Ice Freezing Research Articles

Effect of ice maturation, freezing and heat treatment on the peelability and quality of cold water shrimps (Pandalus borealis)

Steamed (90 s) cold water shrimps (Pandalus borealis) were analysed for the effect of ice maturation (1–4 days) before steaming, frozen storage (2 months at −20 °C) and catching locations (2 batches) with respect to changes in texture, colour and peelability. In addition, the interdependency of the attributes of uncooked and steamed shrimps were assessed by analysing 1760 shrimps in total. Results showed that the longer maturation time the springier and more yellow the ready-to-eat shrimps got. Besides, frozen storage prior to ice maturation and steaming led to springier, chewier and harder shrimps compared to the unfrozen product. Frozen storage also induced increased yellowness, which negatively affected the quality of the shrimps. The expected positive effect of maturation time on peelability could not be confirmed by the mechanical peeling work measurements. Studying the interdependency of steamed and uncooked shrimps showed that the steaming process increased the springiness and decreased the hardness, resilience and chewiness of the shrimps as maturation took place. Furthermore, the steaming resulted in more white shrimps, which were slightly easier to peel. In conclusion, maturation time, freezing and steaming all affected the quality of the ready-to-eat shrimps, whereas the peeling work was not affected.

Robust spin-ice freezing in magnetically frustrated Ho2GexTi2−xO7 pyrochlore

Structural analysis of spin frustrated Ho2GexTi2−xO7 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.15 & 0.25) pyrochlore oxides has been performed using high resolution x-ray diffraction pattern and low temperature synchrotron x-ray diffraction pattern. The effect of positive chemical pressure on the spin dynamics of Ho2GexTi2−xO7 has been analysed through the study of static (M–T and M–H; magnetisation against temperature & magnetisation against magnetic field) and dynamical (ac susceptibility) magnetic measurements. In lower temperature regime (∼2 K), such systems are predominantly governed by competing exchange (Jnn) and dipolar (Dnn) magnetic interactions. Magnetic measurements indicate that the application of increased chemical pressure in Ho2Ti2O7 matrix propels the system towards diminished ferromagnetic interaction. Dipolar coupling constant remains almost unchanged but Curie–Weiss temperature (θcw) reduces to −0.04 K from 0.33 K (for an applied magnetic field; H = 100 Oe) with increasing x in Ho2GexTi2−xO7. Positive chemical pressure establishes the dominance of Ho–Ho antiferromagnetic interaction Jnn over dipolar interaction Dnn. Spin relaxation feature corresponding to thermally activated single ion freezing (Ts∼15 K) is shifted towards lower temperature. This chemical pressure-driven Ts shift is ascribed to the alteration in crystal field effect, which reduces the activation energy for singe ion spin freezing. The reduction in the activation energy indicates crystal field-phonon coupling in Ho2GexTi2−xO7 system. The robustness in spin ice freezing (second spin relaxation feature in ac susceptibility curve) remains unaffected with increasingly chemical pressure. This spin freezing (‘2 in-2 out’ spin arrangement in tetrahedra) is related to quantum tunnelling phenomenon, at Tice ∼ 2 K. It indicates that majority of spins still follows the ‘ice rule’ in Ho2GexTi2−xO7 even after the application of chemical pressure.

The effect of snow covers properties and air temperature on the ice freezing thickness near Yakutsk

This study is devoted to the possible Yakutsk Lena–river automobile and railway bridge construction and estimation of icing and ice blockage formation possibility variation. So, according to developed algorithm and calculating scheme the calculations of ice freezing thickness variations for observation site of Yakutsk Lena-river hydrological station were performed on basis of meteorological data on air temperature and snow cover thickness for winter periods of 1980/81-2018/19. The comparison of calculated and available in open access observation data on ice freezing thickness for these winter periods was also conducted and the coefficient of correlation of equal 0.7-0.8 for them was stated. The calculating scheme for ice freezing is constructed on basis of two-layer media heat conductivity problem (snow cover, ice) with phase transition on the boundary of ice and unfrozen water. Heat balance equation includes phase transition energy on the interface and outflow of heat through ice and snow cover into the atmosphere. The heat flux is calculated on basis of Fourier law as a product of heat conductivity and temperature gradient. It is supposed, that temperature changes in each media linearly.

Characteristics and Distribution of efficient ice nucleating particles in rainwater and soil

Ice nucleating particles (INPs) might influence precipitation and are related to the hydrologic cycle by initiating ice formation. The contribution of efficient INPs (and almost all biological particles) is significant in catalyzing the freezing of ice at relatively warm temperatures (> −10 °C). However, to what extent biological matter functions as INPs in clouds is poorly understood and the large gap in investigating the properties of ice nucleating ability in rainwater and variation in INPs during a single precipitation event needs to be addressed. In this study, we tested the ice nucleating activity in rainwater and soil to probe the characteristics and distribution of INPs and tried to trace the possible sources of INPs. We suggested that the biological INPs dubbed efficient INPs are commonly present in rainwater and soil at > −10 °C, and it is surprising that unknown efficient INPs, probably derived from microbes, were shown to dominate at warmer temperatures by detection of the potential known ice nucleating active genera through high-throughput sequencing analysis. Furthermore, certain heat-resistant efficient INPs were found in rainwater and a few nanoscale efficient biological INPs were retained partially in soil. Moreover, we also found that nonlocally sourced inefficient INPs dominated in precipitation induction and efficient INPs became gradually more involved as precipitation proceeded by comparing the diverse periods of one entire heavy rainfall event.

Monitoring the Ice Phenology of Qinghai Lake from 1980 to 2018 Using Multisource Remote Sensing Data and Google Earth Engine

Lake ice, one of the most direct lake physical characteristics affected by climate change, can reflect small-scale environmental changes caused by the atmosphere and hydrology, as well as large-scale climate changes such as global warming. This study uses National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA AVHRR), MOD09GQ surface reflectance products, and Landsat surface reflectance Tier 1 products, which comprehensively used RS and GIS technology to study lake ice phenology (LIP) and changes in Qinghai Lake. Over the past 38 years, freeze-up start and freeze-up end dates were gradually delayed by a rate of 0.16 d/a and 0.19 d/a, respectively, with a total delay by 6.08 d and 7.22 d. The dates of break-up start and break-up end showed advancing trends by −0.36 d/a and −0.42 d/a, respectively, which shifted them earlier by 13.68 d and 15.96 d. Overall, ice coverage duration, freeze duration, and complete freeze duration showed decreasing trends of −0.58 d/a, −0.60 d/a, and −0.52 d/a, respectively, and overall decreased by 22.04 d, 22.81 d, and 9.76 d between 1980 and 2018. The spatial pattern in the freeze–thaw of Qinghai Lake can be divided into two areas; the west of the lake area has similar spatial patterns of freezing and ablation, while, in the east of the lake area, freezing and ablation patterns are opposite. Climate factors were closely related to LIP, especially the accumulated freezing degree-day (AFDD) from October to April of the following year. Furthermore, freeze-up start time was more sensitive to changes in wind speed and precipitation.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ УВЕЛИЧЕНИЯ ДЕРЖАЩЕЙ СИЛЫ СВАЙНОЙ РУСЛОВОЙ ОПОРЫ ЗА СЧЕТ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЗАБИВНОГО ЯКОРЯ

The forest industry in the Russian Federation is actively developing. At the same time, technological and production equipment is being modernized, and timber supply chains are being optimized. A large number of timber industry enterprises have increased the volume of transportation of round timber by water modes of transport, in particular, in rafts in the North-West Federal District of the Russian Federation in recent years. Pile piers are used to prevent "drying" of rafts and fastening of forest transport units in a riverbed. In the case when the enterprise’s raid is at the mouth of the river, the pile pier is subjected to additional loads due to freezing of ice and fluctuation of the water level in the river as a result of tidal phenomena in the spring-winter period. ВAs a result, pile pier is dismantled by ice. It leads to the annual replacement of pile dolphins in spring after passing the ice drift. According to the authors, this is not economically profitable, as it forces enterprises to spend annually labor and material resources on the manufacture and installation of pile channel piers. However, their installation should be carried out in a short time. When studying the state of the issue, a pile pier with an increased holding force has been selected, which is additionally equipped with a holding device in the form of a driven anchor. The paper presents the results of a study of the state of the question under study, the research methodology, analysis of experimental data and the obtained mathematical dependencies. The obtained experimental data and dependences have been processed by standard statistical tools.

Effect of precooling conditions on the ice nucleation temperature and freezing characteristics of semisolid matrices

Abstract This study investigated the effects of precooling conditions on the ice nucleation phenomena of water and semisolid matrices (i.e., gelatin and agar gels). For water, the precooling rate was affected by the ice nucleation temperature, while the difference in the ice nucleation temperature was 0.9 °C even if the precooling rate was changed by 10-fold. For a semisolid matrix, the impact of the precooling rate on the ice nucleation temperature was clearly observed when a constant temperature was applied, whereas this relationship was diminished under stepwise cooling conditions with large temperature intervals (2–8 °C). Linear precooling could be achieved by applying stepwise cooling with a 0.5 °C temperature interval. Ice nucleation could be manually obtained at varying temperatures, and the results indicated that the nucleation temperature affected the phase transition time and the size of the ice crystals for completely frozen gelatin gel. Consequently, this study demonstrated a possible application of precooling conditions in the design of a feasible and novel freezing technique.

Extension and Limits of Cryoscopy for Nanoconfined Solutions.

This work investigates the phase behavior of aqueous solutions of glycerol confined in MCM-41 and SBA-15 nanoporous matrixes by calorimetry. Limitations due to overfilling and eutectic freezing are prevented by the absence of an external liquid reservoir and by the glass-forming property of glycerol. Consequently, the stability of nanoconfined ice in equilibrium with aqueous solutions is studied over a wide range of compositions. In confinement, a large temperature depression of the liquidus line is observed. A thermodynamic model accounting simultaneously for the cryoscopic and the Gibbs-Thomson effects gives a consistent view of the phase diagram for large pores (Rp = 4.15 nm). For smaller pores (Rp = 1.8 nm), it reveals that the water activity strongly deviates from the bulk solution with the same composition, indicating the possible role of concentration heterogeneities in determining the onset of ice freezing in strongly nanoconfined solutions.

Melting of Perennial Sea Ice in the Beaufort Sea Enhanced Its Impacts on Early-Winter Haze Pollution in North China after the Mid-1990s

AbstractIn recent years, haze pollution has become the most concerning environmental issue in China due to its tremendous negative effects. In this study, we focus on the enhanced responses of December–January haze days in North China to September–October sea ice in the Beaufort Sea during 1998–2015. Via both observation and numerical approaches, compared with an earlier period (1980–97), the sea ice concentration in the Beaufort Sea presented large variability during 1998–2015. During 1980–97, the Beaufort Sea was mainly covered by perennial ice, and the ablation and freezing of sea ice mainly occurred at the south edge of the Beaufort Sea. Thus, heavy sea ice in autumn induced negative sea surface temperature anomalies across the Gulf of Alaska in November. However, the colder sea surface in the Gulf of Alaska only induced a weak influence on the haze-associated atmospheric circulations. In contrast, during 1998–2015, a drastic change in sea ice existed near the center of the Arctic Ocean, due to the massive melting of multiyear sea ice in the western Beaufort Sea. The perennial ice cover in the western Beaufort Sea was replaced by seasonal ice. The broader sea ice cover resulted in positive sea surface temperature anomalies in the following November. Then, suitable atmospheric backgrounds were induced for haze pollution in December and January. Simultaneously, the response of the number of haze days over North China to sea ice cover increased. These findings were verified by the CESM-LE simulations and aided in deepening the understanding of the cause of haze pollution.

Anti‐inflammation Ameliorates Repairment of Frostbite‐induced Skin Injuries

Frostbite occurs when tissues freeze with cold external temperature. Freeze (ice crystals) destructs the cells and blood vessels, increases permeability in vessel walls and blood leaks into the tissues, and causes inflammation‐related further tissue damage. A mouse model of skin frostbite injuries was used to observe the effect of dexamethasone (Dex) on morphological recovery of damaged skin.Under anesthetized condition, C57/BL6 mice were subjected to 5 minutes of the freezing by placing magnets pre‐frozen in dry ice (−20°C) to create frostbite injuries on back skin within 3‐cm diameter circle. Dex treatment (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) began on the day of frostbite induction and lasted for 7 days. Histological data demonstrated that frostbite resulted in swelling and severe skin damage from the first day, including epidermal necrosis and loss, blood vessel breaking, liquid leakage, degeneration of the panniculus adiposus and carnosus. Pro‐inflammatory factors (IL‐1β and TNFα) were elevated from day 3 to day 14 after frostbite (p < 0.05, compared to control), reaching the maximum level at day 7 after frostbite. After 7 days of frostbite, the skin tissue starts to regenerate. Treatment with Dex attenuated the elevation of TNFα and IL‐1β (p<0.05, compared to frostbite group), promoted CD31 expression (a marker for vascularization; p<0.05, compared to frostbite group), and accelerated collagen deposition and wound closure. These results suggest that Dex treatment attenuates frostbite‐induced inflammation and improves the tissue repairment.

D-SEAMS: Deferred Structural Elucidation Analysis for Molecular Simulations.

Structural analyses are an integral part of computational research on nucleation and supercooled water, whose accuracy and efficiency can impact the validity and feasibility of such studies. The underlying molecular mechanisms of these often elusive and computationally expensive processes can be inferred from the evolution of ice-like structures, determined using appropriate structural analysis techniques. We present d-SEAMS, a free and open-source postprocessing engine for the analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories, which is specifically able to qualitatively classify ice structures in both strong-confinement and bulk systems. For the first time, recent algorithms for confined ice structure determination have been implemented, along with topological network criteria for bulk ice structure determination. We also propose and validate a new order parameter for identifying the building blocks of quasi-one-dimensional ice. Recognizing the need for customization in structural analysis, d-SEAMS has a unique code architecture built with nix and employing a YAML-Lua scripting pipeline. The software has been designed to be user-friendly and extensible. The engine outputs are compatible with popular graphics software suites, allowing for immediate visual insights into the systems studied. We demonstrate the features of d-SEAMS by using it to analyze nucleation in the bulk regime and for quasi-one- and quasi-two-dimensional systems. Structural time evolution and quantitative metrics are determined for heterogeneous ice nucleation on a silver-exposed β-AgI surface, homogeneous ice nucleation, flat monolayer square ice formation, and freezing of an ice nanotube.

Variability in high-salinity shelf water production in the Terra Nova Bay polynya, Antarctica

Abstract. Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica is a formation region for high-salinity shelf water (HSSW), which is a major source of Antarctic Bottom Water. Here, we analyze spatiotemporal salinity variability in Terra Nova Bay with implications for the local HSSW production. The salinity variations in the Drygalski Basin and eastern Terra Nova Bay near Crary Bank in the Ross Sea were investigated by analyzing hydrographic data from instrumented moorings, vessel-based profiles, and available wind and sea-ice products. Near-bed salinity in the eastern Terra Nova Bay (∼660 m) and Drygalski Basin (∼1200 m) increases each year beginning in September. Significant salinity increases (>0.04) were observed in 2016 and 2017, which is likely related to active HSSW formation. According to velocity data at identical depths, the salinity increase from September was primarily due to advection of the HSSW originating from the coastal region of the Nansen Ice Shelf. In addition, we show that HSSW can also be formed locally in the upper water column (<300 m) of the eastern Terra Nova Bay through convection supplied by brine from the surface, which is related to polynya development via winds and ice freezing. While the general consensus is that the salinity of the HSSW was decreasing from 1995 to the late 2000s in the region, the salinity has been increasing since 2016. In 2018, it returned to values comparable to those in the early 2000s.

Midwinter Arctic leads form and dissipate low clouds

Leads are a key feature of the Arctic ice pack during the winter owing to their substantial contribution to the surface energy balance. According to the present understanding, enhanced heat and moisture fluxes from high lead concentrations tend to produce more boundary layer clouds. However, described here in our composite analyses of diverse surface- and satellite-based observations, we find that abundant boundary layer clouds are associated with low lead flux periods, while fewer boundary layer clouds are observed for high lead flux periods. Motivated by these counterintuitive results, we conducted three-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations to investigate the underlying physics. We find that newly frozen leads with large sensible heat flux but low latent heat flux tend to dissipate low clouds. This finding indicates that the observed high lead fractions likely consist of mostly newly frozen leads that reduce any pre-existing low-level cloudiness, which in turn decreases downwelling infrared flux and accelerates the freezing of sea ice.

Some clear evidences of the intrasedimental origin of massive ice in northern Eurasia

Massive ice is widespread on the territory of modern of Eurasian permafrost area: in the north of Western Siberia, Taimyr, Chukotka, and Arctic islands. Their thickness reaches 45-50m. The origin of massive ice is difficult to define due to the equifinality of such two different processes as intrasedimental freezing and formation of glacial ice. In both cases, thick massive ice is formed in various ways, but with the same final appearance. Three important aspects that show the evidence of the intrasedimental origin of massive ice in the north of Eurasia are examined. At first glance, they are obvious, but still fell out of sight of paleogeocryologists. It is shown that: 1) Any currently existing Late Pleistocene glacier, or part of it located under Holocene ice, have not yet been found within the Eurasian Arctic or on the Arctic islands with ice sheets, nor in the mountainous regions. 2) The isotopic composition of the vast majority of massive ice found in northern Eurasia is quite "Holocene", whereas in the north of Canada and Alaska, ice with a very light isotopic composition can often be found. 3) It should be taken into account that massive ice is found in the Holocene sediments of Western Siberia and Chukotka, where there is no reason to assume the glaciers spread to the plains.

Reflectometry of ice cover at different seasonal conditions by signals of navigation satellites in L1-range

A series recordings of interference reflectograms from a section of a lake with ice cover in the stage of freezing, stationary winter state, as well as during heating and melting was carried out. The presented experimental data were obtained in L1-range navigation satellites. The interference effects during periods of ice freezing, stationary state of ice (winter) and during melting (spring) were revealed. A variant of volumetric violation of the ice structure as a result of the influence of heat fluxes through the air-ice and ice-water interfaces is considered.

Variability of sea ice area in the Bohai Sea from 1958 to 2015

With the backdrop of continuous global change, it is beneficial to create consistent long-term records of sea ice area on regional scales for ice disaster prevention and risk mitigation. In this study, a piecewise multiple nonlinear regression model was developed to reconstruct long-term daily sea ice area dataset in the Bohai Sea from 1958 to 2015 by linking the related meteorological data and the satellite-derived ice area. The validation analysis show that related meteorological status corresponding to physical process had stable skill of predictive ability, which was able to account for 81% of the observational variance under consideration of sea ice state, freezing and melting phases. The reconstructed daily sea ice area dataset was further used to study the interannual and seasonal variability of sea ice area. The annual maximum ice area (AMIA) and the annual average ice area (AAIA) in the Bohai Sea exhibited a decreasing trend with fluctuation of −0.33 ± 0.18% yr−1 and −0.51 ± 0.16% yr−1 over the period of 1958–2015, respectively. The most obvious change of the Bohai Sea ice area occurred in time scale of ~30 years. The whole study period could be divided into slight increasing stage (1958–1980), significant decreasing stage (1980–1995), and moderate increasing stage (1995–2015). In most years, the annual changes of sea ice area showed an unimodal variation and the freezing period (~65 days) was longer than the melting phase (~40 days) due to the relatively higher freezing rate. In addition, high correlations between AAIA and Arctic Oscillation (AO) index (r = −0.60, p < .01) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index (r = −0.69, p < .01) from 1958 to 2015 suggested AO and NAO are the primary large-scale climate factors driving the sea ice variability in the Bohai Sea.

Comparison of two severe low‐temperature snowstorm and ice freezing events in China: Role of Eurasian mid‐high latitude circulation patterns

AbstractA severe low‐temperature snowstorm and ice freezing event occurred in China in early 2018. This event was similar to that occurred in early 2008 but with a weaker intensity and salient difference in location and extent. The reason for this discrepancy was investigated in this study using station data and atmospheric reanalysis data. The results reveal that two different circulation patterns (i.e., zonal dipole pattern and meridional dipole pattern) over the mid‐high latitudes of Eurasia played an important role. The zonal dipole pattern, which is closely related to the 2018 event, is characterized by positive anomalies over the Ural Mountains and negative anomalies over Lake Baikal in the 500 hPa geopotential height field. This pattern can cause intense low temperatures in northern China through its influence on the anomalous cyclone over Northeast Asia. The meridional dipole pattern, which is highly associated with the 2008 event, is characterized by positive anomalies over Siberia and negative anomalies over Asia in the 500 hPa geopotential height field. This pattern corresponds to a strong East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and can drive cold air to move further southward, causing nearly nationwide chilly weather, particularly in northwestern China and south of the Yangtze River valley. The two patterns, combined with the strengthened western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), have a synergistic role in the occurrence of snowfall. However, these patterns have weak correlations with the number of icy days but provide favourable conditions for ice freezing events.

Natural cryoprotectants combinations of l-proline and trehalose for red blood cells cryopreservation

Cryopreservation of red blood cells (RBCs) holds great potential benefits for supplying transfusion timely in emergencies. Currently, glycerol is the main cryoprotectant permitted in clinical therapy for RBCs cryopreservation, but its broad application is limited by the toxicity and complex deglycerolization process. Successful cryopreservation of RBCs using more effective materials should be studied to reduce freezing damage, increase biocompatibility, and save processing time. Herein, a simple protocol using natural cryoprotectants combinations of l-proline and trehalose attains a low degree of hemolysis (11.2 ± 2.73%) after thawing compared to glycerol. Furthermore, the morphology of RBCs and the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase maintain well. Further mechanism study shows that l-proline plays an important role in decreasing the freezing points and inhibiting the growth of ice crystal by permeating into cells during the freezing process. While trehalose works as an inhibitor of ice growth in the freezing process and ice recrystallization in the thawing process. This simple l-proline & trehalose combinations protocol is a promising method to replace current time-consuming and labor-intensive cryopreservation methods of RBCs.

An Improved Estimate of the Coupled Arctic Energy Budget

Abstract This study combines state-of-the-art reanalyses such as the fifth-generation European Re-Analysis (ERA5) and the Ocean Reanalysis System 5 (ORAS5) with novel observational products to present an updated estimate of the coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice Arctic energy budget, including flux and storage terms covering 2001–17. Observational products provide independent estimates of crucial budget terms, including oceanic heat transport from unique mooring-derived data, radiative fluxes from satellites, and sea ice volume from merged satellite data. Results show that the time averages of independent estimates of radiative, atmospheric, and oceanic energy fluxes into the Arctic Ocean domain are remarkably consistent in the sense that their sum closely matches the observed rate of regional long-term oceanic heat accumulation of ~1 W m−2. Atmospheric and oceanic heat transports are found to be stronger compared to earlier assessments (~100 and ~16 W m−2, respectively). Data inconsistencies are larger when considering the mean annual cycle of the coupled energy budget, with RMS values of the monthly budget residual between 7 and 15 W m−2, depending on the employed datasets. This nevertheless represents an average reduction of ~72% of the residual compared to earlier work and demonstrates the progress made in data quality and diagnostic techniques. Finally, the budget residual is eliminated using a variational approach to provide a best estimate of the mean annual cycle. The largest remaining sources of uncertainty are ocean heat content and latent heat associated with sea ice melt and freeze, which both suffer from the lack of observational constraints. More ocean in situ observations and reliable sea ice thickness observations and their routinely assimilation into reanalyses are needed to further reduce uncertainty.

Facilely Fabricating Superhydrophobic Resin-based Coatings with Lower Water Freezing Temperature and Ice Adhesion for Anti-icing Application

This work is focused on the development of a facile strategy to fabricate superhydrophobic coatings, which are characterized with lower water freezing temperature and lower ice adhesion. First, a kind of polyacrylic acid (PAA) based resin material is synthesized as the coating-matrix. Then the functionally-modified SiO2 nanoparticles are added to regulate the surface morphology for obtaining the ideal superhydrophobicity. The as-synthesized resin coatings possess strong bonding strength with metal substrate, and the surface hierarchical morphologies (10 wt% SiO2 nanoparticles) induce the robust superhydrophobicity with a high water contact angle of 152°. Also, the superhydrophobic coatings are endowed with high icephobicity, and the freezing temperature of reference water droplet is reduced to −20.33°C comparing with that (−13.83°C) on the coatings without additive nanoparticles. Furthermore, the ice adhesion strength on the superhydrophobic coatings is only 250 kPa, exhibiting the great ability of ice repellence.