 9.434 %, and 19.020 (μg g-1 fresh weight) for the same traits, respectively.

Response of Strawberry Saplings Cv. Albion to Spraying with Seaweed Extract, Arginine and Brassinolide

The investigation was carried out within a controlled environment of a plastic greenhouse situated at two distinct geographical sites. The initial site was situated in the primary research station affiliated with the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar. During the 2022-2023 growing season, the second experimental site was established in Dolab village. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of applying seaweed extract, amino acid (arginine), and growth regulator (Brassinolide) on the flowering and yield of Albion strawberry saplings. The experiment was conducted under controlled environmental conditions. Three factors were studied during the experiment, including (spraying with seaweed extract at concentrations of 2 and 4 ml L-1), (spraying with amino acid “arginine” at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg L-1), and (spraying with growth regulator “Brassinolide” at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.10 mg L-1), in addition to the control treatment of spraying with distilled water only for the three factors. A factorial experiment with three factors was conducted according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD). The experiment consisted of 27 treatments distributed over three blocks, with five plants per experimental unit. The total number of plants used in the experiment was 405 plants per site. Spraying with seaweed extract had a significant effect on all the flowering and yield traits studied. The concentration of 4 ml L-1 contributed to the best results for the traits (Number of flowers, Percentage of flowers set, Number of fruits, fruit weight, and total yield plant-1). The values were (30.3 and 28.3 flowers plant-1, 77.3 and 78.0%, 21.5 and 20.9 fruits plant-1, 20.3 and 18.4 g, 436.22 and 385.93 g plant-1) for the two sites, respectively. On the other hand, the treatments of spraying with the amino acid (arginine) had a significant effect and the treatment of 200 mg L-1 achieved the highest values for the traits (number of flowers, percentage of flowers set, number of fruits, and total yield plant-1) at both sites. The values were (29.1 and 25.7 flowers plant-1, 71.8 and 72.3%, 20.8 and 19.3 fruits plant-1, 18.5 g, 410.27 and 357.99 g plant-1) for the two sites, respectively. The treatment of 100 mg L- 1 achieved the best results for the trait (fruit weight) at the first site and was (19.9 g). Spraying with the growth regulator (brassinolide) at a concentration of 0.10 mg L-1 achieved the highest values for the traits (number of flowers, percentage of flowers set, number of fruits, fruit weight, and total yield plant-1). The values were (27.8 and 27.1 flower plant-1, 71.0 and 71.6%, 20.2 and 20.0 fruit plant-1, 20.1 and 18.2 g, 406.90 and 365.30 g plant-1). The treatment of spraying with seaweed extract (4 ml L-1) showed the best results in reducing the percentage of deformed fruits and reached (13.84 and 13.43%) at both sites, respectively. On the other hand, spraying with the amino acid at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 at the first site achieved the lowest percentage of 14.51%. The spraying with the amino acid at the second site and the growth regulator at both sites had no significant effect on this trait.

Effect of Moisture Depletion on Gynoecious Cucumber Genotypes and Water Consumption Estimation

The study was carried out in the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, in the fall agricultural season for the year 2022. A factorial experiment of two factors was designed according to the arrangement of the split plots according to the randomized complete block design with three replicate, The first factor included two levels of moisture depletion, 25 and 50% of the water available to the plant, calculated according to the weight method, and placed in the main plots, and the second factor included 5 genotypes With a sixth hybrid to compare (Kanz), placed in the sub plots, Drip irrigation was used in the irrigation of the experiment using GR tubes with a drainage of 3.2 liters h−1. The results of the study showed that moisture depletion exceeded 25% in the characteristics of plant height, number of nodes, number of fruits, and plant yield, as it reached 288.04 cm and 31.07 nodes Plant−1 42.23 fruits Plant−1 3.68 kg Plant−1, respectively, while moisture depletion recorded 50% 252.59 cm. And 26.98 nodes Plant−1 37.69 fruit plant−1 3.15 kg plant−1, respectively, for the same characteristics. While the depletion exceeded 50% in the early yield, reaching 1.313 kg plant−1. We conclude from the experiment that the best genotypes were the 4×1 hybrid and irrigation at the level of 25% depletion was the best in all traits except early in yield.

Enhancing Vegetative Growth by Adding Phosphorus, Silicon, and Citric Acid to Pepper Plants Cultivated in Plastic Greenhouses

The research was conducted in a plastic greenhouse at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad - Jadiriyah Campus, during the 2021-2022 season, to study the effect of phosphorus, silicon, and citric acid on pepper plants using a factorial experiment design with three replicates. The first factor had three levels of phosphorus (0, 160, and 320 kg P2O5 per hectare), the second factor had three levels of potassium silicate (0, 75, and 100 kg per hectare), and the third factor had four levels of citric acid (0, 2, 4, and 6 kg per hectare). The statistical analysis showed that treatment P2S2C1 resulted in an increase in the main stem diameter (25.10 mm), treatment P3S3C1 led to an increase in the main branch diameter (16.10 mm), and treatment P3S3C2 showed an increase in the diameter of secondary and tertiary branches (13.50 mm and 8.90 mm, respectively). Treatment P2S3C1 resulted in an increased number of leaves and the dry weight of the total vegetative mass (1286.7 leaves and 415.0 g plant-1 respectively). Treatment P3S2C4 led to an increase in the dry weight of roots (25.47 g plant-1), treatment P2S3C4 showed an increased number of fruits (48.34 fruits plant-1), and treatment P3S3C4 resulted in an increased total yield (4.87 tons greenhouse-1).

Production and Evaluation of F1 Hybrids of Protected Cultivation Cucumber

The study was conducted in the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, in the Autumn season of 2021 and spring 2022, in an unheated greenhouse. Four pure lines of Gynoecious cucumbers for protected cultivation were used, and full diallel cross were conducted in all directions to produce 12 reciprocal and reverse hybrids of the F1. The seeds of the parents and the resulting hybrids were sown. Including it with an approved hybrid (Kanz) for the purpose of comparison, which numbered 17 genotypes according to the design of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications to evaluate the parents and the resulting hybrids and estimate some genetic parameters and the type of genetic action. The results showed that there were significant differences in the studied lines, as parents P4 and P1 showed superior over the other of the parents, as father 4 gave the best results for the parents in the characteristics of the number of nodes on the plant, leaf area, number of fruits and plant yield, which amounted to 36.32 node plant−1, 114.74 dm2 plant−1, 55.35 fruit plant−1 and 4.59 kg plant−1, and parent 1 did not differ from parent 4 in most characteristics, while parent 2 recorded the lowest results in all characteristics. The average heritability in the broad sense of the reverse effect was greater than the reciprocal effect and the low degree of heritability in the narrow sense, which indicates the possibility of Hybridization to obtain the desired characteristics and to obtain distinct hybrids.

Effect of Spraying with NPK Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Three Hybrids of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)

The experiment was carried out in one of the plastic houses of the research station of the College of Agriculture / University of Kufa for the agricultural season 2022 to demonstrate the effect of spraying with N.P.K fertilizer. Four concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 4) g.l-1 were sprayed on three hybrids of cherry tomatoes (yellow, orange, and red). plots), while the treatments for spraying with the traditional NPK fertilizer were distributed in the sub-plots, and the averages of the treatments were compared with the least significant difference at the level of probability 0.05 with three replications. The results showed that the red tomato was significantly superior to the rest of the hybrids in (plant height (cm), total number of leaves (leaf-1), leaf area (cm2, leaf-1), and total yield per unit area (mcg h-1), noting that there were no significant differences. Among the hybrids in each of the number of fruits (plant fruit-1) and the leaves content of total chlorophyll (mg 100gm-1 fresh weight), as for spraying with NPK fertilizer, the concentration of 4 gm L-1 was significantly superior to all concentrations in each of (height Plant (cm), number of total leaves (leaf-1), leaf area (cm2, leaf-1), number of fruits (fruit-1), dry weight of shoots (gm plant-1), total yield per unit area (mcg e-1) and the content of leaves of total chlorophyll (mg 100g-1 fresh weight).

Insecticide activity from mangrove endophytic fungus isolate against larvae of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster)

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) is one of the important pests for fruit and vegetable plants. However, pest control efforts are highly dependent on synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to determine the potential of mangrove endophytic fungi as bioinsecticides for D. melanogaster and to determine the insecticidal activity of secondary metabolites of mangrove endophytic fungi against D. melanogaster larvae. The study was conducted on five types of fungi extract isolated from R. mucronata, namely E. nidulans (BPPTCC 6035), E. nidulans (BPPTCC 6038), A. tamarii (BPPTCC 6037), A. versicolor (BPPTCC 6039), and A. oryzae (BPPTCC 6036) in 500 and 1000 ppm. The results showed that the A. versicolor (BPPTCC 6039) extract was the most toxic. Tukey’s HSD test showed that the A. versicolor (BPPTCC 6039) extract was most effectively used as a bioinsecticide for D. melanogaster larvae. All extracts do not have antifeedant compounds and showed activity to inhibit larvae growth. Therefore, in this study, the A. versicolor (BPPTCC 6039) extract had the most significant potential as a bioinsecticide for D. melanogaster larvae.

Estimation of some Genetic Parameters and Field Evaluation for Pure Lines of Cherry Tomato

An experiment was carried out in one of Unheated greenhouses of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping at the College of Agriculture-Diyala University during the fall season2021/2022 where the seeds were sown eight pure lines of Cherry tomato the entry is:(LA3002, LA2838A, LA0797, LA4355, LA7371, LA3534, LA3535, LA3530)With the aim of evaluating its field performance and estimating some of its genetic parameters, the following characteristics were studied: number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight (g), plant yield (g), total yield (Ton greenhouse −1), vitamin C, Lycopene and beta-carotene100gm −1. and the results showed that lines the pure ones differed significantly among themselves under the probability level of 0.05 and 0.01 in all studied traits, and outperforming the pure line LA2838A Significantly four characteristics: the number of fruits in the plant and vitamin C Lycopene and beta-carotene reached (365.666 fruits.plant−1, 0.326 mg .100 gm−1, 5.62 mg. gm−1 and 0.333 mg. gm−1), respectively. The genetic, environmental and phenotypic variance differed from zero significantly for all studied traits, and the genetic variance was greater than the environmental variance for all traits, and the values of heritability in the broad sense and the expected genetic improvement as a percentage of the average trait were high for all traits except for lycopene trait if it was average for both.

Potential development of tropical fruits on Kundur Island, Riau Islands Province, Indonesia

Kundur Island has incredible potential for tropical fruits in Riau Islands Province. Land utilization for tropical fruit planting must be supported by land resource data, such as maps of characteristics and land suitability, to optimize tropical fruit production. This study aimed to evaluate the land suitability and determine the dominant limiting factors for tropical fruit growth and development. Land suitability was evaluated by matching the land characteristics, soil, and climatic requirements for durian, rambutan, and duku. The land suitability classes for durian, rambutan, and duku on Kundur Island are mostly marginal (S3), covering an area of 28,361 ha (90.51%), while the rest are moderately suitable (S2) and unsuitable (N). The limiting factors are drainage, root conditions influenced by peat thickness, nutrient retention, nutrient availability, depth of sulfide material, and erosion hazards. Improvements can be made by managing drainage, using cover crops, fertilization, and providing soil ameliorants. Treatments to increase land suitability must be implemented to enhance the potential of durian, rambutan, and duku plantations to be suitable (S1) or moderately suitable (S2). Land potential development for durian, rambutan, and duku is conducted by prioritizing environmental aspects and land sustainability.

Partisipasi Masyarakat di Kelurahan Pahandut Seberang Kota Palangka Raya dalam Pelatihan Program Green Kampung

This service activity facilitates the assistance of Pahandut Seberang Village residents in realising a green village by utilising open land and yards for land media for vegetable and fruit plants. Open land and yards are used as a medium that can be planted with vegetable and fruit daily needs. The service aims to stimulate riverbank communities to utilise open land areas and yards to grow vegetables and fruit as an implementation of green villages in Pahandut Seberang Village. The Green kampung programme is planned to be located at the Daruth Tayyibah Mosque in the riverbank residential area of Pahandut Seberang Village, Pahandut District, Palangka Raya City. The method uses a qualitative method based on the process of interviewing the needs of residents, community meetings in selecting plants, planting vegetables and fruit, plant maintenance, and harvesting by the women of the Pahandut Seberang Village Recitation. The University of Palangka Raya Service Team provided assistance to the women's group in learning in the form of training from the stages of designing land, selecting plants, planting, caring for and harvesting vegetable and fruit plants. The results of this service are the implementation of green village training activities in the form of socialisation, seedling sowing, transplanting into recycled pots, and monitoring the maintenance of vegetable and fruit plants. Training activities for recitation mothers provide long-term opportunities as entrepreneurs of the riverbank community. The results of this training serve as a trigger for communities from other villages to implement the green kampung programme in the villages of Palangka Raya City.

Chromatographic Profiles and Determination of Total Flavonoid Content of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Kalangkala Leaves (Litsea Angulata Blum) Using Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry

Background: Kalangkala is a fruit plant typical of Kalimantan and belongs to the species of the genus Litsea which is thought to have potential as a natural antioxidant. Empirically, some people in South Kalimantan use the kalangkala plant, especially the seeds of the fruit, to treat boils. One of the compounds that have antioxidant and antibacterial content is flavonoids.Objectives: To determine the thin layer chromatography profile of the total flavonoid compound of the ethyl acetate fraction and to calculate the total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract of Kalangkala (Litsea angulata Blum).Method: Thin Layer Chromatography Profile and Determination of Total Flavonoid Content of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Kalangkala Leaf Extract using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. The data were then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.Results: The chromatographic profile of the total flavonoids of the ethyl acetate fraction of Kalangkala leaf eluent that was most optimal was Ethyl acetate : n-Hexane (3:7) because it showed the most stains, namely 5 stains. And in the uv-vis spectrophotometry method, the total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction of Kalangkala leaves (Litsea angulata Blum) was 0.9 mg QE/g.Conclusion: Kalangkala leaf extract on the TLC profile using ethyl acetate : n-Hexane (3:7) showed a total of 5 stains. And the value of the total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction of kalangkala leaves was 0.9 mg QE/g.

Inventory of Native, Introduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole Regeneration in Laweyan Village, Surakarta

The existence of invasive foreign plants is a threat to the global ecosystem. Its rapid growth often causes this plant to destroy the original habitat in an area. This research aims to identify tree-pole regeneration species in Laweyan Village. This research was carried out by direct observation using a sampling method with a plot measuring 10 x 10 meters and analyzed descriptively. Based on the results of research conducted in Laweyan Village, it was found that there were 38 species of pole and tree regeneration vegetation which were divided into 3 types based on their origin, namely native, introduced and invasive species. There were 19 species of native plants, 15 species of introduced plants, and 4 species of invasive plants. Meanwhile, based on their function, plants are divided into three, namely fruit plants, shade plants and ornamental plants. The plants that dominate based on their function are fruit plants, totaling 16 types.

Potential Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers in Agriculture

Some of the major challenges associated with current agricultural practices include inefficient delivery and utilization of agrochemicals; fertilizers, pesticides, and pheromones; to crops. This results in low nutrient utilization efficiency with respect to applied fertilizers which leads to a greater economic burden to farmers to maintain crop yields at optimum levels. In addition, plant diseases by various pathogens also pose a threat to agriculture. In an effort to address some of the aforementioned challenges, electrospun nanofibers have emerged as a potential class of one-dimensional nanomaterials for use in agricultural applications. Unique characteristics of electrospun nanofibers such as enhanced surface area: volume ratio, high porosity distribution, and increased specific surface area pave the potential for agricultural applications that will be elaborated in this review. These applications include slow-release of fertilizers, pheromones and insecticides, seed and fruit coatings, plant protection, and nanofiber fabricated sensors. In addition, this review also focuses briefly on other preparation methods of nanofibers, and most importantly on the parameters that govern the electrospinning process; solution parameters, processing parameters, and ambient parameters. Furthermore, many more unexplored applications in the field of agriculture employing nanofiber usage exist, and it is believed that a greater understanding of the current nanofiber research and practices of green electrospinning will enable the upliftment of current boundaries to enable agricultural applications of nanofibers on a commercial scale.
 Keywords: nanofiber - agriculture - electrospinning - slow-release – sensor