Freshwater Ornamental Fish Research Articles

Design of IoT Based Water Monitoring System (Simonair) For Arwana Fish Cultivation

Arwana fish is an ornamental fish that has high aesthetic value and is popular with Indonesian people. Silver Arowana is a type of freshwater ornamental fish originating from Brazil and belonging to the Osteoglossum genus. Problems in arowana fish farming include water quality, disease, nutrition and spawning (breeding). An important problem in enlarging silver arowana fish seeds is one of the maintenance media. Water quality is an external factor that plays a role in supporting fish growth. Water quality management has been one of the inhibiting factors in aquaculture, because it requires time, procedures and several stages to assess aquaculture water quality parameters, so farmers are late in handling the fish which results in death. Monitoring water quality that is practical, efficient and easy according to the development of IOT-based information technology 4.0 is urgently needed by cultivators to control fish in real time so that fish survival can be optimized. The research will be carried out for two years, namely 2022 and 2023. The purpose of the first phase of the research is to create an IOT-based Water Quality Monitoring System (SIMONAIR), while the second stage of research aims to apply the use of SIMONAIR to support the growth of arowana fish. The research was conducted at the Vocational School of IPB and in collaboration with a partner, namely CV Viez Aquatics. Phase 1 research will focus on the manufacture and calibration of SIMONAIR. Phase 2 research The use of the SIMONAIR application on silver arowana fish given different feed treatments. The overall research results are a technology package for silver arowana fish cultivation with high technology for the community or fish farmers

Analisis Pemasaran Budidaya Ikan Hias Air Tawar dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

Profitable marketing for businesses must be in accordance with sharia marketing values in Islamic economic principles, honest, reliable, intelligent, communicative and courageous. Freshwater ornamental fish farming business actors have been going well. However, there are still those who do not implement marketing in accordance with sharia marketing values. The aim is to analyze the marketing of freshwater ornamental fish in an Islamic economic perspective. This type of qualitative descriptive research. The research subjects are consumers and entrepreneurs of freshwater ornamental fish cultivation, and the object of research is freshwater ornamental fish cultivation in Tembilahan Hilir Village. Non-probability sampling technique aside by means of porposive sampling and incidental sampling. Methods of collecting interview data and documentation. Data processing techniques are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Business actors in marketing their businesses have implemented sharia marketing values well and are in accordance with the principles in the perspective of Islamic economics. However, this has not been maximized because business actors still lack in-depth knowledge about the value of sharia marketing which results in business actors trying to run according to their knowledge well, even though it is not optimal.

PEMBENIHAN IKAN KOI (Cyprinus carpio) SECARA ALAMI DI MINA SUMBER UTAMA KOI

Koi fish is one of the freshwater ornamental fish that has the potential to be developed and has important economic value. opening the market for koi fish seeds is quite high, so the availability of seeds must be available continuously. One way to produce seeds is by spawning. The main parameters observed in this study were fertilization rate, hatching rate and survival rate. The value of the fertilization rate in spawning 1 was 79 and spawning II was 80%. The hatching rate in spawning I was 73% and in spawning II was 87%. The survival rate for spawning 1 was 96% and spawning II was 79%.

Prototipe Mesin Penghitung Potongan Botol Plastik Kemasan 1,5 Liter

Especially ornamental fish farmers. This bottle a function as a medium for freshwater ornamental fish containers. hardware bottle-cutting tool to be controlled using programming software using an Arduino microcontroller with the help of an infrared sensor. This Arduino microcontroller will make it easier for users to calculate the bottles that have been cut and the cost of cutting bottles that will be displayed on the 20 x 4 LCD without having to calculate manually which will take more time. In addition to the many features obtained by the owner/user, they can also benefit from selling bottles that will be traded to freshwater ornamental fish farmers. With this innovation, besides simplifying human tasks, can also educate the user community so that they can innovate for the development of the ornamental fishery sector.

PENGARUH BUBUK DAUN KETAPANG (Terminalia catappa) TERHADAP PERFORMA PERTUMBUHAN IKAN GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata)

Indonesia has biodiversity and one of which is the diversity of ornamental fish species both marine and freshwater. One type of freshwater ornamental fish is quite in demand, namely guppies. This study aimed to analyze the effect of adding tropical almond leaf powder to the growth performance of guppies. This study used an experimental method with the addition of tropical almond leaf powder. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments, namely treatment A (without the addition of tropical almond leaf powder/control), B (tropical almond leaf powder with a dose 0,13 g/L), C (tropical almond leaf powder with a dose 0,26 g/L), D (tropical almond leaf powder with a dose 0,40 g/L), E (tropical almond leaf powder with a dose 0,53 g/L), and each treatment was repeated 3 times. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significant level of 5% with a 95% confidence interval and continued with the Duncan test. The result showed that the addition of tropical almond leaf powder had a significant effect on the parameters of absolute weight growth, specific weight growth rate, absolute length growth, specific length growth rate, feed conversion ratio, bacterial abundance and oxygen consumption level. Yet, it did not have a significant effect on the parameters of the survival rate of guppies. The best dose of tropical almond leaf powder obtained in this study was in treatment C (0,26 g/L).Keywords: Growth Performance, Guppies, Tropical Almond.

Isolation and identification of Capillaria sp. in ornamental green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus Günther, 1860) farmed in Iran

Green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus) is one of the most popular freshwater ornamental fish of the Cichlidae, which is commonly bred and cultivated in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the main cause of green terror mass losses in an ornamental fish breeding center in Nazarabad, Alborz province. Following chronic and continuous losses of mature green terrors with clinical signs including white feces hanging from the anus, the fish were sampled between June 2021 and July 2021. The fish were packed in water-filled polyethylene bags and transported to the Ornamental Fish Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. In macroscopic examinations, cachexia and paleness of the fish were evident. In order to investigate ectoparasitic infestations, wet smears were prepared from skin and gills, and examined under a light microscope. However, no parasitic infection was observed. In addition, the fish were euthanised, necropsied, and internal organs such as the intestine were examined. Microscopic examination of the intestine showed a heavy infection with mature Capillaria sp. and the barrel-shaped eggs. In the present study, the severity of Capillaria infection was very high and determined to be the main cause of losses. In order to treat the other fish in the population, levamisole was administered for 48 h every 7 days for 28 days. After re-examination, fish losses completely stopped, and no infection was observed after 28 days.

Efektivitas Pemberian Tepung Cacing Sutra (Tubifex Sp) dalam Pakan Terhadap Performa dan Kelangsungan Hidup Benih Ikan Komet (Carassius auratus)

Comet goldfish (Carassius auratus) is a type of freshwater ornamental fish that is popular among the public and has the main advantage of having lots of color variations. The use of fish meal is the biggest obstacle causing the high price of feed and affecting the production of comet fish. The new alternative material to replace fish meal is silk worm flour (Tubifex sp). The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of feeding silkworm meal on the performance and survival of comet fish (C. auratus) fry. This research was carried out in February-March 2021 at Perum Yeyes Lestari, Kenali Besar Village, Alam Barajo District, Jambi City for 40 days. The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications, the treatments included 15% silk worm flour (A), 20% silk worm flour (B), 25% silk worm flour (C) 30% silk worm flour (D). The test fish used were comet fish measuring 3-5 cm as many as 120 fish. The results showed that temperature had an effect on survival, absolute weight growth and feed conversion. The color of comet fish for all treatments at the beginning of the study ranged from 3.90-4.43 (golden yellow), while at the end of the study there was a color change that ranged from -2.14-2.83 (dark red). The highest SR was found in treatment A of 86.67% followed by treatment B 70.00% and treatment D 56.67%. The highest PBM value was found in treatment C of 3.26 g. The best FCR value was found in treatment C of 3.56. The results of the analysis of water quality showed that the condition of the culture media was still quite feasible for the maintenance of comet fish in the aquarium container.

Effect of LED Light Color on Color Brightness, Growth, and Survival of Comet Fish (Carassius auratus)

Comet fish (Carassius auratus) is a type of freshwater ornamental fish with a high selling value due to its unique body shape and bright colour. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different LED (Light Emitting Diode) light colours on colour brightness, growth, and survival of comet fish. This study applies an experimental approach with an experimental design in the form of a completely randomized design (CRD) and consists of 5 light treatments and 3 replications, namely A (room light), B (white LED), C (blue LED), D (green LED), and E (red LED). The results showed that LED light treatment had a significant effect on the colour quality and feed efficiency, but did not significantly affect the growth and survival of comet fish. The best colour quality was found in treatment E (red LED) with an increase in the TCF (Toca Color Finder) score of 6.22 and colour performance on the back by 80.80%, pectoral fin colour by 64.91%, and tail fin by 71 .18%. The best feed efficiency was obtained in treatment C (blue LED) with a feed efficiency value of 57.48%. The behavioural responses of comet fish did not make any difference between each LED treatment. The water quality of the comet fish rearing media has a temperature value ranging from 25.70 – 29.20 C. The pH value ranges from 7.29 to 8.50. Meanwhile, dissolved oxygen ranges from 8.00 – 12.20 mg/L

Développement Testiculaire chez Poisson Combattant (Betta splendens), variété de Demi-lune, Subis 35 jours de Différents Régimes de Photopériodes

Fighting fish (Betta splendens) is one of the fresh water ornamental fish with highly commercial value. This fish has a distinctive morphological shape which is aesthetic and is easy to maintain. Demand for this fish increased leading to opportunities for cultivation. Quality and quantity of fries were constantly needed, and this could be achieved by manipulating reproduction. Photoperiod regimes could play a role to do this. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of photoperiods on the testis development of halfmoon strains of fighting fish.
 A completely randomized design was run to test 3 treatments in quintuplicates. The fish were reared under treatment P1 (10 hours light L and 14 hours dark D), treatment P2 (14 hours L and 10 hours D) and treatment P0 (12 hours L and 12 hours D). The fish were maintained for 35-d, in Aquatic Resources Laboratory of FPIK Unsoed. The results showed that treatment P2 was significantly different (P<0.05), which the highest spermatogenesis stage (54.78 ± 16.64%) was obtained. The study concluded that male fighting fish under P2 photoperiod could accelerate testicular maturation.

Hatching Rate of Koi Fish (Cyprinus Carpio) Eggs on Different Types of Substrates

The Cyprinus carpio koi fish is a freshwater ornamental fish that is excellent because it has a beautiful and bright colour. This study aimed to determine the best substrate for the attachment of C. carpio koi fish eggs and the success rate of hatching koi fish eggs. The method used in this study is the experimental method with description analysis. The treatments in this study were 4 types of substrates, P1 (raffia), P2 (brush), P3 (ijuk), and P4 (Hydrilla). The results obtained that the highest fungal exposure was found in P3 with a value of 358 grains, the highest hatchability was found in P4 at 94% and P1 at 93%. The highest survival rate in koi fish was found in the P4 treatment with a value of 92%. This study concluded that the substrate with the highest egg attachment was found in P4 (Hydrilla) and the success rate of hatching eggs was found in P1 (raffia) and P4 (Hydrilla) because both had no significant effect.

Issues on the inclusion of Puntius denisonii (Day), a freshwater ornamental fish of global value, as Schedule-I species under the Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2021 of India

Puntius denisoniiis popularly known as Miss Kerala in India or Denison barb or Red line torpedo barb in the global ornamental fish trade. The species is endemic to fast-flowing rivers and streams of the Western Ghats of India. The species was not very popular earlier in aquatic trade but has been in great demand in global aquarium trade since it was exhibited at AQARAMA 1997 in Singapore and ranked third under the new species category. The export of the species from India started in 1996–1997, which increased progressively and constituted about 60%–65% of a total of 1.44 million US$ worth of ornamental fish exported from India in 2007–2008. Thereafter, it started declining and presently became negligible. It was attributed to depleting stocks ofP. denisoniiin rivers and streams of Western Ghats. The species was recommended to be listed as endangered on the IUCN red list in a CAMP workshop held at NBFGR, Lucknow, India in September 1997, owing to habitat degradation and the declining number of mature individuals in the wild. It was categorized as Vulnerable in 2009 and Endangered in 2015 under the IUCN red list. The Department of Fisheries, Government of Kerala has restricted the collection of smaller size fish from natural water bodies since 2008 to revive wild stocks. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India has now proposed to includeP. denisoniialong with two other freshwater fish species,Semiplotus semiplotus(Assamese kingfish) andOsteobrama belangeri(Manipur osteobrama), as Schedule-I species under the Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2021 of India. The species listed under this Schedule are prohibited to be hunted throughout the country. The captive breeding technology ofP. denisoniihas already been developed in the country more than a decade back, and fish is being produced commercially at several farms presently including hatcheries of the Kerala Government. The species is also being cultured and produced on a commercial scale by many ornamental fish farmers of Indonesia and supplied to the global ornamental fish trade at cheaper rates, and more color strains. The major factors that are responsible for the depletion of the stocks ofP. denisoniiand the overall fish biodiversity of Western Ghat regions are discussed in detail. The conflicts and repercussions that will arise because of the inclusion of Denison Barb or any other freshwater fish as Schedule-I species under the Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2021 of India are also discussed.

Intraspecific aggression in the jewel cichlid Hemichromis bimaculatus reared under different background colours

The jewel cichlid Hemichromis bimaculatus is a popular freshwater ornamental fish with high market demand. However, it is aggressive and difficult to be maintained in captivity. Background colours are known to influence fish aggression, but there is still no such information available on H. bimaculatus. This study was conducted to examine the influence of 6 background colours (black, white, blue, yellow, green or red) on the aggression (chasing frequency), survival, weight gain and feed intake of the H. bimaculatus, through a 60-day culture trial. At the end of this trial, since the total feed intake and fish weight gain (except black) were similar among all treatments, the green was the most recommended background colour for the H. bimaculatus culture as it has the highest fish survival, followed by the white and yellow. Low fish survival was found under the black, red and blue; hence, these background colours were not recommended. In this study, we suspected that different background colours may induce different aggressiveness degree in the H. bimaculatus, and biting may have occurred to cause low fish survival. Also, the blue was speculated to be a stressful background colour to the H. bimaculatus. Nevertheless, further study is necessary to elucidate these hypotheses.

Feed Enriched With Marigold Flower Meal to the Intensity of the Color of Guppies (Poecilia Reticulata)

Guppy fish (Poecillia reticulata) is a type of freshwater ornamental fish that is widely known and is an export commodity. The advantages of guppy fish include having interesting color variations and various fin patterns, easy to maintain and easy to breed. Male guppies have a higher economic value than female guppies. Because male fish have a more attractive shape and color than female fish. In order to increase the economic value of guppy fish, it is necessary to make efforts to increase the color intensity of guppy fish. This study aims to determine the color intensity of guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) enriched with marigold flower flour. The experimental design used in the study was 2 treatments and 2 replications. Treatment A = Without marigold flower flour and Treatment B = Using marigold flower flour. Parameters observed were fish color measurement, weight growth, survival. The results showed that the addition of marigold flour had a significant effect on color intensity (p 0.05).

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Gene Cassettes Detection in Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Freshwater Ornamental Fishes

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rising concern in the global aquaculture sector due to the rampant prophylactic use of antibiotics. This study is aimed to determine the AMR pattern in freshwater ornamental fishes. Methods: Fish pathogens were isolated and identified from infected Guppy and Molly collected from ornamental fish farms. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (ABST) using disc diffusion with 36 antibiotics was performed following the disc diffusion method. The resistance gene cassettes such as Class 1 and Class 2 integron were also detected from resolved isolates. Result: Fish pathogens were isolated and identified as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. dhakensis, A. veronii, A. sobria, Bacillus subtilis, Comamonas testosteroni, Edwardsiella tarda, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Kurthia gibsonii and Klebsiella aerogenes. Shannon Weiner diversity index of resolved isolates was found to be 1.366 and 2.101 for Guppy and Molly, respectively. ABST results showed an elevated resistance pattern for A. veronii, E. faecalis (Guppy), K. aerogenes, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, C. testosteroni (Molly) with higher multiple antibiotic resistance indexes ( greater than 0.33). Meanwhile, all the recovered isolates were susceptible to sulphafurazole, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Detection of class 1 integron in genomic and plasmid DNA reminds the rapid spread of the AMR gene through horizontal gene transfer.

Baseline study on the freshwater ornamental fish industry in Palawan, Philippines

The status of both freshwater and marine ornamental fish industries in the Philippines has been assessed in 2019; however, Palawan was excluded due to the unavailability of data with regard to the ornamental fish trade. Hence, this study collected baseline data on the freshwater ornamental fish industry specifically the distribution of freshwater ornamental fish hobbyists, socio-demographic profile of the respondents, the key players involved in the market chain, classification and number of fish species and strains involved, and the challenges (economic and scientific) and opportunities encountered by the key players which could be used for the improvement and development of the ornamental fish sector in Palawan. A poll was conducted in order to obtain information on the general location of the ornamental fish hobbyists in Palawan in which 77 individuals participated. An online survey form was then sent to participants, however, only 40 responded. The freshwater ornamental fish hobbyists were distributed in 11 localities of Palawan. Key players involved in the market chain of freshwater ornamental fish were categorized as producers, traders, and sellers. Twelve freshwater ornamental fish species with 83 strains/varieties were involved, dominated by the Siamese fighting fish and guppy. Economic and research problems were some of the problems cited by the key players.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Pembelian Ikan Hias Air Tawar di Wilayah Bogor

This study aims to determine the characteristics of freshwater ornamental fish consumers, determine the decision-making process of freshwater ornamental fish consumers, and determine the correlation between consumer behavior and purchasing decisions of freshwater ornamental fish in Bogor. The research held from October to November 2021 at three ornamental fish stores in Bogor (Terang Aquarium, Laladon Ornamental Fish Exchange, Bogor Ornamental Fish Marketing Depot). 50 respondents chosen by accidental sampling technique. The results showed that the consumer characteristics of freshwater ornamental fish varied which were known from the factors of gender, age, education, profession, family of responsibility, monthly income, monthly expenses for freshwater ornamental fish and when they start to buy/keep freshwater ornamental fish. Consumer’s considerations in buying/maintaining freshwater ornamental fish are in terms of how to care, price, ornamental fish’s behavior, size, color, shape, type of ornamental fish and where to buy. The results of the Spearman Rank Correlation analysis show that the cultural variable (X1) has a weak but significant correlation with the purchase decision (Y). The social variable (X2) has a very weak and insignificant correlation. The personal variable (X3) has a weak but significant correlation and the psychological variable (X4) has a strong and significant correlation with a correlation coefficient value is 0.642 and significant value less than 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05).
 
 Keywords: freshwater ornamental fish, consumer behavior, purchasing decisions, correlations

Induksi hormon oodev untuk meningkatkan tingkat kematangan gonad ikan cupang betina (Betta splendens) melalui pakan

Betta fish are freshwater ornamental fish that are very popular and have quite high economic value, but the reproductive process still depends on the spawning season, so an increase in reproductive potential is needed. The experiment was conducted in order to determine the role of each induction Oocite development (Oodev) hormone in the diet to betta fish female final maturation process and morphology gonads. Completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications. The main factors are Oodev hormone dosage: 0.0 mL.kg-1 fish weigh; 0.5 mL.kg-1 fish; 1.0 mL.kg-1 fish; 1.5 mL.kg-1 fish and 2.0 mL.kg-1 fish. We used 135 female broodstock with initial weight range ± 1-2.15 g tail-1 and at stage II of gonad maturation. Fish were fed three a day at 07.00 am, 12.00 am and 05.00 pm at satiation level during 45 days. During the final maturation, gonad morphology, survival rates and water quality were observed. The results show that Oodev hormone induction could improve final maturation up to 266.66%. This result comparatively higher than 0.0 mL.kg-1 and 0.5 mL.kg-1 fish hormone induction, and produce 100% of mature broodstock. Thus, the Oodev hormone induction at optimal dose of 1.16 mL.kg-1 of fish can improve the induction maturation up to 2-3 times faster maturation frequency on the out of spawning season.Keywords: Female Betta splendens; Feed; Final maturation; Oodev

Induction of Oodev Hormone to increase Gonad Maturity Rate Female Betta Fish (Betta splendens) Through Feed

Betta fish are freshwater ornamental fish that are very popular and have quite high economic value, but the reproductive process still depends on the spawning season, so an increase in reproductive potential is needed. The experiment was conducted in order to determine the role of each induction Oocite development (Oodev) hormone in the diet to betta fish female final maturation process and morphology gonads. Completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications.The main factors are Oodev hormone dosage: 0.0 mL.kg-1 fish weigh; 0.5 mL.kg-1 fish; 1.0 mL.kg-1 fish; 1.5 mL.kg-1 fish and 2.0 mL.kg-1 fish. We used 135 female broodstock with an initial weight range ± 1-2.15 g.ekor-1 and at stage II of gonad maturation. Fish were fed three a day at 07.00 am, 12.00 am, and 05.00 pm at satiation level during 45 days. During the final maturation, gonad morphology, survival rates, and water quality were observed. The results show that Oodev hormone induction could improve final maturation up to 266.66%. This result is comparatively higher than 0.0 mL.kg-1 and 0.5 mL.kg-1 fish hormone induction and produces 100% of mature broodstock. Thus, the Oodev hormone induction at optimal dose of 1.16 mL.kg-1 of fish can improve the induction maturation up to 2-3 times faster maturation frequency on the out of spawning seasonKeywords:Female Betta splendens; final maturation; Oodev; feed

Species distribution modeling and assessment of environmental drivers responsible for distribution and preferred niche of critically endangered and endemic ornamental freshwater fish species of the genus Sahyadria.

India has different bioclimatic zones and supports diverse aquatic habitats rich in biodiversity. For effective conservation of the endangered species in its habitat, it is essential to know the distribution of fish species in the environmental range, and for this, species distribution models are the efficient and innovative tools. The present study used the MaxEnt modeling technique for developing probability distribution models highlighting the distribution of fish species by analyzing the known occurrence records of Denison barb under genus Sahyadria (Sahyadria denisonii Day 1865 and Sahyadria chalakkudiensis (Menon et al., Rec Zool Surv India 97:61-63, 1999)) in relation to environmental variables typically incorporating seasonal and temporal variability. AUC of the models for Sahyadria species depicted good fitness. Both species were found sensitive to "solar radiation," "temperature seasonality," and "temperature annual range" and assessed as significant predictors. The sensitivity and distribution of both species to these environmental variables were found correlated with their breading and spawning seasons. "Precipitation" was determined as one of the significant climatic envelopes influencing the distribution of the species associated with river flow. The models showed the distribution of S. denisonii in the higher precipitation areas compared to S. chalakkudiensis. The probability distribution model with respect to the distribution of both species indicates a lineage barrier at Palghat Gap supporting the earlier studies. At the latitudinal scale, prediction of the suitable ecological habitat provides a detailed insight into the distribution of all genetic lineages of the genus Sahyadria. Evidently, the findings of this study can assist in determining ecological niches for endangered species of other areas and may aid in field surveys as well as developing conservation plans.

Piscine mycobacteriosis in the ornamental fish trade in Trinidad and Tobago.

The freshwater ornamental fish trade represents a major contributor to the livelihoods of many producers in Trinidad and Tobago, with stocks destined for local, regional and international markets. A review of clinical cases presented to the Aquatic Animal Health Unit at the University of the West Indies, School of Veterinary Medicine for the period September 2010 to December 2012 suggested that piscine mycobacteriosis may be widespread throughout the local ornamental fish industry. Thus, to determine the prevalence of mycobacteriosis in ornamental fish sold in pet stores, a total of 122 specimens were sourced from 24 retail suppliers across Trinidad. Fish were killed and internal organs were examined for lesions suggestive of granulomas. All wet-mount slides were acid-fast stained, regardless of the presence or absence of observed granuloma-like lesions. Histological analysis was performed on one randomly selected whole specimen from each facility. Mycobacterium sp. was identified using real-time PCR detecting the 16S rRNA gene in tissue samples. Associations between parasitism, facility biosecurity and presence of positive animals were determined. The prevalence of Mycobacterium sp. infection was 61±7% (74/122), with positive specimens being acquired from 54.2% (13/24) of facilities examined. Further, 100% of facilities did not employ optimum biosecurity measures.