Frequent Rain Research Articles

Response of Matching Degree between Precipitation and Maize Water Requirement to Climate Change in China

The synchronicity of rain and heat in the summer of China’s monsoon region provides sufficient water and heat resources for maize growth. However, the intra-annual distribution of precipitation and the probability of extreme precipitation have been inevitably altered by the ongoing climate change, thus affecting the matching degree between precipitation and crop water requirements (MDPCWR). Evaluating the extent to which the MDPCWR will change in the future is of great importance for food security and the sustainable management of water resources. In this study, considering that different growth stages of crops have different sensitivities to water stress, the AquaCrop model was used to calculate the MDPCWR more accurately. In addition, a cumulative distribution function-transform (CDF-t) method was used to remove the bias of 11 global climate models (GCMs) under two typical emission scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) from phase six of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). A comprehensive investigation was conducted on how maize growth, water consumption, and the MDPCWR will respond to future climate change with CO2 concentration enrichment in the Huang–Huai–Hai (3H) region in China by driving a well-tested AquaCrop model with the bias-corrected GCMs outputs. The results indicate the following: (1) The CDF-t method can effectively remove seasonal bias, and it also performs well in eliminating the bias of extreme climate events. (2) Under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, the average maximum temperature will increase by 1.31 °C and 2.44 °C in 2021–2050 and 2051–2080, respectively. The average annual precipitation will increase up to 96.8 mm/year, but it will mainly occur in the form of heavy rain. (3) The increased maize evapotranspiration rate does not compensate for the decreased crop water requirement (up to −32 mm/year), due to a shorter growth cycle. (4) The farmland cultivation layer is not able to hold a significant amount of precipitation, due to the increased frequency of heavy rains, resulting in increased irrigation water requirements for maize over the next two periods, with the maximum value of 12 mm/year. (5) Under different scenarios, the projected future MDPCWR will decrease by 9.3–11.6% due to changes in precipitation patterns and crop water requirements, indicating that it will be more difficult for precipitation to meet the water demand of maize growing in the 3H region. The results can provide comprehensive information to understand the impact of climate change on the agricultural water balance and improve the regional strategy for water resource utilization in the 3H region.

MKK3 Cascade Regulates Seed Dormancy Through a Negative Feedback Loop Modulating ABA Signal in Rice

BackgroundWith the increasing frequency of climatic anomalies, high temperatures and long-term rain often occur during the rice-harvesting period, especially for early rice crops in tropical and subtropical regions. Seed dormancy directly affects the resistance to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS). Therefore, in order to increase rice production, it is critical to enhance seed dormancy and avoid yield losses to PHS. The elucidation and utilization of the seed dormancy regulation mechanism is of great significance to rice production. Preliminary results indicated that the OsMKKK62-OsMKK3-OsMPK7/14 module might regulate ABA sensitivity and then control seed dormancy. The detailed mechanism is still unclear.ResultsThe overexpression of OsMKK3 resulted in serious PHS. The expression levels of OsMKK3 and OsMPK7 were upregulated by ABA and GA at germination stage. OsMKK3 and OsMPK7 are both located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The dormancy level of double knockout mutant mkk3/mft2 was lower than that of mkk3, indicating that OsMFT2 functions in the downstream of MKK3 cascade in regulating rice seeds germination. Biochemical results showed that OsMPK7 interacted with multiple core ABA signaling components according to yeast two-hybrid screening and luciferase complementation experiments, suggesting that MKK3 cascade regulates ABA signaling by modulating the core ABA signaling components. Moreover, the ABA response and ABA responsive genes of mpk7/14 were significantly higher than those of wild-type ZH11 when subjected to ABA treatment.ConclusionMKK3 cascade mediates the negative feedback loop of ABA signal through the interaction between OsMPK7 and core ABA signaling components in rice.

Potato Leaf Disease Prediction: A Machine Learning Perspective

Potato leaf disease has mostly two categories; early blight and late blight disease. The disease may be more prevalent in certain weather patterns and have a catastrophic effect on potato crops. In summary, warm, humid weather with frequent rain or heavy dew, temperatures between 15°C and 20°C, and a lack of sunshine are the weather conditions that can cause potato late blight. Drier weather conditions favour early blight, unlike late blight. Warm and dry weather with a lack of rain or irrigation, temperatures between 21°C and 29°C, and high humidity in the morning are the weather conditions that can cause potato early blight. A modified dataset is used for climate-influenced prediction, and the testing accuracy using random forest models is 97%. Analysis of experimental results shows that the suggested potato-leaf disease prediction based on the weather data framework outperforms the outcome of frameworks.

Impacts of climate variability on the vegetable production of urban farmers in the Addis Ababa metropolitan area: Nexus of climate-smart agricultural technologies

This study was aimed at examining the impacts of climate variability on vegetable production and nexus climate-smart agriculture technologies. The study was conducted on vegetable farmers along the little Akaki River in Addis Ababa. Field data was collected from 156 randomly selected vegetable farmers via semi-structured survey questions. Climate data from 1996 to 2020 was analysed using qualitative and quantitative descriptive statistics methods. The results of monthly and annual precipitation variability indicated a coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 23% to 73% and 49% to 98%, respectively. Seasonally, CV ranges between 34% and 99%, 50%–97%, and 20%–84% in Belg, Bega, and Kiremt, respectively. The results of respondents' perceptions indicated an increasing trend in temperature and precipitation variability. Vegetable urban farmers perceived an increase in the frequency of floods and rain falls (44.9%), drought frequency (13.5%), temperature (89.7%), and a decrease in the trend of vegetable productivity (86.5%) as the major impacts of climate variability. However, changing vegetable varieties (31.4%), early planting (26.9%), mixed farming (26.6%), late planting (5.1%), using agrochemicals (4.5%), and agroforestry (1.9%) are the major on-farm climates where smart agriculture technologies were identified for adaptation. Shift occupation (37.8%), nonadaptation (36.5%), and non-farm activations (24.4%) were employed by the farmers as off-farm adaptation options. In addition, vulnerability analysis indicated that the absence of direct access to the market, inadequate access to weather information, land fragmentation, and tenure complications are the major determinants of being vulnerable. Finally, high precipitation and temperature variability affect vegetable productivity. Practical ImplicationsClimate extreme phenomena are substantial pressures on urban agricultural production systems in risk-prone cities, where climate service challenges are rising globally (Sanfo et al., 2022; Kifle et al., 2022; Ebissa and Desta, 2022); besides, the requirement to produce more urban vegetables to feed residents, an ever-increasing and vulnerable group, is undeniable (Martinez et al., 2022). Additionally, climate variability and change threaten urban and pre-urban farmers’ livelihoods and agricultural farming, particularly in semi-arid areas in Africa (Magesa et al., 2023). Furthermore, 64 % of the world’s poorest people lived in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020, which strongly requires the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals 1 (no poverty), 2 (zero hunger) and 11 (make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable) in the region (Magesa et al., 2023; Chitakira and Ngcobo, 2021; Degefu et al., 2021c).Thus, cities are exposure to compatible climate information services is vital for anticipating climate variability risks in vegetable production, optimizing the training of practitioners (urban farmers), and adapting to climate change through climate smart agriculture technologies (Degefu et al., 2021a; Chitakira and Ngcobo, 2021; Kifle et al., 2022). Moreover, it is compulsory to ascertain and analyze impact insights and their origins, vulnerabilities, and adaptive potential among urban farmers before beginning with the exercise of any given climate service to understand the demands of urban vegetable farmers and the possible exploitation of nexuses (Dendir and Simane, 2021).Conversely, in Ethiopia, the agriculture sector is identified as one of the sectors most vulnerable to climate change and vulnerability (Kifle et al., 2022). On top of these, the productivity and the concern of urban agriculture (vegetable production) is highly ignored and reduced the potential, productivity and suitability of ecological land (Kifle et al., 2022; Degefu et al., 2021b; Degefu et al., 2021c). Besides, the combined effect of climate variability, population pressure, and urban ecosystem dynamics reduced urban vegetable production and leads the farming community into a viscous of poverty circle and worsens food security (Amberber et al., 2020; Degefu et al., 2021c).However, previous studies have revealed that the effectiveness of climate information services on urban ecosystems depends on (i) the ability of urban farmers to access, understand, and overcome institutional constraints (Kiplagat et al., 2022) (ii) the capacity of end-users to translate the information and knowledge into effective decision-making options (Dendir and Simane, 2021), and (iii) the capacity of end-users to translate the information and knowledge into effective decision-making options (Martinez et al., 2022). To that end, the disparity between the awareness of urban farmers and policymakers towards the benefits of CSA and their practices implies that indigenous knowledge-based research on CSA farming and land management technology should be conducted. Therefore, it is crucial to appreciate the practices and adoption of CSA at the city level to realise triple-win outcomes: increased productivity, enhanced resilience, and mitigating climate variability and change.

Selection of Inundation Vulnerable Areas Using the Risk Assessment: Case Study for Busan Near Urban Watershed and Coast

Recently, inundation damage in urban areas is increasing due to frequent heavy rain during the flood season. In this study, an IBA inundation risk assessment was performed for the 16 cities, counties and districts in Busan, where inundation damage frequently occurs due to heavy rain in the summer. In the risk assessment process, four evaluation items(Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Capacity) were established through detailed indicators that directly and indirectly affect inundation from 2019 to 2021. Also, normalization and entropy weight method were applied to each detailed indicator. Afterwards, the inundation risk index was calculated using the euclidean distance, and changes in the inundation risk of each city, county and district were confirmed by year using the inundation risk index. As a result, Haeundae-gu and Busanjin-gu were selected as inundation vulnerable areas in Busan. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data in the process of establishing complementary measures establishment for flood disaster(inundation) in Busan in the future.

Fluor-silane modified nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as a hydrophobic coating for the conservation of sandstone via bio-inspired design

Ancient cultural relics built of red sandstone have high historical value. However, due to the acceleration of the industrialization process of human civilization, increasingly frequent acid rain has caused irreversible damage to the surface of red sandstone artifacts. In this research, a fluor-silane modified nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was prepared as a biomimetic hydrophobic coating for the conservation of red sandstone inspired by the lotus leaf effect. Characterizations and immersion tests were carried out to assess the protective properties of the coating. XRD, FT-IR, TEM and SEM were combined to characterize the morphology of the coating. In addition, the water contact angle was measured before and after immersion in the simulated acid rain. The results indicate that this kind of hydrophobic nano-CaCO3 coating effectively protected the sandstone from the deleterious effects of acid rain.

Impact of environmental factors on spider silk properties

Spider orb webs have evolved to stop flying prey, fast and slow alike. One of the main web elements dissipating impact energy is the radial fibers, or major ampullate silks, which possess a toughness surpassing most man-made materials. Orb webs are extended phenotypes, and as such their architectural elements, including major ampullate silks, have been selected to optimize prey capture under the respective environmental conditions. In this study, we investigated the correlation of three landscape scales and three microhabitat characteristics with intrinsic silk properties (elastic modulus, yield stress, tensile strength, extensibility, and toughness) to understand underlying ecological patterns. For this purpose, we collected and mechanically tested major ampullate silks from 50 spider species inhabiting large altitudinal and climatic gradients in Colombia. Using regression analysis and model selection, we investigated the environmental drivers of inter- and intra-specific patterns of major ampullate silk properties, taking into account phylogenetic relatedness based on newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes. We found that the total amount of energy absorbed, i.e., toughness and tensile strength, is higher for fibers from species inhabiting regions where heavy rainfall is common. Interestingly, we observe the same general trend between individuals of the same species, stressing the importance of this environmental driver. We also observe a phylogenetic conservation in the relation of environmental variables with silk tensile strength and yield stress. In conclusion, the increase in major ampullate silk tensile strength and toughness may reflect an adaptation to prevent frequent rain damage to orb webs and the associated energetic loss.

Efficacy of rain barrels and rain gardens to reduce urban pluvial flooding in densely built-up residential areas: a case study on Miyahara-Cho in Saitama City, Japan

In recent years, flooding in densely built-up residential areas has tended to increase because of the increased frequency of heavy rain and climate change. Urban pluvial flooding mitigation is thus needed by reducing the runoff of sewer systems using green infrastructure solutions. In this regard, rain barrels (RBs) and rain gardens (RGs) are considered effective stormwater management methods. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of RBs and RGs and their combined use in reducing urban pluvial flooding in densely built-up residential areas. This research undertook a case study in Miyahara-Cho, Saitama City, Japan. It involved the analysis of the total runoff of sewer systems and the flood condition in the sewer to verify the rainwater runoff control effect of RBs and RGs through simulations using the US Environmental Protection Agency’s stormwater management model. This study simulates two main types of rainfall events: short duration and long duration. The results of the short duration rainfall showed that the combination of RBs and RGs is highly effective and can reduce the impact of excess runoff. In the case of the long duration rainfall, the volume and speed of stormwater runoff of the first peak rainfall were reduced.

Основные расчетные гидрологические характеристики систем очистки поверхностного стока в северо-западной зоне России

Purpose: The normative and methodological documents in Russia regarding the treatment of surface runoff from residential areas do not provide explanations on the effectiveness of the treatment system from the point of view of the possibility of pollution of water bodies they allow. The probability of pollution and the dilution ratio of untreated wastewater have not been studied. The goal is to develop a method for determining the hydrological characteristics of the runoff necessary for the probabilistic assessment of dilution factors, permissible concentrations and discharges of contaminated surface waters. Methods: Based on observational data from fourteen weather stations in the North-West of Russia, the probabilistic relationship between the characteristics of runoff from built-up areas and the receiving river has been studied, taking into account the basics of probability theory and hydrological calculations of minimum runoff. Calculations have been carried out and the dependence of the number of days with precipitation and their relative amount in the warm period of the year on the maximum daily precipitation layer has been established. A mathematical relationship has been found between the frequency of rain and the number of possible cases of pollution of a water body. Results: A method has been developed for calculating the probable values of precipitation characteristics, minimum water runoff in the receiving river and the dilution factor of pollutants depending on the permissible frequency of negative consequences from river water pollution and the correlation coefficient of the probability of minimum water flow from built-up areas and in the receiving river. Practical significance: The method for calculating the hydrological characteristics of runoff will make it possible to more reasonably and accurately determine the required degree of wastewater treatment, the productivity and parameters of treatment facilities, and in some cases, to reduce the degree of pollution of watercourses.

Farmers’ choices and factors driving adoption of climate change adaptation strategies in saline coastal area of Bangladesh

Growing climate change adaptation issues are driving the demand for efficient solutions in the agriculture sector, which will improve farmers’ livelihoods and economic situations. This study examined the perceptions of major climate risks and factors driving adoption of climate adaptation strategies in saline coastal areas of Bangladesh. Survey data were collected from 100 farmers producing Rabi crops by using a semi-structured questionnaire. A binary logistic model was used to identify the driving factors of the adoption of adaptation strategies. Results revealed that farmers’ group membership and perception of a decrease in rain frequency influenced adoption of intercropping, while experience in farming, owned farmland size and perception of increase in soil salinity influenced adoption of mulching. In addition, age, group membership and perception of a decrease in rain frequency had a positive influence on adoption of use of mini pond. Furthermore, household size and access to training influenced adoption of changing sowing time, while farming experience had a positive influence on change in cropping pattern. These findings suggest an opportunity for institution-led support for providing farmers with hands-on training. Developing collaboration with research institutes, the ministry of agriculture, extension, development partners and civic leaders for enhancing farmers’ group membership capacity would be of benefit on increasing the adaptive capacity of farmers.

Evaluation of future flood probability in agricultural reservoir watersheds using an integrated flood simulation system

In agricultural reservoir watersheds, the presence of various agricultural hydraulic structures combined with the influence of climate change necessitates effective flood risk analysis. This study aims to develop a flood risk evaluation technique for agricultural basins by incorporating the low temporal resolution of climate change scenarios. The approach utilizes flood probability as a key component and incorporates the Multiplicative Random Cascade model as a probability-based rainfall time decomposition model to capture the inherent uncertainty in climate change data. Reliability analysis with the limit state equation is employed for probability-based risk evaluation. Given that agricultural watersheds typically consist of agricultural reservoirs and farmland, the study develops a hydraulic and hydrological linkage model to comprehensively calculate flood probability, simulating from the agricultural reservoir in the upper side to the farmland located at the bottom edge of the watershed. The flood risk assessment is applied to the Yedang Reservoir watershed in Korea, using the Shared Socio-economic Pathways climate change scenario. Results indicate that flood probability is the highest in river levees during future precipitation events, converging to nearly 100% under 24-hour duration rainfall, irrespective of the rain frequency. Despite the hydraulic structures at the farmland being designed for a lower frequency of rain events, the average probability of flooding in the farmland have reached 50%. The agricultural reservoir exhibits a low risk of flooding even under climate change conditions. The proposed method not only enables the establishment of flood countermeasures but also facilitates the evaluation and prediction of future flood risk for each hydraulic structure located in rural areas affected by climate change.

Interannual precipitation controls on soil CO2 fluxes in high elevation conifer and aspen forests

Long-term soil CO2 emission measurements are necessary for detecting trends and interannual variability in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Such records are becoming increasingly valuable as ecosystems experience altered environmental conditions associated with climate change. From 2013 to 2021, we continuously measured soil CO2 concentrations in the two dominant high elevation forest types, mixed conifer and aspen, in the upper Colorado River basin. We quantified the soil CO2 flux during the summer months, and found that the mean and total CO2 flux in both forests was related to the prior winter’s snowfall and current summer’s rainfall, with greater sensitivity to rainfall. We observed a decline in surface soil CO2 production, which we attributed to warming and a decrease in amount and frequency of summer rains. Our results demonstrate strong precipitation control on the soil CO2 flux in mountainous regions, a finding which has important implications for carbon cycling under future environmental change.

Recent changes in the climatological characteristics of daily contiguous rain areas over India

This study documents the climatological feature (1951–1980) and recent changes (1981–2020) in rainfall characteristics considering the observed nearly full spectrum of rain event sizes (daily contiguous rain area (CRA) events) in all seasons over India. It is found that the low frequency very large CRA (~synoptic scale) from monsoon season contributes ~50% of annual rainfall. However, the small-sized CRA (isolated thunderstorms) are the most frequent daily rain events (~70% of annual frequency) and hence are important for rain-fed agricultural practices. The well-documented widespread drying trend in the monsoon season has manifested in the annual rainfall trend but with reduced magnitude illustrating the compensatory effect from other seasons. Spatial aggregated annual statistics show that there is no significant change in rainfall amount and frequency of occurrence of rain events in the recent past compared to the base period. However, seasonally the pre-monsoon rainfall amount has increased significantly. Annually, the number of extremely heavy CRA (EHR) events have significantly increased by ~55% owing to a significant increase in pre-monsoon and monsoon rainfall. In all seasons, small-sized extremely heavy CRA has intensified substantially by 50–200% as compared to the base period. Additionally, the rain events from areal category large (~Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCC)) have intensified in all seasons except winter. Thus, to decrease the uncertainty in rain-fed agricultural practices and better prediction of EHR to develop effective climate change mitigation strategies; process studies beyond monsoon season and processes other than synoptic scales are also required.

Erythritol sprays reduce D. suzukii infestation without impacting honey bee visitation nor fruit quality.

Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is an economic pest of small fruits and cherries. Insecticides primarily control this pest while alternative controls are in development. Laboratory studies show that erythritol is insecticidal to D. suzukii and other pests while safe for human consumption. Moreover, erythritol combined with sucrose or non-caloric sucralose can stimulate feeding and quicken mortality. Before growers can use erythritol, the impact on crop protection, non-target insects, and fruit quality need evaluation. In three blueberry and cherry field cage trials, oviposition on fruit sprayed with erythritol:sucrose or erythritol:sucralose formulations was lowered by 59-81% compared to unsprayed controls. Fly infestation (larval or adult counts from fruit) was 90% lower in a greenhouse blueberry trial, and 49% lower in an open field blueberry trial with 2M erythritol: 0.5M sucrose. Infestation was also 57% lower in an open field cherry trial with 1.5M erythritol: 0.5M sucrose. Other field trials with very low pest pressure or frequent rains revealed no differences from controls. Field trials consistently revealed that honey bees did not preferentially visit plants sprayed with either erythritol formulation, although yellow jackets visited erythritol:sucrose-sprayed plants more frequently. Erythritol formulations consistently led to more leaf spotting, but there was no reduction in quality of treated blueberries or cherries in terms of mold development, firmness, diameter, epidermal penetration force, and Brix° (total soluble solids; TSS) at harvest. Eleven trials conducted over four years show that erythritol formulations can reduce D. suzukii pressure without attracting foraging honey bees nor negatively impacting fruit quality. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Development of a Simple Design Method for an Infiltration Facility using Curve Number

As climate change accelerates, the scale and intensity of natural disasters are increasing, and the frequency of localized heavy rains is increasing rapidly. Urban watersheds have a high ratio of impervious areas. So there is a high possibility of flooding in the event of torrential rain, and large-scale damage can occur because the population and material resources are highly concentrated. River improvements, sewerage maintenance, and rainwater storage installations are frequently used to reduce flood damage. More recently, low-impact development (LID) techniques have been proposed; however, LID facilities are installed on a small scale and in various locations. In addition, they require many parameters for a rainfall-runoff analysis; consequently, the design of these facilities require too much manpower and time. In this study, we analyze the rainfall-runoff reduction effect based on the size of a facility to present a simpler, more efficient design method. Next, the curve number (CN) corresponding to the capacity of each facility is estimated and the correlation between the facility’s area ratio and the CN is analyzed. As a result, a relational expression that can calculate the new CN with the same rainfall-runoff reduction effect as the installed LID facility was derived by using the CN before the installation of the LID facility and the facility area ratio. Thus, we present a simple design method using the recalculated CN without directly entering LID facilities into a storm water management model (SWMM).

PROBLEMS OF LIVE MUSIC CONCERTS: A STUDY OF NORTH EAST INDIA

The findings reveal several key challenges encountered in organizing and executing live music concerts in North-East India. Limited sponsorship opportunities’ and ‘disappointing government funding’ emerge as significant hurdles for concert organizers. The study also uncovers a preference for artists from mainland India over local talent, attributed to their consistent preparation and higher performance standards. Moreover, the study highlights the lack of equipped auditoriums and the need to import amplification equipment, leading to increased costs for organizers. This study employs a qualitative approach to explore the problems faced by live music concerts in North East India. The research had qualitative interviews with concert organizers, performers, and attendees. The research further underscores the impact of weather conditions on outdoor concerts, as the region experiences frequent rain. It emphasizes the importance of having contingency plans and backup venues to ensure uninterrupted performances. Additionally, the study reveals the limited culture of purchasing concert tickets among the local population, requiring tailored ticket distribution strategies. These findings shed light on the complexities of organizing successful live music concerts in North East India and provide insights for concert organizers, policymakers, and local artists. The research calls for enhanced support, improved infrastructure, and a stronger platform for local talent to thrive in the vibrant music scene of the region.

Physiological responses and Ethylene-Response AP2/ERF Factor expression in Indica rice seedlings subjected to submergence and osmotic stress

BackgroundThe increased frequency of heavy rains in recent years has led to submergence stress in rice paddies, severely affecting rice production. Submergence causes not only hypoxic stress from excess water in the surrounding environment but also osmotic stress in plant cells. We assessed physiological responses and Ethylene-Response AP2/ERF Factor regulation under submergence conditions alone and with ionic or nonionic osmotic stress in submergence-sensitive IR64 and submergence-tolerant IR64-Sub1 Indica rice cultivars.ResultsOur results indicate that both IR64 and IR64-Sub1 exhibited shorter plant heights and root lengths under submergence with nonionic osmotic stress than normal condition and submergence alone. IR64-Sub1 seedlings exhibited a significantly lower plant height under submergence conditions alone and with ionic or nonionic osmotic stress than IR64 cultivars. IR64-Sub1 seedlings also presented lower malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and higher survival rates than did IR64 seedlings after submergence with ionic or nonionic osmotic stress treatment. Sub1A-1 affects reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity in rice. The results also show that hypoxia-inducible ethylene response factors (ERF)-VII group and alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) and lactate dehydrogenase 1 (LDH1) genes exhibited different expression levels under nonionic or ionic osmotic stress during submergence on rice.ConclusionsTogether, these results demonstrate that complex regulatory mechanisms are involved in responses to the aforementioned forms of stress and offer new insights into the effects of submergence and osmotic stress on rice.

STUDI PENERAPAN KONSEP EKO HIDRAULIK UNTUK MITIGASI BANJIR DI SUNGAI PULISAN

The analysis began by finding the frequency of rain using the Log Pearson III method. The rain data used came from two rain posts, namely the Araren-Pinenek MRG rain post and the Maen Climatology rain post. The rainfall data used is the maximum daily rainfall data from 2002 to 2019. Rain flow modeling on the HEC-HMS komputer program using the HSS Soil Conservation Services method, and for water loss with the SCS Curve Number (CN). For baseflow using the recession method. HSS SCS parameter calibration was performed before simulating flood discharge using peak discharge test. The calibrated parameters are lag time, curve number, recession constant, initial discharge and ratio to peak. For the limits of each parameter is adjusted to the standard values in the HEC-HMS komputer program. The peak discharge test results show 2.2 m3 / second. Then a flood discharge analysis was carried out with calibrated parameters using the HEC-HMS komputer program. The peak discharge results simulated each time are re-entered in the HEC-RAS komputer program, then simulating flow profiles including flow velocity and high elevation of the water table. The flood discharge plan used is the 25 years period of 24,5 m3/second by installing several Eco Hydraulic constructions such as vetiver grass, bush grass, bamboo plants, logs, and a combination of vetiver grass and logs. The flow speed of the existing cross-section with the application between vetiver grass and logs can be reduced by 62%. With the use of Eco Hydraulics, it can reduce and optimize flow speed and looks aesthetic considering Pulisan is a superpriority area

Coast and highland paleoclimate of the north-central Peruvian Andes and its influence on coastal water availability and cultural development, 6000 to 2000 cal BP

Paleoclimate records from highland and coastal contexts are synthesized for Peru's north-central coast with a focus on the period from 6000 to 2000 cal yr BP. Around 6000 cal yr BP, both the highlands and coast experienced considerable climatic change. Increased precipitation in the southern tropical Andes ended a long period of aridity, resulting in higher lake levels and renewed glacial activity. Meanwhile, the north and central coasts experienced a major shift in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation that may have accompanied a change in background sea surface temperatures. Between 4000 and 3500 cal yr BP, glaciers began to retreat even as the South American Summer Monsoon strengthened, signaling a shift to warmer temperatures and continued increases in highland precipitation. Around 3000 cal yr BP, El Niño abruptly increased in frequency to near-modern intervals, with more frequent rain events on the coast and greater climate variability in the highlands, including notable periods of drought. This synthesis highlights areas in which more work is needed to improve understanding of paleoclimate change and its effects on water availability, including disentangling the effects of precipitation and temperature on water balance, reconstructing changes in coastal humidity, and investigating the relative influence of coastal and highland climate regimes over the middle elevations of the western Andean slope.

Seedlings of shade-tolerant tree species are more vulnerable to chilling rain under a forest gap

The manner in which tree species differ in their responses to chilling rain in warm and species-rich (sub-)tropical forests is not well understood. Understanding this variation between species is essential for linking the responses of individual plants to chilling rain with ecological consequences at the forest community and ecosystem levels. We hypothesized that chilling rain can induce detrimental effects on leaf photochemical processes, and the negative impacts are more evident for shade-tolerant species than light-demanding species. This trade-off between species' tolerance to shade and chilling rain may depend on the light environment to which plants are exposed. To test these hypotheses, we conducted two sequential experiments with five subtropical tree species, measuring their leaf photochemical processes during the phases of a chilling rain event and assessing their resistance and recovery. We determined species shade tolerance by integrating their functional traits associated with resource acquisition in a shade environment. Our results showed that Fv/Fm, a measure of maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, was co-determined by the plant's exposure to light and chilling rain. Seedlings exposed to a gap before the chilling rain generally had lower Fv/Fm than those exposed to shade before the rain treatment. Chilling rain, relative to ambient rain, significantly reduced Fv/Fm during the cold and sunny phase. However, the effects of chilling rain were only evident for shade-tolerant species with gap-exposure history. The reduction in Fv/Fm induced by chilling rain led to higher resistance of Fv/Fm to chilling rain for light-demanding species than shade-tolerant species, leading to a trade-off between species' tolerances to shade and chilling rain for plants with gap-exposure history, thus supporting the hypotheses. This trade-off was primarily due to variation in functional traits related to light-use strategy, such as specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, leaf thickness, relative volume growth rate, and root-shoot ratio. As light availability and species' tolerance to shade are critical abiotic and biotic factors determining forest community succession, respectively, these findings may improve the scalability of the physiological responses of individual plants to chilling rain to the dynamics of forest communities. Our results suggest that frequent chilling rain events and canopy disturbances may favor light-demanding species and alter the species composition of subtropical forests.