Single-stage knee revision arthroplasty under special consideration of bony defects and soft tissue laxity over the full arc of motion. Aseptic loosening, ligamentous instability, or outlier in implant position requiring single-stage knee revision arthroplasty. Cases with severe bone loss or ligamentous instability requiring ahinged prosthesis. Loss of knee extensor function. After establishment of astandardized median parapatellar approach and setup of the imageless robotic system, the implant is mapped while still in situ. The bone-implant interface is highlighted in the 3D reconstruction of the implant by the application of special points during mapping. Soft tissue balance is registered and the component position of the revision implant is determined in the virtual implant planning stage. The implant is then removed and the surgical plan is executed with the robotic bur. If necessary, augments can be used to account for excessive bone loss and reconstruct the native joint line. Full weight-bearing as tolerated, free range of motion. In the literature, robotic-assisted knee revision arthroplasty has mainly been described in the form of case reports and smaller case series; the authors report generally favorable results.

Microchannel plate gated framing camera is commonly used in inertial confinement fusion diagnostics. However, it is a vacuum electronic device with bulkiness and non-single-line-of-sight imaging. To reduce the size of the camera and achieve a single line of sight image, a CMOS image sensor composed of a pixel unit and a readout circuit is presented to form the framing camera. The CMOS image sensor has a 32 × 32 × 4 pixel array with ultrashort shutter-time and four-frame imaging. The pixel array and analog to digital converter (ADC) readout circuit are designed using a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process. The pixel array includes 5T structured pixel units, a voltage-controlled delay, a clock tree and the row decoding scan circuits. A temporal resolution of 65 ps for the pixel circuit is achieved. The ADC readout circuit is composed of a counter, a comparator, a ramp generator and a register, which operates at a sampling frequency of 24.41 kS/s. An effective number of bits of 11.3, a spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of 73.4 dB, and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 70.0 dB for the ADC are achieved. The CMOS image sensor will provide a novel and important imaging method for the field of ultrafast science.

Rearing systems alter growth performance, behavior, brain characteristics, and meat quality in slow-growing Korat broiler chickens.

Food is produced by a range of methods including extensive (organic and free range), intensive (conventional) and wild-caught production systems. Antimicrobial use varies between different food production systems, which may affect the microbial populations as well as the prevalence and diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) found on food at retail. In this study, shotgun metagenomics was used to investigate the microbial and ARG composition of 25 pork, 33 beef, 33 lamb, 60 chicken, 31 salmon and 41 leafy green samples collected in Norfolk, England, and labelled as extensive, wild caught or intensive. Food microbiomes consisted predominantly of spoilage-associated organisms including Pseudomonas, Lactococcus and Psychrobacter. Significant differences in bacterial diversity were found between intensive and extensive systems on chicken, and 22 differentially abundant genera were identified between production systems across beef, chicken and salmon. Genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines and beta-lactams comprised the majority of the food resistome across all commodities. Across most measures used to compare food resistomes between production methods, no significant differences were detected, except on chicken and salmon where differences in beta-diversity between production methods were detected, albeit with low effect sizes. Overall, these results suggest that differently produced foods, at least when tested at retail and in this region, may present a similar risk of antimicrobial resistance across the commodities investigated within this study. However, specific associations were identified with the microbial composition across chicken, beef and salmon, suggesting that production method may drive some variation in the microbial population structure on food products. Additional work at the farm or food processing levels is required to identify the drivers of these differences between production systems.

Introduction: Immunoglobulins or antibodies are glycoproteins synthesized by the activated B lymphocytes to combat antigens. The immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the major antibody produced by the immune system following an initial contact with a novel antigen. Aim: The bursal expressions of IgM-activated lymphocytes were studied in Nigerian indigenous chickens using immunohistochemistry to determine the relative time of appearance of IgM-activated lymphocytes without antigenic stimulation as well as its periodic magnitude of occurrence in developing embryos and unvaccinated chicks. Methods: Fifteen chicken embryos and Twenty-five chicks were used for the study. Hatchable eggs laid by apparently healthy free range hens were incubated in electric egg incubator and the embryos harvested. The hatched chicks were raised in deep-litre pen. The bursae of Fabricius of both embryos and post-hatch chicks were collected through ventral abdominal incision at embryonic incubation day 10 (EID 10), EID 14, EID 18 and at hatch or day 0 (D 0), D 7. D 14, D 28, D 42 and fixed in neutral-buffered formalin. The fixed tissues were processed using indirect immunoperoxidase technique for the immunohistochemical study. Results: At EID 10 only few IgM-activated lymphocytes were observed. Similarly, mild expression of IgM-activated cells was observed at EID 14. At EID 18, there was marked expression followed by moderated expression at hatch. Between D 7 and D 42, the expressions were marked. Conclusion: IgM-activated lymphocytes appeared in the bursa at about EID 10. This signifies early maturation of bursal lymphocytes into immunocompetnt B-cell as well as early development of functional humoral immunological tools in Nigerian indigenous chicken. Also the pattern of expression in subsequent ages shows that Nigerian indigenous chicks have the potential of furnishing adequate self-enhanced humoral immunity without formal vaccination.

Supracondylar correction outside the joint block is performed to achieve asymmetrical cubital axis in the frontal plane and abalanced range of motion in the sagittal plane without interfering with joint congruence. Supracondylar correction is performed mainly in the frontal plane. Asimultaneous correction in the sagittal plane is effortlessly possible as well. The condylar prominence can be balanced through additional medial translation. Dome osteotomy is not suitable for patients aged under 10years. It is not the first-choice method for correction of rotational deformity. Moreover, dome osteotomy alone is insufficient for correction of deformities with joint incongruence. The distal humerus is exposed through aposterior triceps-splitting approach. Aseries of drillings in the curve of adome were made using a2-mm K‑wire. Gear-formed osteotomy was further completed with a4-mm osteotome, so that the distal fragment could be gradually rotated. After the required correction had been achieved, the osteotomy was temporarily fixed with a2-mm K-wire. Final fixation was achieved with a3.5-mm locking compression tibia plate. Free range of motion and full weightbearing are possible immediately after surgery. However, weightbearing exceeding the weight of the arm and propping up the arm are prohibited in the first 6weeks. Radiologic examinations are performed after 6weeks and 3months. Sports are prohibited during the first 3months. Further clinical follow-ups are continued annually until bone maturity is attained. The correction that was aimed for was achieved in all concluded cases. None of the complications mentioned in the literature occurred in our cases. Moreover, elbow function and stability were significantly improved. Although dome osteotomy is technically demanding, standardized surgical execution contributes to excellent reproducible results.

Background: Ovulation is a spontaneous process of releasing an egg from the ovaries of female animals on attainment of LH surge. However, in induced ovulators this could occur only after the stimulation by male animals or artificial induction. The big cats (Panthera tigris) are considered as induced ovulators in free range and semi- captivity. Methods: Therefore, the present study was designed to observe the changes in the hormonal profile of the big cats before and following mating. A total of nine adult female tigers were grouped into two groups namely unmated and mated for the study from zoos and National parks of Madhya Pradesh. Faecal and urine samples of female tigers were taken on weekly basis for up to 14 weeks which is approximately 03 months of the study. The faecal and urine samples were processed and examined for the hormones viz. estrogen, immunoglobin (Ig) J chain, LH and progesterone were analysed by using ELISA plate reader. Urine constituents were analysed viz. urobilinogen, bilirubin, ketone, nitrite, glucose, blood, protein, leucocytes, pH and specific gravity in the urine sample by using urine analyser. Result: Elevation in the concentration of the hormones have been observed in terms of estrogen, Ig J chain and LH, whereas, increase is observed in unmated group for up to 6th week pertaining to progesterone as well as very slight increase in the mated group after 6th week. Urinalysis revealed negative tests for urobilinogen, bilirubin, ketone, nitrite and glucose in all the samples. The samples were tested positive for presence of blood, protein and leucocytes in the urine sample, changes in the pH and slight in specific gravity have been found during the investigation.

Abstract In the recent literature, moderate naturalistic metaphysicians have been attempting to justify the existence of ‘free range’ analytic metaphysics by employing an analogy with pure mathematics: just as pure mathematics is justified by its potential applications to science, so too, they argue, is analytic metaphysics justified by its potential applications in philosophy of science. Employing standard textbook logical tools to evaluate analogies, we argue that the analogy doesn’t hold: there are relevant dissimilarities between the two disciplines. The grounds and domain of application of metaphysics and mathematics to science are ultimately different, and arguments intended to justify the epistemic value of metaphysics for science often presuppose its value rather than demonstrate it. This is why metaphysics is not like mathematics.

In recent decades parenting of teenagers has been almost mandatory. Parenting Styles whether authoritative parenting, permissive parenting, free range parenting will change from traditional to current modern phase and future ultra-modern era. However primary essence of ‘parenting’ will always remain influence on children, no matter until which age they are. As rightly explained by Khalil Gibran, the great writer and philosopher that parenting in totality. Gibran once said relation between a parent and a child is like a bow (parent) and arrow (child). There is limit for holding the arrow in your hands and just stretching the thread of a bow. Release it and let it go. Only then it will hit the target. A significant study regarding parenting from various aspects is exercise to understand raising child upto its adulthood. This article will analyze impact of parenting teenager. This article through quantitative research has used both primary and secondary sources of data from city of Mumbai. As there is necessity for proper planning and strategy to tackle and enhance various abilities into a growing teenager and prepare him for future.

Welfare-friendly housing systems for laying hens, such as cage-free, have become prevalent. However, the physiological effects of housing systems on the laying hens remain poorly understood. Here, we compared behavioral characteristics and transcriptomic profiles from 90 multi-tissue samples among three housing systems: battery cage (BC), barn (BR), and free-range (FR). BR and FR housing promoted behavioral diversity compared to cages. Transcriptome analysis of central tissues (diencephalon and cerebral hemisphere) and peripheral tissues involved in egg production (liver, ovary, oviductal segments of magnum, and uterine) revealed significant enrichment of insulin resistance-related pathways in both diencephalon and liver of BC hens, and enhanced norepinephrine signaling in the cerebrum of BR and FR hens. To validate these findings, we performed a glucose tolerance test to assess insulin sensitivity and quantified the cerebral norepinephrine concentrations by ECD-HPLC. The results showed that BR and FR hens tended to exhibit higher insulin sensitivity and enhanced norepinephrine signaling compared with BC hens. Taken together, our findings suggest that housing conditions markedly shape the internal physiological landscape of laying hens, and also that environment-enriched cage-free contributes to improving metabolic and neurophysiological signaling.

Antibiotic use to sustain poultry health has been a controversial and mysterious subject for consum­ers. Consumers also wonder about terms on pack­aging such as antibiotic-free, free range, organic, non-GMO, and humanely raised. There is only lim­ited research-based information that explores how consumers perceive poultry meat attributes on vari­ous commercial packages. This paper discusses the results of a screening survey to explore consumer perceptions of specific characteristics on packages via convenience samples. We identified attributes based on a literature review and real-time market observations from grocery stores. Results showed diverse responses from 362 participants regarding the attributes and designs on fresh, raw chicken breast packages typically found in grocery stores. Preferences of different attributes were further analyzed using factor analysis and clustered into four similar groups of choices based on labeled meat attribute and label color and design. Factor analysis demonstrated a strong tendency to prefer packages due to “negative” or “positive” labeling attributes such as non-GMO that were not present, or attributes such as humanely raised that were labeled as present. The results can assist commu­nity organizations and service providers, such as small local food cooperatives, independent grocery stores with a local niche, and Cooperative Exten­sion educators and agents to support local produc­ers in engaging in creative marketing strategies to improve consumer awareness, food safety educa­tion, and recognition of differences across terms used on different types of labels.

The biomechanical impact of glenosphere tilting, inferior translation, and humeral retroversion in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: A 3D modelling study.

The paper presents an analysis of the poultry meat and eggs market in Romania in the period 2002-2024 to reveal the degree of this sector competitiveness. Several economic indicators were taken into consideration for the purpose of this study: inventories, production quantity and value, consumption, as well as trade – exports, imports, balance in value and quantity terms, geographical orientation of the trade flows. The results of the study reveal that in the post-accession period, Romanian poultry meat and eggs became two of the few staples that reached self-sufficiency and were able to enter the international export markets with positive results. Trade was oriented mainly to EU partners, and eggs balance trade became positive in 2023-2024. Still, there are some important challenges to the future development of the industry, such as the Avain Flu, animal welfare regulations (e.g. transition to free range farms) and other environmental concerns that are likely to increase the costs, while the production is expected to further increase due to growing demand.

The bacterium Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale causes upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in commercial poultry worldwide. Efficient diagnostic and control of this emerging pathogen require accurate understanding of its classification, prevalence and distribution. The present study explores the genetic diversity of sixty-seven organisms presumptively identified as Ornithobacterium and recovered from chickens with URTIs in Australian free-range layer farms. Rep-PCR fingerprinting revealed wide diversity of isolates between and within farms and sites of infection. Forty representative isolates were sequenced entirely and compared to published genomes. Sequence alignments of the rpoB gene supported their classification into the genus Ornithobacterium, and 16S rRNA analysis revealed 98.08 % to 100 % identity with O. rhinotracheale type-strain DMS15997. However, most isolates gave non-interpretable profiles with the current Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme. Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis separated the dataset into four genetically divergent clusters. Most of the published O. rhinotracheale genomes, including DMS15997, belonged to the largest group, whereas the other clusters contained isolates with ANI values ranging from 84 % to 92 % against DMS15997, suggesting the presence of new species or sub-species. Pan-genome analysis was consistent with these observations, identifying only a small set of core genes (n = 254) in the dataset, while delineating distinct subsets of accessory proteins for each ANI cluster. Core single nucleotide polymorphism phylogeny confirmed further the substantial genetic diversity of the isolates. This study underlines the complex epidemiology and taxonomy of Ornithobacterium-associated URTIs in poultry farms, and is expected to improve diagnostic and control programs for this pathogen.

The study's subject of observation was a flock of geese and ducks reared in the same livestock facility under appropriate living conditions. The ducks were kept in a closed building, while the geese had free range and pasture. The study analysed two flocks: 5,000 ducks and 5,000 geese. The study is based on actual income and expenditure obtained from the documentation kept on the farm. The analysis showed that geese performed significantly better in terms of profitability, but that rearing them is much more demanding. After calculating and evaluating the farm, it was concluded that goose production is more financially attractive, but it is impossible to run it year-round due to the lack of grazing and access to pastures in winter. The study aimed to compare the issues and profitability of rearing geese and ducks using different husbandry methods, with identical flock sizes, and to assess the final financial outcome in the profitability study based on available farm documentation. The experiment was conducted in 2023 and 2024 on a family poultry farm in a building designed for waterfowl breeding. The farm fully utilises its earning potential throughout the calendar year, maintaining alternating breeding, i.e. duck breeding in winter and goose breeding in summer. After the experiment, which measured the birds' weight at the most crucial moments of rearing, it appears that the farm's profitability is significantly higher for geese than for ducks.

Gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infection has been a major drawback in pig production in Nigeria due to multiplicity of factors that facilitate pathogen survival and proliferation in the tropics. About 166 Faecal samples were collected based on; sex, age, breed, type of feed, and management system. The samples were subjected to fecal floatation technique, and prevalence was determine using epitools. An overall prevalence of 9 (5.4%) was recorded for Ascaris spp infestations at different farm levels. Our result shows that, for sex the female has higher prevalence of 4(6.8%) than Male 5(4.6%), For age the young have higher prevalence of 7(5.5%) than adult 2(5.0%), while for management, Free range have higher prevalence of 3(9.3%), followed by semi-intensive 4(4.5%) and least intensive 2(4.3%). The local breed 9(5.4%) and local feed 9(5.4%) could not be calculated because no data for exotic breed and commercial feed respectively. In conclusion, the result shows that, the young pigs and female pigs have higher prevalence than adult and male pigs while Free range pigs have higher prevalence, more than intensively manage pigs.

Modernization has led to environmental contamination from various chemicals, raising concerns about their impact on animal health. To investigate the specific effects of breeding methods on liver health in hens (Gallus gallus domesticus), focusing on two potential environmental pollution factors: heavy metal contamination and the use of veterinary additives and drugs. To achieve our purpose, the study analyzed three batches of hens: (1) controls from free-range organic farms, (2) conventional farming, and (3) free range breeding in an industrial site (Jebel Ressas old mine). After a six-month period, liver tissues were examined for the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), the frequency of micronuclei (MN) as a marker for genotoxicity, and histological alterations. The current study highlighted that varying breeding environment, potentially associated with increased use of additives, drugs, and antibiotics, notably impact the overall health of the animal liver. Moreover, exposure to heavy metals has been identified as a severe cause of health issues due to its interference with normal biological mechanisms and disruption of natural reactions. Given their non-biodegradable nature, these metals persist for extended periods, posing long-term health risks. While these findings raise concerns about the potential health risks associated with such practices. Our results suggest that exposure to heavy metals poses more serious threat. This underscores the urgent need for stricter regulations and more sustainable approaches to protect both animal welfare and public health.

The effects of short-chain branching (SCB) on phase distribution, free volume formation, and structural stability in polyethylene under hydrogen pressurization were investigated using medium- and high-density polyethylene (MDPE and HDPE) samples (MDPE-M, MDPE-I, HDPE-G, and HDPE-D). Comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, including liquid-state 1H/13C NMR and solid-state 1H/129Xe NMR under 250 psi hydrogen and xenon atmospheres, respectively, were employed to characterize SCB content, semicrystalline phase distribution, chain mobility, and free volume. SCB levels ranged from 1.94 to 2.66 branches per 1000 carbon atoms, with a free volume range of 0.297-0.533 cm3/g and a consistent free volume element diameter of ∼0.63 nm. Hexene branches correlated positively with free volume formation, whereas longer branches, such as heptene and octene, suppressed it. Increased SCB content and SCB length reduced crystallinity and chain mobility. Results support a mechanistic model in which randomly distributed SCBs enhance chain stiffness and hydrogen permeability into crystalline regions. In contrast, a lower SCB content allows greater chain flexibility and contraction under hydrogen pressure, limiting gas penetration into the crystalline phase. Hydrogen accumulation in the amorphous phase contributes to crystalline stabilization through resistive stress, yielding a higher failure strain strength under hydrogen pressure. These effects are attributed to hydrogen's smaller kinetic diameter, enabling access to pore networks inaccessible to air, such as nitrogen and oxygen.

African swine fever is a highly contagious and deadly disease of both domestic and wild pigs. In developing countries such as Ghana, the diagnosis and control of ASF are very challenging. In this paper, we discussed factors that account for ASF endemicity in many developing nations, with special focus on Ghana. We identified possible ASF spread via pig value chain through the transportation of live pigs across regions in Ghana. Major factors contributing to ASF spread in Ghana include lack of farmer compensation during ASF outbreaks, free range system of pig farming, porous country borders, lack of rapid on-site diagnostic test kits, unsafe sample collection and transportation to diagnostic laboratories, long diagnostic test turnaround, and improper carcass disposal. We also discuss available diagnostic options for ASF and their limitations. We propose a more holistic approach to ASF control in Ghana. These measures include applying a muti-sectoral approach, rehabilitation of inactive regional laboratories and expansion of services to six newly established regions, promoting point of care testing and developing and implementing farmer compensation plan during outbreaks. These proposed ASF control measures will provide field veterinarians with effective means to make informed decisions while awaiting laboratory confirmation of outbreaks.

Biofilms provide resistance to antimicrobial agents and the body’s immune response in microorganisms that colonise the digestive tract of animals, in particular poultry. The study of biofilm formation of indicatory bacteria isolated from chickens under different keeping conditions allows assessing the impact of environmental factors on their phenotypic adaptation and potential risk to animal and human health. The purpose of the study was to determine the ability ofEscherichiacoliandEnterococcus faecalisbacteria isolated from chickens kept in a vivarium and on free range to form biofilms. Bacteriological, morphological, biochemical, and microscopic research methods were applied. The intensity of biofilm formation in indicatory microorganisms was assessed by the adsorption/resorption index of a 0.1% solution of crystal violet using polystyrene Petri dishes. The optical density was measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 570 nm. It was found thatE. coli,E. faecalis,Klebsiella spp. andPseudomonas aeruginosawere isolated in samples from chickens kept in a vivarium, while in free-range chickens, representatives of the genus Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not detected, indicating a lower presence of potential pathogens in natural conditions. All the cultures under study formed low- or medium-density biofilms. ForE. coliisolates obtained from free-range chickens, the average value λ = 0.264 ± 0.09, while for vivarium isolates – λ = 0.187 ± 0.07. Cultures ofE. faecalisbiofilms were formed with an intensity of λ = 0.217 ± 0.04 in free-range chickens and λ = 0.137 ± 0.03 in vivarium chickens. Consequently, isolates obtained from natural conditions were characterised by a higher intensity of biofilm formation – by 41.2% (E. coli) and 58.4% (E. faecalis) in comparison with the conditions of a controlled microclimate. This may indicate a stimulating effect of environmental factors on the expression of adhesion and biofilm formation genes. However, all cultures under study were isolated from clinically healthy chickens, which indicates a commensal nature of the microbiome. The results obtained are important for assessing the risks of horizontal transfer of resistance genes and the formation of stable microbial biofilms in poultry farming