Frequent Changes Research Articles

A lateral control authority allocation strategy for lane-changing behavior for human-machine co-driving vehicles

In the context of parallel collaborative lane-changing control for drivers and intelligent systems, issues such as human-machine conflict and driving discomfort arise due to frequent or substantial changes in the authority of the front wheel steering angle input. This paper proposes a lateral human-machine driving authority allocation strategy that combines pre-allocation with real-time allocation to achieve a reasonable allocation of vehicle control authority. Initially, to characterize the driving style of the driver, a single-point preview driver model is constructed, which includes decision functions for the tracking error and the lateral acceleration. Concurrently, a model predictive controller (MPC) is established as a co-driving control system, and a vehicle lane-changing trajectory is designed based on a quintic polynomial. Subsequently, a pre-allocation method for driving authority is designed, incorporating style coefficients, preview time, and road adhesion coefficients. Principles for real-time authority allocation are designed based on risk level and human-machine conflict, with adjustments introduced to prevent frequent changes in authority. Joint simulation results indicate that when human-machine intentions are consistent, this strategy significantly reduces the driver’s burden. When driving risk is high, control authority shifts toward the system, allowing timely intervention to ensure driving safety. When human-machine intentions are inconsistent, and driving risk is low but human-machine conflict is high, authority is transferred to the driver at a fixed value, allowing the vehicle to operate according to the driver’s intention, and the overall control effect is superior to fixed authority control strategies. Driver-in-the-loop platform tests have shown that this strategy can provide personalized lane-changing assistance for drivers of different styles, demonstrating superior performance compared to both fuzzy control and human-machine game control approaches.

Gaucher's disease - a review of the most important information about the disease in Paediatrics

Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive spirochete disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. A mutation in the GBA1 gene induces the accumulation of abnormal products in macrophages resulting in the transformation into Gaucher cells in many organs. There are three main types of the disease, 1 being the most common type (non-neuropathic). The 2nd and 3rd types of the disease are neuropathic types and these occur mainly in childhood. Among paediatric patients, Gaucher's disease manifests mainly with enlargement of the liver, spleen, thrombocytopenia, anaemia, but skeletal, ocular and central nervous system symptoms may be present. Diagnosis based on enzymatic and genetic tests - analysis of the GBA1 gene mutation - is essential to prolong patients' lives, improve their quality of life and select an appropriate form of treatment. Currently, care for patients with this disease is based on ERT (enzyme replacement therapy), SRT (substrate replacement therapy). The disease is characterised by rather non-specific symptoms and course, and can be interpreted by physicians as a haematological-proliferative disease due to frequent changes in the structure of the liver, spleen and changes in blood morphological parameters. Increased awareness among doctors of the symptoms of this disease would allow earlier detection and implementation of treatment. This paper presents the current diagnostic and therapeutic methods and the characteristic symptoms any paediatrician may encounter. The challenges of diagnosing this disease are also highlighted.

NASP implication in the androgen receptor associated with castration resistance in prostate cancer

Uncovering the mechanisms underlying tumor malignancy is extremely important for cancer treatment and management. In this study, using a pairwise cell model, LNCaP and its castration-resistant derivative C42B, we analyze the function of enhanced NASP protein in castration resistance. The data show that the expression of androgen receptor-targeted genes was obviously affected by NASP knockdown in C42B cells, and nearly 20% of the differential genes were AR dependent. ATAC-seq analysis revealed that NASP knockdown in C42B cells comprehensively increased chromatin accessibility, and disorders at AR occupancy regions were more prominent. Castration-induced genes, especially androgen-independent AR target genes, were enriched in the downregulated gene group. Further analysis of high-order chromatin interactions revealed that NASP knockdown in C42B led to frequent changes in multiple layers, including the compartment A/B transition, TAD boundary distance and chromatin loop, and AR-binding regions especially underwent more extensive reconstruction. Finally, we found that the recovery of the histone H3 pool in C42B can actually recall H3 back to the previous regions with both H3 and AR loss induced by NASP knockdown, but AR rebinding to the corresponding sites is obviously inhibited and lagging. These data indicate that NASP plays a fundamental role in guarding proper and fine mechanisms of AR in prostate cancer promotion and malignancy.

Renewal rate and age estimation of groundwater based on tritium in an unconfined aquifer in semi-arid continental climate area, Guide Basin, China.

Estimation of groundwater resources in plateau continental climate area is difficult due to the minimal groundwater recharge, high evaporation and frequent changes throughout the year. The renewal rate of aquifers can be calculated by constructing a model based on the tritium isotope data of atmospheric precipitation and groundwater. In this study, hydrogeochemical and isotopic methods were employed to study the hydrochemical composition and groundwater renewal processes in unconfined aquifers in Guide Basin. Results indicate that the phreatic water is mainly of the HCO3-Ca-Na type, with chemical components originating mainly from the silicate weathering and carbonate dissolution in the aquifer. Isotopic analysis (δD and δ18O) shows that atmospheric precipitation is the main source of recharge for water bodies in the basin. Tritium content variations with depth indicate that groundwater circulation depth affects tritium decay processes. Groundwater age calculations based on tritium content in atmospheric precipitation and groundwater suggest that the hydrolyzed products of silicate gradually entered the groundwater with the increase of phreatic water runoff time. Contour maps of renewal rate and age of groundwater indicate that close hydraulic connection from river water brings the unconfined aquifer fine renewal capacity and a relatively younger age. The research findings not only establish a theoretical basis for groundwater resource management and sustainable development in Guide Basin, but also serve as a reference for the calculating the renewable capacity of groundwater resources in other basins.

Features of the motivational attitude of the modern generation

The article deals with the causes of Job Hopping.Generations differ from each other in their worldview, because people are influenced by everything that surrounds them, for example, the events of that time. Differences between generations are due to such reasons as the economic situation of the country, the development of science, technology and ways of transmitting information. Social and cultural factors have a great influence too. The world is changing rapidly, and this is for the better. And at the same time, there are problems associated precisely with large differences in views on everything that happens among people belonging to different generations.Nowadays, remote and hybrid work, the spread of digital jobs, access to the global employer market, and company failure or downsizing have led to frequent job changes for today's young people. They do not have the intention to work all their lives in one job and link their careers with it.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH DATA ON THE ORAL MICROFLORA IN PATIENTS WITH PERIODONTITIS OF VARYING SEVERITY

BACKGROUND: The oral cavity (OC) is known to be a favorable environment for the reproduction and biological activity of most microorganisms. At the same time, both positive symbiotic interactions and negative effects on the soft tissues of the periodontal complex, including representatives of the normal microflora, are observed. AIMS: To determine the etiopathogenetic role of the main inhabitants of the oral cavity (OC) and their frequency among patients with periodontitis and a control group (CG) of healthy individuals. The primary criteria for patient examination included the presence of hyperemia, edema in the mucosa, and other visible pathologies of the periodontal complex with signs of exacerbation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors of the article conducted a comparative analysis of the frequency of various bacterial pathogens in the oral cavity (OC) among patients with periodontitis of varying severity and a control group (CG) of healthy individuals, as well as their role in the etiology of periodontal complex diseases. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that an analysis of the composition of the mucosal microflora of the oral cavity (OC) and gums, using both classical and modern methods, revealed significantly more frequent changes in the periodontal complex microflora among individuals with various inflammatory periodontal diseases. These changes included an increase in the number of both periodontopathogenic agents and pathogenic coccal flora. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of microorganisms from the "red complex" together with Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus promotes the formation of biofilms and a higher risk of exopolymeric matrix destruction, which corresponded to the clinical manifestations and severity of periodontitis progression.

The Study of the Effect of Blade Sharpening Conditions on the Lifetime of Planar Knives During Industrial Flatfish Skinning Operations.

Users of technical blades expect new generations of tools to feature reduced power requirements for process and maximized tool life. The second aspect is reflected in the reduction in costs associated with the purchase of tools and in the reduction in process line downtime due to tool replacement. Meeting these demands is particularly challenging in cutting operations involving heterogeneous materials, especially when the processed raw material contains inclusions and impurities significantly harder than the material itself. This situation occurs, among others, during flatfish skinning operations analyzed in this paper, a common process in the fish processing industry. These fish, due to their natural living environment and behavior, contain a significant proportion of hard inclusions and impurities (shell fragments, sand grains) embedded in their skin. Contact between the tool and hard inclusions causes deformation, wrapping, crushing, and even chipping of the cutting edge of planar knives, resulting in non-uniform blade wear, which manifests as areas of uncut skin on the fish fillet. This necessitates frequent tool changes, resulting in higher tooling costs and longer operating times. This study provides a unique opportunity to review the results of in-service pre-implementation tests of planar knives in the skinning operation conducted under industrial conditions. The main objective was to verify positive laboratory research results regarding the extension of technical blade tool life through optimization of sharpening conditions during grinding. Durability test results are presented for the skinning process of fillets from plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and flounder (Platichthys flesus). The study also examined the effect of varying cooling and lubrication conditions in the grinding zone on the tool life of technical planar blades. Sharpening knives under flood cooling conditions and using the hybrid method (combining minimum quantity lubrication and cold compressed air) increased their service life in the plaice skinning process (Pleuronectes platessa) by 12.39% and 8.85%, respectively. The increase in effective working time of knives during flounder (Platichthys flesus) skinning was even greater, reaching 17.7% and 16.3% for the flood cooling and hybrid methods, respectively.

‘We Did the Very Best We Could for the Residents’: A Thematic Analysis of Work Experience in Swedish Nursing Homes During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

ABSTRACTAimThe aim of this study was to deepen our understanding of how Swedish nursing staff experienced work in nursing homes (NHs) for older adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsAn inductive qualitative design with an experiential focus was employed. Data were collected through interviews and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. The participants were employed at five NHs located in four municipalities and comprised two registered nurses, eight licensed practical nurses, and one licensed practical nurse trainee.Ethical Issues and ApprovalThis study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. Participation was voluntary, and all participants provided their written informed consent.ResultsThe analysis resulted in two themes: A crucible of pressure and uncertainty and Being there for one another. The first theme described an intertwined experience of pressure and uncertainty, with heightened workloads, increased responsibility, frequent changes and elevated risk. Leadership and organisational factors played significant roles and could either exacerbate or alleviate experiences of pressure and uncertainty. The second theme described the willingness and effort of nursing staff to support one another and the residents. It included recognising one another's situations, showing empathy, and providing help. Experiences of distress were evident in both themes and included stress, worry and guilt.ConclusionsThese findings add to existing knowledge of the experience of nursing staff in NHs in Sweden during the COVID‐19 pandemic. They highlight a distressing situation as well as a sense of community. Additionally, the findings emphasise the importance of supportive leadership and clear directives, which can inform future policy and practice in similar situations.

The Role of Parenting in Developing Self-Resilience and Self-Regulated Learning: An Islamic Educational Psychology Perspective

The frequent changes in learning modalities, especially during the post-pandemic period, have required students to adapt continuously. This study explores the role of parenting in cultivating students’ self-resilience and self-regulated learning (SRL) through the lens of Islamic educational psychology. Applying Fazlur Rahman's Double Movement Hermeneutic, the study offers a contextual interpretation of Qur’anic principles that emphasize ethical, reflective, and autonomy-supportive parenting. Through a systematic literature review, the study synthesizes interpretations of the Qur’an, Islamic parenting models, and psychological theories—particularly those of Baumrind—on resilience and SRL. Qualitative content analysis reveals key themes connecting Islamic parenting values—moral responsibility, sincere intention, and spiritual trust—with enhanced student resilience and self-regulation. The findings indicate that parenting practices rooted in Islamic teachings—moral responsibility, intention, and spiritual reliance—significantly foster resilience and SRL. This integrative approach contributes a faith-informed framework to psychological development and educational transformation in Muslim contexts.

Factors Influencing Help-Seeking Behavior in Patients with Urinary Incontinence: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Study

Background and Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent condition that significantly affects quality of life but remains underreported. Understanding the factors that influence patients’ decisions to seek medical consultation is essential for improving care-seeking behavior and ensuring timely intervention. This study aimed to identify the facilitators of seeking medical consultation among individuals with UI in a Saudi secondary care setting. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2024 to April 2025 among adult patients with UI attending urology and urogynecology outpatient clinics at a single tertiary center. Participants completed a structured, self-administered questionnaire that comprised sociodemographic data, the ICIQ-UI SF, and 33 potential motivators for seeking care, categorized into six domains. Results: A total of 241 participants were included in the study. The 33-item scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.945). The most influential domains were daily and physical impact, followed by emotional and psychological factors. Top facilitators included interference with prayers (66.8%), use of pads (62.2%), social limitations (63.9%), frequent clothing changes (64.7%), and fear of worsening symptoms (63.5%). Cultural factors, such as access to same-sex specialists (52.2%), were also prominent. Logistic regression identified age, marital status, and motivators from several domains as significant predictors. Key independent predictors included prayer interference, leakage frequency, and gender-concordant care. Conclusions: Help-seeking for UI is influenced by physical, emotional, social, and cultural factors. Enhancing patient education, addressing sociocultural sensitivities, and promoting physician-led discussions foster earlier care-seeking and improve health outcomes in populations with traditionally low treatment uptake.

Research on flame anchoring mechanisms of annular jet micro-mixing flames for hydrogen-containing syngas

Annular jet micro-mixing (MM) nozzles, due to the presence of central recirculation zones (CRZs), outer recirculation zones among the nozzles (ORZs), and flame interaction zones (FIZs), have greater potential than the circular nozzles in maintaining flame stability when facing the frequent changes in operating conditions of gas turbines. This study focused on the annular jet MM nozzles using syngas. At the different equivalence ratio (Φ) and air velocity at the nozzle inlet (uair), this study introduced a dimensionless parameter C (the relative contribution ratio of the CRZ) to quantify the contributions of dual recirculation zones to flame anchoring through simulations. Then the effects of the FIZ on flame anchoring and the pollutant emissions of the nozzles were investigated through experiments using hydroxyl planar laser-induced fluorescence. The results show that as Φ or uair increases, C rises by 70% and 152%, respectively. At uair = 101.0 m/s, C is approximately 50%, indicating the role of the CRZ in flame anchoring becomes increasingly important, even comparable to that of the ORZ. The flame interaction enables flame anchoring in the ORZ under all conditions. As Φ or uair increases, the relative area of the FIZ increases by 57% and 131%, respectively. The enhanced flame interaction also promotes flame anchoring in the CRZ. When Φ exceeds 0.438 or uair surpasses 67.4 m/s, carbon monoxide emission drops below 5 μL/L (@15% O2). Nitric oxide emission maintains below 8 μL/L (@15% O2) in all conditions.

NOSEMOSIS OF HONEY BEES IN WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION

The article deals with methods of diagnostics of nosema disease in honey bees, as well as factors contributing to its spread. Diagnosis of the disease is based on epizootologic data, clinical signs, morphologic changes in the middle intestine and microscopic examination of pathmaterial. The lifetime diagnosis is carried out by coprological examination method, which allows to determine the degree of lesion according to a four-point system. The main factors of nosema spreading in apiaries are the use of infected equipment, wandering bees, improper expansion of families, unfavorable climatic conditions, as well as keeping southern breeds of bees less adapted to low temperatures. The disease is manifested by mass death of bees in winter and spring periods, reduction of their flight activity and productivity, as well as frequent change of mothers. Analysis of statistical data for 2019-2023 in West Kazakhstan region showed an increase in the defeat of bee families, especially by the pathogen Nosema ceranae, which has become dominant. In 2023, 36.7% of apiaries were unfavorable for nosemosis, and the greatest spread of the disease was noted in Zelenov and Syrym regions. The data obtained indicate the need for strict control and preventive measures to prevent further spread of nosema among bees.

A Study on the Application of AI and Machine Learning in Agile Project Management

Aiming at the challenges of frequent requirement changes and lagging quality control faced by agile project management in dynamic environments, this study systematically explores the integration path of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning techniques. Through literature analysis and technology validation, the effectiveness of supervised learning, deep learning and reinforcement learning in core scenarios such as demand forecasting, defect detection and resource scheduling is revealed. The study finds that AI technology can significantly improve the risk response capability and delivery efficiency of agile projects through real-time data processing and pattern recognition, but needs to overcome the barriers of model interpretability, data silos and organisational adaptation. The study further proposes to focus on the development of dynamic adaptive algorithms, cross-modal data governance, and human-computer collaboration paradigm innovation in the future to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the intelligent transformation of agile project management.

VOLATILITY IN GEORGIA, ITS INFLUENCE ON THE INVESTMENT DECISIONS OF MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE COUNTRY

Georgia’s strategic location between Europe and Asia makes it a key destination for foreign direct investment (FDI). Since independence, the country has implemented economic reforms to enhance its business environment, including regulatory improvements, anti-corruption measures, and trade liberalization. Despite these efforts, Georgia faces political, economic, and social volatility, impacting investment decisions by multinational enterprises (MNEs). Political instability, including frequent government changes and regional tensions, creates uncertainty. Economic fluctuations in GDP growth, inflation, and exchange rates further complicate investment, while labour market concerns and social unrest add additional risks.Volatility can deter investment by increasing perceived risks, yet it also presents opportunities for MNEs adept at navigating uncertain environments. This study examines the relationship between Georgia’s instability and MNE investment strategies, focusing on how political, economic, and social factors shape the investment climate. Political shifts influence regulatory frameworks, economic volatility affects profitability, and social instability impacts labour costs and operational efficiency.By analyzing macroeconomic data, political stability, and market conditions, this research explores how MNEs perceive and respond to risk in Georgia. It assesses volatility’s sectoral impact and long-term consequences on FDI inflows, outflows, and distribution. The study contributes to international business literature by clarifying how volatility affects investment in emerging markets. It also offers recommendations for policymakers to enhance Georgia’s investment appeal and for MNEs to develop effective risk mitigation strategies. Combining theoretical insights with empirical data, this research provides a nuanced understanding of volatility’s role in shaping FDI dynamics.

Comparative analysis of plasma betatrophin levels with placental dysfunction in preeclamptic pregnancies: A histopathological and biochemical study

Objective: This study compared plasma betatrophin levels and placental morphological and histopathological changes between preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 90 pregnant women recruited at LUMHS Jamshoro, equally divided into preeclamptic and normotensive groups. Researchers assessed four gross placental parameters: weight, volume, thickness, and number of cotyledons. Histological evaluation focused on identifying syncytial knots, cytotrophoblast proliferation, hypovascular villi, and villous necrosis. Plasma betatrophin levels were measured using a sandwich ELISA method. Data were analyzed using SPSS v22, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Histopathological and gross examination revealed that preeclamptic placentas had significantly lower weight, thickness, and volume, and demonstrated more frequent pathological changes (p < 0.005). Syncytial knots, cytotrophoblast proliferation, and villous necrosis were notably more common among preeclamptic patients (p < 0.01). Mean plasma betatrophin levels were significantly higher in women with preeclampsia (1.71 ± 0.06 µg/L) than in normotensive controls (1.66 ± 0.10 µg/L; p = 0.008), correlating with the extent of placental abnormalities. Conclusion: Women with preeclampsia exhibited higher plasma betatrophin levels along with significant placental structural and histological abnormalities compared to normotensive controls. Keywords: ANGPTL8, Betatrophin, Histopathology, Placental dysfunction, Preeclampsia

Impact of endurance training on vo₂max, sprint ability, and lactate in youth female basketball players

Introduction: Basketball is an increasingly popular sport characterized by rapid movements and frequent positional changes. These movements demand high speed and stamina, with players exhibiting exertion levels comparable to short-distance sprinters. To meet the physiological demands of the sport, athletes require enhanced aerobic capacity, sprinting ability, and lactate regulation. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of speed endurance training (SET) on maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂ max), repeated sprint ability, and blood lactate levels in young female basketball athletes from Buriram Province. Additionally, it seeks to compare the pre-and post-training impacts of SET on these physiological parameters. Methodology: A total of 16 young female basketball athletes were selected through purposive sampling. They were divided into two groups: an experimental group (n=8), which underwent speed endurance training in addition to regular basketball practice, and a control group (n=8), which engaged only in regular practice. The intervention lasted six weeks. Results: Post-training assessments revealed that the experimental group showed statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) in Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 distance, VO₂max, average sprint time, speed, and blood lactate levels (L2) compared to the control group. Discussion: The results indicate that SET enhances both aerobic and anaerobic performance indicators. Conclusion: Speed endurance training is effective in improving speed, stamina, and physiological performance among junior female basketball players in Buriram Province.

EFFECTIVENESS OF LEARNING FORMATS UNDER UNSTABLE CONDITIONS: EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL

The article presents a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of different learning formats in primary school under prolonged instability caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and martial law in Ukraine. The study examines face-to-face, distance, blended and hybrid learning. The research is based on the results of a nationwide survey of teachers and parents of students in grades 1–4, conducted by researchers from the Institute of Pedagogy of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine in 2024. The analysis of respondents’ answers enabled the comparison of teachers’ and parents’ perspectives on different learning formats. The obtained results are presented in the context of comparing effectiveness between urban and rural schools. The impact of the learning format on the academic performance of students in grades 1–2 and 3–4 was determined. It was established that face-to-face learning remains optimal for primary school students, particularly for grades 1–2 during the adaptation stage to the school environment. Distance learning can be effective if there is adequate methodological support, a sufficient level of digital competence, and high-quality technological infrastructure. Students in grades 3–4 show better adaptation to distance learning compared to younger students. Blended and hybrid learning, despite their flexibility, may complicate students’ concentration and ability to stay organized due to frequent changes in interaction formats. Regardless of the format, the greatest learning losses were recorded in language-literary and mathematical education. At the same time, parents emphasize not only the complexity of primary education content but also the excessively high pace of its acquisition, which complicates material comprehension. Therefore, it is advisable to direct the educational process in grades 1–4 toward the formation of students’ functional literacy. Such an approach will help reduce educational losses and create a strong foundation for students’ successful learning in basic school. The obtained results have practical significance for developing strategies to optimize the educational process in conditions of prolonged instability both in Ukraine and in other countries facing similar challenges in organizing education.

Revolutionizing Burn Care: The Therapeutic Potential of Nile Tilapia Skin

Tilapia fish skin is emerging as a promising and cost-effective alternative for burn treatment, offering superior healing properties compared to traditional wound dressings such as Silver Sulfadiazine and Paraffin Gauze. Rich in collagen, omega-3 fatty acids, and bioactive compounds, Tilapia skin accelerates epithelialization, with studies by Lima Júnior et al. showing healing in 9.77–18.10 days compared to 11.20–21.30 days for conventional treatments (reducing healing time by up to 25%). It also reduces pain, potentially minimizes scarring, and lowers infection rates. Unlike conventional dressings that require frequent changes, Tilapia skin remains in place for a longer period, enhancing patient comfort and reducing pain and infection risks. Comparative analysis reveals that while Silver Sulfadiazine has antibacterial properties and Paraffin Gauze is easy to use, both lead to higher pain levels, slower healing, and increased scarring due to frequent dressing changes. Tilapia skin’s accessibility and affordability make it particularly beneficial for resource-limited settings. Additional advantages include its natural analgesic effect, strong microbial resistance, and dressing-free application, reducing the need for painkillers and minimizing medical interventions. However, challenges such as the need for specialized sterilization requirements, odor sensitivity, and adherence difficulties in some anatomical regions must be addressed. As research advances, Tilapia skin holds considerable potential in burn management, offering a biocompatible, efficient, and widely accessible solution for improved wound care worldwide.

Influence of RGD in Elastin-Based Coatings on Morphology and Differentiation of Three-Dimensional Adipocyte Spheroids

Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro adipocyte models provide physiologically relevant platforms for studying adipogenesis and obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. However, long-term adipocyte culture is often hindered by limited cell–matrix adhesion and spheroid detachment. Previously, we demonstrated that elastin-like polypeptide (ELP)–polyethyleneimine (PEI) coatings functionalized with a trivalent RGD motif enhanced spheroid retention during frequent media changes. The present study investigates the long-term functional consequences of RGD incorporation over a 28-day culture period. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were seeded, differentiated, and matured on ELP-PEI or ELP-(RGD)3-PEI coatings. Spheroid morphology, triglyceride content, expression of PPAR-γ, adiponectin, HIF-1α genes, and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were assessed. Both coatings supported initial spheroid formation, but only ELP-PEI maintained the 3D architecture and supported adipogenic maturation and insulin responsiveness. ELP-(RGD)3-PEI promoted early retention but led to spheroid disassembly by mid-culture; notably, by day 28, cells reaggregated into abnormally large spheroids with impaired metabolic function, likely due to continued proliferation. These findings highlight the critical role of extracellular matrix-mediated cell–cell versus cell–substrate interactions in maintaining 3D culture fidelity. While RGD enhances adhesion, it disrupts spheroid integrity and compromises adipogenic and metabolic maturation. Taken together, ELP-PEI coatings offer a more conducive microenvironment for long-term 3D adipocyte culture and hold promise for modeling obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction in vitro.

Comparative Performance Analysis of VANET Routing Protocols under Dynamic Node Mobility

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) face significant challenges in maintaining reliable communication due to high node mobility and frequent topology changes. This study evaluates the throughput performance of two routing protocols—one proactive and one reactive—under varying speed scenarios using the NS-3 simulator. Simulations were conducted in an area with node speeds set at 10 m/s (36 km/h) and 20 m/s (72 km/h). NetAnim was used to visualize node movement and routing behavior. The results show that the reactive protocol outperforms the proactive protocol in high-mobility scenarios by maintaining higher throughput and reducing routing overhead. These findings highlight the importance of selecting routing protocols that adapt effectively to different mobility conditions in VANETs, contributing to the design of more efficient vehicular communication systems.