Freshwater Ornamental Fish Research Articles

Ectoparasitic fauna in freshwater ornamental fish acquired by a wholesaler in the city of São Paulo

This study analyzed the ectoparasitic fauna of freshwater ornamental fish marketed by a wholesaler in the São Paulo city. This study was undertaken from January to December 2016. A total of 268 freshwater ornamental fishes of various species that showed signs of disease after arrival at the establishment were evaluated. From the individuals, ectoparasites were collected by scraping off the skin and gills and visualized using an optical microscope at increasing magnification of 40x, 100x, 200x, and 400x. Parasites were found in 220 animals (82%); 11 different parasites were recorded, which included Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Monogenes, Metacercariae (Centrocestrus formousus), Epistylis spp., Chilodonella spp., Lernaea spp., Tetrahymena spp., Piscinoodinium spp., Trichodina spp., Ichthyobodo spp. and Argulus spp. The occurrence of the parasites in the establishment studied can indicates that the suppliers’ lack of good sanitary and hygiene practices in the management of their facilities, consequently distributing infested animals and putting the whole supply chain at risk.

SISTEM PAKAR UNTUK MENDIAGNOSA PENYAKIT PADA IKAN HIAS AIR TAWAR DENGAN FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM

One of the main causes of failure in aquaculture activities is due to disease factors. The emergence of disease disorders in fish farming is a biological risk that must always be anticipated. The emergence of diseases in fish is generally the result of complex / unbalanced interactions between the three components in the aquatic ecosystem, namely weak hosts (fish), malignant pathogens and deteriorating environmental quality. Fish cultivators must obtain fast information related to diseases that infect their fish, and how to deal with them. In this study an expert system was created to diagnose ornamental fish disease using the media website, so that it can be used at any time without having to see a doctor / expert. Knowledge base involves 23 symptoms and 5 diseases that are common in freshwater ornamental fish, using a decision table producing 20 Rule. The inference process uses the Tsukamoto fuzzy, the modeling has 23 input variables and 1 output variable. Each input variable has 3 sets and the output variable has 5 sets. The implementation results indicate that the system built can provide diagnostic results with an 85% accuracy rate.

Histological Study of Respiratory Organ of Betta sp.

Betta sp. is a freshwater ornamental fish which also known as a fighting fish. One of the fundamental organs to support fishes life is respiratory organ. Fighting fish is belongs to the suborder Anabantoidei which means labyrinth fishes group. The aim of the study was to know histology of the respiratory organs of Betta sp. Histological preparations were done using paraffin method, stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). The result showed that Betta sp. has a respiratory organ common fish i.e gills and additional respiratory organ structure namely labyrinth and pseudobranch that makes Betta sp can survive in a low volume of water. The gill is consists of gill arch, gill raker, gill fillament and gill lamellae. The labyrinth is consist of connective tissue and folded ephitelium. Pseudobranch according to some literature function as an additional respiratory. Functions attributed to the pseudobranch include; regulation of oxygen to the eyes, enzyme production for use in the gas bladder, osmoregulation, and many others.

PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG PUCUK Indigofera zollingeriana (Miquel, 1855) DALAM PAKAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS WARNA IKAN SUMATRA Puntigrus tetrazone (Bleeker, 1855)

Tiger barb (Puntigrus tetrazona) is one of the ornamental freshwater fish which has unique body shape and color compare to another ornamental fish. Fish color quality is caused by chromatophore pigmen cells in the epidermis layer. Increasing of color quality in fish can be reach through the addition of indigofera leaf meal that contain carotenoid. The aim of this research to study the effect of addition meal of Indigoferazollingerianaleaf on colour quality and growth of tiger barb. The experimental design used completely randomized design with 5 treatments i.e 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% of I. zollingeriana meal added in fish feed. The results showed that the addition of I. zollingeriana meal could increase tiger barb color quality. The addition of 15% I. zollingeriana meal was the best treatment

Wild caught ornamental fish: a perspective from the UK ornamental aquatic industry on the sustainability of aquatic organisms and livelihoods.

The ornamental aquatic industry involves the global commercial trade of live aquatic organisms such as fish, invertebrates and plants. It comprises a range of businesses including collectors, breeders, exporters, importers and retailers. Together, these form a supply chain through which aquatic organisms pass from their point of origin to the end point e.g., domestic aquaria and ponds. On a worldwide basis, the legal and legitimate ornamental aquatic trade is subject to regulation and monitoring throughout the majority of its supply chain. Approximately 90% of ornamental freshwater fish species traded are captive-bred, but, due to their complex breeding cycles, 90-95% of ornamental marine fish species are wild-caught. The ornamental aquatic industry and consumers therefore have a responsibility to ensure that wild-caught species are sourced sustainably, legally and to good welfare standards. Such good practice should be considered a necessity for the longevity, not only of the ornamental aquatic industry, but of the livelihoods which depend on it and the future of ecosystems dependent on such communities.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Carrot Meal on Survival, Growth and Pigmentation of Freshwater Ornamental Fish, Koi Carp, Cyprinus Carpio (L.)

The study was conducted to assess the efficacy of experimental diets supplemented with carrot meal (CM) @ 1, 3, 5 and 7% with respect to pigmentation, survival and growth in freshwater ornamental fish koi carp, Cyprnius carpio (Linnaeus) for 120 days. Five diets including one control (CM0) without any supplemented carotenoid source and four supplemented experimental pelleted diets with 1% (CM1), 3% (CM3), 5% (CM5) and 7% (CM7) of powdered carrot meal were prepared. At the termination of the experiment, colouration studies indicated significantly higher (P<0.05) skin and muscle carotenoid (μg g−1 wet weight basis) content in fish fed with CM5 (4.87) followed by diets CM3 (3.28), CM7 (2.78), CM1 (1.95) and CM0 (1.24). RGB colour intensity based on digital photographs analysis was also found to be highest in CM5 followed by CM3, CM7, CM1 and CM0. Fish growth in terms of % NWG, PER and SGR was highest in CM5 (94.09%, 1.48, 0.55), with lowest values of NWG and SGR in CM7 (65.71% and 0.41), while PER in CM1 (0.75). Further, supplementation of CM @ 5% in Koi carp diet also improved the FCR (2.16) as compared to control (4.17). 100% survival of fish was recorded with diets supplemented with CM @ 3, 5 and 7%, while it was 80% in CM0 and CM1. During the experimental period, the water quality parameters did not vary significantly among control and treatments and remained in optimum range for fish growth. Hence, carrot meal can be supplemented in koi carp diet up to 5% level both as colour enhancer as well as growth promoter under indoor rearing conditions.

Efek Penambahan Vitamin C Terhadap Laju Pertumbuhan Spesifik Ikan Pelangi Merah (Glossolepsis incisus Weber)

Ikan pelangi merah (Glossolepsis incisus Weber) merupakan salah satu ikan hias tropis di perairan tawar Indonesia yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi. Akan tetapi laju pertumbuhan yang sangat lambat menyebabkan ikan ini jarang ada di pasar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan vitamin C terhadap laju pertumbuhan spesifk ikan ini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan 5 perlakuan dan 2 ulangan pada ikan ukuran 2 cm dan 6 cm. Dosis vitmin C yang digunakan yaitu 0 mg/kg pakan, 500 mg/kg pakan, 1000 mg/kg pakan, 1500 mg/kg akan dan 2000 mg/kg pakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan vitamin C sangat mempengaruhi SGR dan FCR serta berpengaruh nyata terhadap pH dan DO media namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap SR dan Suhu. Hubungan vitamin C dengan SGR dan FCR adalah kuadratik dan diperoleh dosis terbaik dengan penambahan vtamin C sebesar 1666mg/kg pakan pada ukuran 2 cm dan dosis 1111 mg/kg pakan pada ukuran 6 cm. Peningkatan SGR dipengaruhi oleh meningkatnya dosisvitamn C demikian pula nilai FCR, namun akan terjadi penurunan SGR dan FCR jika vitamin C yang dibutuhkan berlebihan atau tidak sesuai.

Genotype determination of megalocytivirus from Indonesian Marine Fishes

Murwantoko, Sari DWK, Handayani CR, Whittington RJ. 2018. Genotype determination of megalocytivirus from Indonesian Marine Fishes. Biodiversitas 19: 1730-1736. Megalocytivirus is the newest genus within the family of Iridoviridae which can be divided into groups represented by red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), threespine stickleback iridovirus (TSIV). This virus caused serious systemic disease in cultured marine fishes for consumption and ornamental freshwater fishes with significant mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the genotype of megalocytivirus which infected marine fishes from Lampung, Karimun Jawa, Situbondo and Batam based on major capsid protein (MCP), ATPase, DNA polymerase, CY15 and IRB6. The liver, spleen and kidney tissues of humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis), tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), baramundi (Lates calcarifer) were fixed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin for histological and fixed in 70% ethanol for molecular analysis. Molecular analysis was performed by amplification of MCP, ATPase, DNA polymerase, CY15 and IRB6 genes and followed by sequencing. Genotype was determined by alignment of the sequences with various genotypes of megalocytivirus from Genbank. Histological examination showed that hypertrophy, inclusion body forming bearing cells were found in liver, spleen and kidney tissues. Polymerase chain reaction with MCP primer produced specific DNA bands. Those results confirmed the infection of megalocytivirus on marine cultured fish samples. The analysis from 10 isolates on five genes revealed that two genotypes of megalocytivirus as infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) genotypes were existed in Indonesia. The ISKNV genotype was confirmed in fish samples from Lampung, Jepara, Bali; while RSIV genotype was found in fishes from Batam, and Situbondo. Interestingly, both ISKNV and RSIV genotypes were confirmed in fish samples from Karimun Jawa. This paper is the first report on the present of ISKNV and RSIV genotypes in Indonesia based on MCP, ATPase, DNA polymerase, CY15 and IRB6 genes.

Phylogenomic characterization of two novel members of the genus Megalocytivirus from archived ornamental fish samples.

The genus Megalocytivirus is the most recently described member of the family Iridoviridae; as such, little is known about the genetic diversity of this genus of globally emerging viral fish pathogens. We sequenced the genomes of 2 megalocytiviruses (MCVs) isolated from epizootics involving South American cichlids (oscar Astronotus ocellatus and keyhole cichlid Cleithracara maronii) and three spot gourami Trichopodus trichopterus sourced through the ornamental fish trade during the early 1990s. Phylogenomic analyses revealed the South American cichlid iridovirus (SACIV) and three spot gourami iridovirus (TSGIV) possess 116 open reading frames each, and form a novel clade within the turbot reddish body iridovirus genotype (TRBIV Clade 2). Both genomes displayed a unique truncated paralog of the major capsid protein gene located immediately upstream of the full-length parent gene. Histopathological examination of archived oscar tissue sections that were PCR-positive for SACIV revealed numerous cytomegalic cells characterized by basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions within various organs, particularly the anterior kidney, spleen, intestinal lamina propria and submucosa. TSGIV-infected grunt fin (GF) cells grown in vitro displayed cytopathic effects (e.g. cytomegaly, rounding, and refractility) as early as 96 h post-infection. Ultrastructural examination of infected GF cells revealed unenveloped viral particles possessing hexagonal nucleocapsids (120 to 144 nm in diameter) and electron-dense cores within the cytoplasm, consistent with the ultrastructural morphology of a MCV. Sequencing of SACIV and TSGIV provides the first complete TRBIV Clade 2 genome sequences and expands the known host and geographic range of the TRBIV genotype to include freshwater ornamental fishes traded in North America.

Pathogenic characteristics of Aeromonas veronii isolated from the liver of a diseased guppy (Poecilia reticulata).

Aeromonad infections continue to affect the fish farming industry. Several new species of Aeromonads in freshwater ornamental fish have been identified in the last years. In this study, we have characterized an Aeromonas veronii isolate from a diseased guppy. The series of experiments identified the intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to the pathogenic characteristics of the isolate. It has been shown to be pathogenic to both guppy and zebrafish. The results offer foundational knowledge in the development of preventive and therapeutic measures to combat this pathogen in the ornamental fish industry.

Analysis of consumer behavior in decision making of purchasing ornamental freshwater fish (case of study at ornamental freshwater fish market at Peta Street, Bandung)

This research aim was to analyzed process of decision making of purchasing ornamental freshwater fish at Peta Street, Bandung City and Analyzed what factors are driving consumers to buy freshwater fish Peta Street. The method used in this research is case study with rating scale and rank spearman analysis. The sampling technique is the accidental random sampling method consist of 30 respondents. The consumer’s decision making process consist of five stages, namely the recognition of needs, information searching, alternative evaluation, process of purchasing, and the evaluation of results. The results showed that at the stage of recognition of needs the motivation of purchasing freshwater fish because respondents are very fond of ornamental freshwater fish, at the stage of information search, the information sources are from the print media and friends or neighborhood. At the stage of alternative evaluation, the reason consumers buy ornamental freshwater fish because the quality of good products. The stage of purchasing decision process consumers bought 1-5 fish with frequency of purchase 1 time per month. The evaluation of results of post-purchasing consumers feel very satisfied with the fish products and the price is very affordable. To observe the factors that influence purchasing motivation of consumers, spearman rank test is the method. The results showed that the quality and price of the product are the factors that most influence the purchase decision of ornamental freshwater fish with the range of student-t value 3,968 and 2,107.

The host preference and impact of Argulus japonicus ectoparasite on cyprinids in Central Java, Indonesia

The most widely cultivated freshwater fish are from Familia Cyprinidae, among others goldfish (Carassius auratus), koi (Cyprinus carpio) and comet goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus). One of the constraints of freshwater fish cultivation is ectoparasite infestation Argulus japonicus. Financial losses have been experienced by some farmers, caused by these ectoparasitic infestaions. This study was aimed to determine the impact of ectoparasite Argulus japonicus infestation on host (freshwater ornamental fish from Familia Cyprinidae), in order to find a preventive solution to treatment on the host. The results showed that prevalence of infested fish by Argulus japonicus were 57 % goldfish, 31 % comet fish and 65 % koi. Changes of histopathology on host were congestion, baoning degeneration, epithelium erosion and inflammatory cell infiltration. The image of infected leukocytes infested by Argulus japonicus were 8.5 % of lymphocytes, 4.7 % neurophils, 3.9 % monocytes, 1.45 % eosinophils and 0,17% basophils.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of probiotic properties of Enterobacter cloacae in Kenyi cichlid, Maylandia lombardoi

In this study, Enterobacter cloacae bacterium was isolated from curd and its antibacterial potential against the pathogen Plesiomonas shigelloides was evaluated using the freshwater ornamental fish Kenyi cichlid (Maylandia lombardoi). Among the bacterial isolates, E. cloacae exhibited tolerance to acidic pH 2 and demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against P. shigelloides in various in vitro assays. Dietary supplementation of E. cloacae with prebiotic supplement 2% mannan oligosaccharide improved the growth performance and reduced the toxic metabolites such as nitrite in culture tank water of Kenyi cichlid. In vivo application of E. cloacae with mannan oligosaccharide significantly elevated (p < 0.05) white blood cell counts (88.47 ± 2.15 103 mm−3) and respiratory burst activity (0.243 ± 0.007) of Kenyi cichlid when challenged with P. shigelloides. Intestinal morphology of Kenyi cichlid fish treated with probiotic and prebiotic combinations showed improved intestinal architectures. The present findings confirm that the isolated bacterium E. cloacae is a potential probiotic and can be used effectively to prevent infection of P. shigelloides in freshwater ornamental fish culture.

Parasites of ornamental fish commercialized in Macapá, Amapá State (Brazil).

This study investigated the parasites fauna of four freshwater ornamental fish species in aquarium shops of Macapá, Amapá State, in addition to survey the commercialized fish species and sanitary conditions of aquarium shops. Different native and non-native ornamental fish species were found in aquarium shops, mainly Poecilidae. We examined 30 specimens of Xiphophorus maculatus, 30 Danio rerio, 30 Paracheirodon axelrodi, and 30 Corydoras ephippifer for parasites. Of the 120 fish examined, 22.5% were parasitized by one or more species and a total of 438 parasites were collected and identified. Parasites such as: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Monogenea, undermined Digenea metacercariae, Acanthostomum sp. metacercariae, Camallanus spp., Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Echinorhynchus sp. infected the hosts examined. Endoparasites in the larval stage showed the greatest diversity and Camallanus spp. was found in all hosts species examined. Paracheirodon axelrodi (43.3%) was the most parasitized host, while C. ephippifer (6.7%) was the least parasitized. Despite the low ectoparasites level, six species of endoparasites was observed, demonstrating that prophylactic and quarantine procedures were not fully adequate. Therefore, failures in prophylactic procedures on any link in the production industry of ornamental fish may cause parasite transmission to ornamental fish captured in different environments and localities.

Identification and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Acheilognathus omeiensis (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae)

Acheilognathus omeiensis is a small-size freshwater ornamental fish. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of A. omeiensis was first determined. This mitogenome was 16,774 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 2 main noncoding regions. Most mitochondrial genes were encoded on the H-strand, except for ND6 and eight tRNA genes. The base composition was 28.97% A, 27.72% T, 26.02% C, and 17.29% G, with 56.69% AT, respectively. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the nucleotide sequence of 13 PCGs of A. omeiensis and closely related 12 species ticks to assess their phylogenic relationship and evolution. These data should be helpful for a better understanding of the mitochondrial genomic diversities and evolution in fish as well as novel genetic markers for studying population genetics and species identification.

EFFECT OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE ON THE HAEMATOLOGICAL PROFILES OF THE FRESHWATER ORNAMENTAL FISH, CYPRINUS CARPIO KOI (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Haematological profile [Haemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Corpuscles (WBC), Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and Platelets count (PLT)] of the freshwater ornamental fish, Cyprinus carpio koi exposed to 1/10th of 96hrs LC50 (92.5 ppm) sublethal concentration of Cadmium chloride for a period of 30 days were checked. Compared to control, significant decrease in Hb, RBC, PCV, MCH, MCHC and PLT were noted (P < 0.05) while WBC and MCV values were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Observation of haematological parameters allows the most rapid detection of alterations in fish after the exposure with xenobiotic compounds and thus, it could be concluded that the haematological indices could be considered as possible biomarkers for heavy metal pollution.

Global distribution and climatic match of a highly traded ornamental freshwater fish, the sailfin mollyPoecilia latipinna(Lesueur, 1821)

Predicting alien species' establishment through climate matching may inform management actions preventing future invasions. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the climate match of the sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) worldwide, with emphasis on Europe and the Mediterranean. A literature review indicated that the species presents a total of 100 non-indigenous occurrences in 29 countries worldwide. Predominantly, it has been introduced within tropical/subtropical climatic zones, where it is usually clustered near ornamental trade centers and malaria affected areas. Overall, sailfin molly distribution reflects a warm-stenothermic tolerance, however, there are validated populations outside the subtropical belt in geothermally heated water bodies. Its invasion potential, assessed by Climatch tool, indicated a low environmental match (5% of the assessed sites) within Europe, whereas in the Mediterranean this rose to 60%, though the species is recorded only at one location. This poor match of the model's output may reflect its inability to take into account local environmental filters. Intolerance to prolonged temperature drops appears to be the leading factor constraining sailfin molly establishment in Europe. Additional constrains on its successful invasion,i.e.specialized habitat requirements, limited propagule supply or reduced reproductive fitness, due to breeding manipulations of commercially available strains, are discussed.

Isolation and characterisation of virulent Serratia marcescens associated with a disease outbreak in farmed ornamental fish, Poecilia reticulata in Kerala, India

Pathogenic strain of Serratia marcescens (NPSM-1) with multiple drug resistance was isolated from guppy Poecilia reticulata with clinical signs of fin rot and was confirmed by biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The extra cellular proteins (ECP) of the bacteria exhibited marked cytotoxic activity in vitro on Cyprinus carpio koi fin (CCKF) cell line. The in vivo challenge studies confirmed that the isolate was highly pathogenic to fish when the fishes were injected with1 x 104 CFU/fish and the same bacterium was re-isolated from infected fish, post-challenge. S. marcescens produced large zones of haemolysis on 10% sheep blood agar. The bacteria was found to carry virulence genes; extracellular metalloprotease gene (Pr596) and AHL synthase gene (SpnI). The bacterial isolate was tested to determine sensitivity against 16 antibiotics and was sensitive to only 5 viz., cefixime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and erythromycin. The study indicates that S. marcescens can cause disease in ornamental fish and the bacterium being a known human pathogen, may also cause infections in humans having direct contact with infected fishes. This is the first report describing S. marcescens as a pathogen of freshwater ornamental fish in India.

Bacterial Flora Associated with Diseased Freshwater Ornamental Fish.

IntroductionOrnamental fish can suffer from different bacterial diseases. Among them the most prevalent are infections caused by Aeromonas, Shewanella, Citrobacter, Plesiomonas, Edwardsiella, and Pseudomonas. But there is a broad spectrum of rarely identified bacteria which may be causative agents of diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the species of bacteria pathogenic for fish which are prevalent in aquariums.Material and MethodsBacteria were isolated from infected ornamental fish from pet shops and private aquariums in the Lublin region in 2015 and classified to species using MALDI-TOF MS.ResultsA total of 182 isolates from ornamental fish were identified. The most frequent bacteria found in diseased fish were Aeromonas veronii (30.8% of total number of strains), A. hydrophila (18.7%), Shewanella putrefaciens (7.1%), Citrobacter freundii (7.1%), Pseudomonas spp. (7.1%), Shewanella baltica (4.9%), and Plesiomonas shigelloides (3.3%).ConclusionIsolated bacterial species are facultative pathogens for fish and humans and may be isolated from fish without apparent symptoms of the disease.

Protozoan parasites of freshwater ornamental fish

The ornamental fish aquaculture represents a consolidated market worldwide. In Brazil, the major volume of commercialized freshwater ornamental fish is originated from fish farms managed by small and midsized farmers. The aim of this study was to characterize the metazoan parasitic fauna associated with the main freshwater ornamental fish farmed in Southern Brazil. Between July 2014 and January 2015, 423 fishes belonging to nine freshwater species were examined: angelfish Pterophylum scalare , siamese fighting fish Betta splendens , telescope and comet goldfish Carassius auratus , zebrafish Danio rerio , blood red swordtail Xiphophorus helleri , caramel and wagtail platy fish Xiphophorus maculatus , black molly Poecilia sphenops , white cloud mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes and goldfinned barb Puntius sachsii . Water quality was measured in fishponds from each facility. Specimens were obtained from three ornamental fish farms located in three micro-regions in the State of Santa Catarina (Biguacu, Camboriu e Joinville). Parasitological indexes were obtained after parasitological analysis of mucus, gills, and eyes. Trichodinids, Piscinoodinium pillulare , and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were found in all fish farms analyzed. However, P. pillulare showed the greatest prevalence and mean intensity, compared to the other protozoa analyzed. 75% prevalence and mean intensity 57.5 were observed in the gills of P. scalare from fish farm Araquari. This study showed that fish farm Biguacu, was the facility presenting the greatest parasite diversity. P. scalare and C. auratus were the most parasitized fish species presenting the higher richness when compared to another species. These ornamental species are widely traded and require greater care in cultivation because it is essential to produce healthy fish with attractive features accepted by the market.