This computational study describes the mechanisms behind some interesting features of an acyclic nitrone obtained from the oxidation of 5-methylaminomethyl uridine (mnm5U), a pyrimidine ribonucleoside found at the wobble anticodon position of tRNA. The ground state geometry of this nitrone is characterized by an H-bond (1.9 Å) between the N-O and the H-O (at the 5' position of the ribofuranose ring) bonds. The S0-S2 and S0-S3 transitions at this geometry are strongly allowed. These vertical excitations are followed by relaxation passages through consecutive conical intersection (CI) channels (CIS3/S2 → CIS2/S1 → CIS0/S1). The CNO moiety becomes upside or downside twisted along these pathways with a continuous decrease in the C-O bond distance, eventually leading to their respective oxaziridines. The reverse thermal pathway of oxaziridine → nitrone conversion requires overcoming a barrier of 27 kcal/mol, while the oxaziridine → amide conversion through a [1,2]-H shift requires more energy (40-47 kcal/mol). Investigations on the spin-trapping ability of this ribonucleoside-derived nitrone have indicated its possible efficiency in this field. The ΔGrxn,aq values of the spin-adduct formations of this nitrone with biologically important free radicals are in line with those of the best known spin-traps. These results open up a so far unexplored possibility of a new class of spin-trapping nitrones formed on tRNA oxidation.

Plasticization study on recycled cross-linked EVA encapsulant films from PV module.

Photothermal therapy (PTT), a non-invasive tumor treatment, shows promise but is limited in solid tumors by restricted tissue penetration, thermotolerance, anti-apoptotic and immunosuppressive effects. In this study, tumor microenvironment-responsive nanoplatform VARH was constructed based on MXene. Under NIR-II laser irradiation, VARH achieves a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 44.21%. Loaded 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride decomposes at high temperatures to generate alkyl radicals, synergizing with hydroxyl radicals from V4+-catalyzed endogenous H2O2 decomposition, enabling chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and thermal dynamic therapy to enhance tumor cell oxidative damage. Triggered by high glutathione, VARH releases ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes to knockout heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), attenuating cellular heat resistance and promoting apoptosis. It also enhances T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity and, with free radicals, promotes tumor cell immunogenic cell death (ICD), achieving immunotherapeutic multi-effect synergy. Integrating nanotechnology with precise gene editing, this study develops a novel multimodal synergistic therapy system, providing new insights for multi-modal treatment R&D and advancing PTT and free radical-based cancer therapies.

Citral-rich essential oils (CEO) exhibit remarkable antioxidant potential. In this review, we discuss chemical and biological aspects of citral and CEO, estimating possible mechanisms of action. To this end, a literature search was carried out in the Scielo, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases, focusing on the antioxidant potential of CEO. Analyzed studies demonstrated the protective capacity of citral and CEO in cells stressed by hydrogen peroxide and excess glucose in the medium. Moreover, citral has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activity that can be exploited in a cell culture. The antioxidant activity of citral is attributed to the presence of an aldehyde group and multiple unsaturations in its structure, which enable it to scavenge free radicals and convert them into auto-oxidizing epoxides that are rapidly eliminated by the cell. Citral epigenetically modulates DNA, increasing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, while inhibiting enzymes involved in lipid peroxidation. In parallel, CEO and citral contribute to maintaining DNA integrity through kinase-related signaling pathways. Despite growing evidence of their antioxidant potential, studies investigating the bioactivity of citral and CEOs in animal cell cultures remain limited. Furthermore, research exploring the synergistic activity of citral with other compounds is still scarce, despite their significant scientific relevance. This scenario reinforces the need for further investigations to elucidate their mechanisms of action and to establish reference parameters guiding their application in different cellular and reproductive models in vitro.

With increasing anthropogenic activities, man is faced with carcinogenic substances like arsenate, which according to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry, is top on the list of twenty most toxic substances of public health concern. Therefore, this research investigated the effects of P. amarus leaf fraction on arsenate toxicity on key cell lines, with focus on addressing the challenge of arsenic poison in food and the environment. Various assays such as free radical scavenging assays and in-vitro cell lines assays on Human hepatic (HepG2), Kidney epithelial (LLCPK1), fibroblast and clonal pancreatic cells were employed using crude and pure fractions of the leaf. Data obtained were subjected to analytical tools such as SPSS, and Mnova software. From five solvent extracts screened, ethyl acetate extract had strongest antioxidant activity against in-vitro radicals. In-vivo LD50 of sub-acute toxicity on Wistar rats is 707.11mg/Kg. The cell line study revealed that 10μg/mL and above of crude leaf fraction protected pancreatic cells from cytotoxic effect of sodium arsenate (about 33% cells are viable against 50mg/mL arsenate), while on normal cells, 1.0-100μg/mL of the fraction showed improved cell viability. The fraction is less toxic on kidney epithelial cells and no effect on kidney fibroblast compared to Doxorubicin drug. Moreso, the fraction activated Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) which is responsible for CYPs mRNA genes expression for enzymes involve in xenobiotic metabolism, in concentration-dependent manner. Pure compounds isolated also showed same activation on PXR. In Conclusion, P. amarus leaf fraction act as ameliorative agent against arsenic toxicity as demonstrated through rejuvenation of cell growth due to its polyphenols, known for their membrane stabilizing activity by inhibiting ROS. It also acts as molecular ligand that activates PXR receptor. Although, it contains niranthin and cubebin dimethyl ether with same inhibitory potential as Ketoconazole which has been verified to have side effects.

Background: With increasing consumer demand for functional foods, this study developed and assessed a functional dairy drink fortified with grapefruit peel extract. The use of grapefruit peels will reduce pollution and promote the sustainable disposal of orange peels. Objective: This study aimed to determine the importance of functional dairy drinks with grapefruit peel extract in people's diets, as they contain important compounds that help reduce harmful reactive free radicals, which can lower the risk of oxidative stress. Reusing grapefruit peels will facilitate their sustainable disposal and mitigate pollution. Materials and methods: The experimental formulations incorporated grapefruit peel extract at five concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 grams) into dairy drinks. Results: Sensory evaluation revealed superior acceptability for formulations containing 2, 4, 6, and 8 grams of extract, demonstrating successful integration of this bioactive ingredient without compromising consumer appeal. The functional significance of these fortified dairy drinks stems from the rich bioactive compound profile of grapefruit peels, which exhibit substantial antioxidant capacity. These compounds effectively reduce reactive oxygen species. In addition to their health benefits, this approach offers an environmentally sustainable solution for grapefruit processing waste, reducing the pollution associated with conventional disposal methods. Conclusion: This research establishes a viable pathway for developing commercially acceptable functional dairy products with enhanced health-promoting properties while simultaneously addressing food industry waste management challenges. Keywords: antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins, beta-pinene, dairy drink, free radicals, grapefruit peel, linoleic acid, mitigate pollution

Marine microalgae rich in high-quality proteins are highly favored in the development of bioactive peptides. However, the scarcity of effective preparation methods still limits its application in healthy improvement. This study aimed to search for the effective natural antioxidative peptides from the microalga Porphyridium cruentum (P. cruentum) for protection skin cells against chronic oxidative stress by UPLC-Q-Exactive MS identification coupled to in silico prospection. An antioxidative dipeptide Threonyltyrosine (TY) was identified among 425 peptides. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of TY was slightly higher than that of vitamin C in ABTS radical scavenging assays with an IC50 of (11.37 ± 1.32) ×103 µg/L. The significant protective role of TY against paraquat-induced cytotoxicity in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells was observed in cell viability (+ 10.1%, P < 0.001), MDA (- 23.6%, P < 0.0001) levels, and enzyme activities, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD, + 17.1%, P < 0.001) and catalase (CAT, + 20.5%, P < 0.001). TY showed a dose-dependent effect (30-100µg/mL) in upregulating the proliferative activity of paraquat-injured HaCaT cells.In addition, TY stable binding to the Kelch domain of Keap1 (ΔG = -5.13kcal/mol) was analyzed via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, which gave some clues on the potential activating Nrf2. Totally, TY exhibited a dual mechanism of free radical scavenging and antioxidant enzymes activation. These findings advanced our understanding of TY's development, properties and provide a foundation for future mechanistic investigations.

Abstract Background Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous environmental endocrine disruptor, induces multisystem toxicity primarily through oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory pathways. Propolis, a natural bee-derived product rich in polyphenolic compounds, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the protective efficacy of aqueous propolis against BPA-induced hepatorenal dysfunction in male rats. Methods Forty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats (90–120 g) were randomly allocated into seven groups ( n = 6): control (saline), vehicle (olive oil; 5 mL/kg), BPA (10 mg/kg), propolis-low (125 mg/kg), propolis-high (250 mg/kg), BPA + propolis-low, and BPA + propolis-high. Treatments were administered orally once daily for eight weeks. Hematological parameters, hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST), renal function markers (creatinine, urea), electrolytes (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ ), oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, TAC, NO, protein carbonyl), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ), and tissue trace elements were quantified using standardized methodologies. Liver and kidney tissues were processed for histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining, and pathological changes were graded based on the percentage of affected tissue area. Results BPA exposure induced significant hepatorenal toxicity, characterized by elevated transaminases, impaired renal function, and electrolyte imbalance. Profound oxidative stress and inflammatory activation were observed, accompanied by a decline in hemoglobin concentration. Histopathological examination revealed severe hepatic damage, including hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, while renal histology showed extensive tubular epithelial necrosis, tubular dilatation with proteinaceous casts, glomerular congestion, interstitial edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Propolis co-administration conferred dose-dependent protection, with the high-dose regimen (250 mg/kg) restoring hemoglobin to near-normal levels, completely normalizing creatinine, reducing MDA, restoring TAC, and significantly lowering IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Histopathological analysis confirmed the protective role of propolis; high-dose treatment preserved normal hepatic architecture with minimal degenerative changes. Hepatic zinc accumulation was evident in the high-dose group, potentially contributing to the activation of antioxidant enzymes. Conclusions Chronic BPA exposure induces severe hepatorenal dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammatory activation, and hematological disturbances in male rats, as evidenced by biochemical and histopathological alterations. Propolis supplementation, particularly at 250 mg/kg, demonstrated marked protective efficacy by scavenging free radicals, restoring antioxidant capacity, suppressing inflammatory mediators, and modulating trace elements. These effects were accompanied by clear histological preservation of hepatic and renal tissue architecture. Collectively, these findings highlight propolis as a promising natural protective agent against environmental endocrine disruptor-induced toxicity, warranting further translational research to explore its potential therapeutic applications in humans.

Quercetin, one of nature's most potent antioxidants, exhibits a broad spectrum of biological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral, and cardioprotective properties. However, the full therapeutic potential of this natural compound is partially restricted by fundamental physicochemical barriers, primarily low solubility and poor bioavailability. This review thoroughly investigates the potential of metal-ion-conjugated quercetin as a strategy to overcome these limitations and unlock its full efficacy. This review uniquely extends beyond quercetin's established bioactivities to detail the specific therapeutic enhancements conferred by complexation with diverse metal ions. These complexes can significantly improve the solubility, thermal stability, and overall pharmacological properties of the parent compound. Conjugates formed with various metal ions—including Iron, Copper, Zinc, Cobalt, Ruthenium, Chromium, Manganese, Tin, and Nickel—not only potentiate quercetin's intrinsic antioxidant capacity but also introduce novel, enhanced properties that transcend non-conjugated quercetin. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies confirm that metal complexation yields superior results, unlocking unique effects that surpass quercetin alone. Notably, their ability to modulate specific pathways, such as offering targeted antioxidant effects and exhibiting enhanced cellular penetration and bioavailability, positions these conjugates as a critical strategy for developing next-generation therapeutics. Such enhancements highlight the potential of these complexes in exhibiting improved anti-cancer, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic properties. In conclusion, quercetin-metal conjugates offer a means to enhance the compound's pre-clinical efficacy by precisely modulating its effects on oxidative stress and free radical formation. This possibility holds the potential to revolutionize the fields of personalized medicine and targeted therapy.

Epigallocatechin gallate ameliorates brain injuries after intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting ferroptosis through upregulation of Nrf2-Keap1 pathway.

Abstract Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ), a medicinal plant, has maintained its cultural and therapeutic significance over centuries in Ayurveda, Unani, and Traditional Chinese Medicine. However, novel formulations and delivery methods are being developed to address these challenges. Curcumin exhibits potent antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and modulating oxidative pathways to mitigate diseases associated with oxidative stress. Its anti‐inflammatory effects involve the inhibition of key signaling pathways, such as those involving nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐kB) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). Curcumin has exhibited considerable potential in cancer treatment, neuroprotection, cardiovascular health, metabolic and autoimmune disease moderation, and gastrointestinal and skin health. Although generally regarded as safe, high doses or prolonged use may result in toxic side effects, necessitating a careful evaluation. Research gaps concerning curcumin include standardization, formulation development, and large‐scale clinical validation. Future directions may involve the application of nanotechnology, therapeutic strategies, and enhanced bioavailability approaches to improve the treatment outcomes. Overall, turmeric and curcumin are natural bioactive compounds with multifunctional properties and hold potential for integration into modern preventive and therapeutic medicine.

ABSTRACT Rational design of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with integrated long‐afterglow luminescence (LAL), photochromism, and multicolor emission remains desirable yet challenging for advanced anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption applications. Herein, a series of halide‐tuned X‐MOFs (X = Cl, Br, and I) integrating photoluminescence and photochromism were synthesized via hydrothermal reaction of an electron‐deficient triazine‐based ligand (L) with CdX 2 . The rigid framework, combined with halogen engineering, enables tunable multi‐path luminescence in these X‐MOFs. Meanwhile, the involvement of halogens and charge distribution of the ligand facilitate effective photoinduced electron transfer. Upon prolonged UV exposure, photochromic and photothermal responses result directly from the accumulation of HL· free radicals. Owing to the coexistence of photoinduced electron‐transfer quenching and charge‐transfer emission, the X‐MOFs exhibit not only irradiation‐time‐, excitation‐, and temperature‐dependent cold‐to‐warm white‐light tunability, but also excitation‐, temperature‐, and time‐responsive multicolor LAL spanning green to yellow or orange. Combined theoretical analyses elucidate the multipath luminescence originating from intra‐ and intermolecular charge transfer in the rigid framework, and photochromic behavior arising from electron transfer between the pyridine and triazine in the ligand backbone. These multifunctional MOFs exhibit great promise for high‐security information encryption and anti‐counterfeiting, offering a straightforward strategy for designing advanced luminescent materials.

Multifaceted neuroprotective role of Buchanania lanzan seeds in diabetic neuropathy: In vivo and in silico studies.

Background: Microplastic (MPs) are free radicals, which can cause oxidative stress and lead to lipid peroxidation. The body’s efforts to overcome ROS are endogenous antioxidants, namely the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Pineapple extract, rich in antioxidants such as bromelain, flavonoids, and vitamin C, is expected to overcome exposure to free radicals from MPs. Objective: To assess the effect of pineapple extract on activity level of SOD. Method: Using a true experiment with post-test only control group design. The sample used 15 rats, which were divided into 5 groups; normal group, positive control group that is induced by microplastic (4.200 μg/ml) by oral probe, and the other three groups induced by microplastic personde with pineapple extract at doses of 87.5 mg/kg BW, 175 mg/kg BW and 350 mg/kg BW by oral probe. Treatment was given for 35 days. SOD levels were measured using the ELISA technique. Results and Discussion: A significant difference was observed in mean of SOD with the one-way annova test p: 0.000. The result of linear regression obtained adjusted R2: 0,864 for SOD. The increase in the level of SOD are due to the high level of bromelain, flavonoids, and vitamin C in the pineapple extract, so that it works as an antioxidant to reduce lipid peroxidation and increase the level of antioxidant SOD. Conclusion: There is an effect of giving pineapple extract (Ananas comossus L.) on the level of SOD in rat microplastic-induced liver injury.

Hydrogels have attracted significant interest in multifunctional applications. Among them, self-healing hydrogel stands out for its ability to autonomously repair damage through reversible interactions, yet achieving both rapid self-healing and superior mechanical strength remains challenging. In this study, we report the fabrication of a dual cross-linked hydrogel (PAA-Alg-B) prepared via free radical polymerization of acrylic acid and alginic acid, employing N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, or vinyl-modified nanocellulose as primary cross-linker, with Fe3+ or borax serving as an additional dynamic cross-linker. The resulting borax based hydrogel (PAA-Alg-B) exhibits remarkable fast self-healing efficiency enabled by reversible borate ester bonds and hydrogen bonding. It demonstrates tunable mechanical strength with toughness of 137 kJ/m3 and elongation at break up to 1117%, alongside exceptional swelling capacity (448 g/g). The adsorption studies reveal high removal efficiencies for heavy metals, with maximum capacities of 87.57 mg/g (Cr3+), 114.02 mg/g (Ni2+), and 99.42 mg/g (Cu2+), governed by chemisorption kinetics. The PAA-Alg-B can also be used as a promising solid-state electrolyte and separator for flexible supercapacitors. Protonic modulation via H2SO4 soaking significantly enhances ionic conductivity, electrochemical performance, and cycling stability. These findings highlight the potential of natural polymer-based, mechanically robust, self-healing hydrogels for sustainable wastewater treatment and advanced energy storage applications.

Sustainable ethyl cellulose fibrous films with nitrogen-carbon dots for fresh-cut apple preservation.

OMC (Octyl Methoxycinnamate) has intense sunscreen activity, but susceptible to photodegradation upon exposure to UV light, leading to the formation of free radicals. The incorporation of antioxidants can mitigate UV-induced degradation and preserve OMC in its trans configuration, thereby maintaining its photoprotective efficacy. Hexagamavunon-5 (HGV-5) contains phenolic hydroxyl groups and conjugated double bonds, which are key to its antioxidant activity. In this study, we develop a sunscreen emulgel formulation combining OMC and HGV-5 to improve activity and stability. The Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method was applied to optimize emulsion (Tween 80, Span 80, and Paraffin Liquid) using Design Expert (DE). The DE obtained 14 runs and testing the responses to determine the optimum formula. The optimum formula of the emulsion was then made into five(5) emulgel preparation. The emulgel were tested in vitro to determine percent transmission of erythema (%TE), percent transmission of pigmentation (%TP), and Sun Protection Factor (SPF) values as presenting of photostability test. The best formula of emulgel determines the in vivo irritation test, physical characterization, and stability test. HGV-5 has an IC50 value of 8,46 ppm (strong antioxidant activity), indicating potential as a stabilizer agent for UV filters. The DE chosen as the optimum formula of emulsion were Tween 80 3.15% (v/v), Span 80 3.75% (v/v), and Paraffin Liquid 3.1% (v/v). F4 showed good photostability and obtained SPF values in the ultra protection category and %TE and %TP in the sunblock category. Referring to the storage results, the optimum formula was stable for a month. The irritation test of F4 showed that the PII value was 0 in the treatment group compared to the control group. F4 revealed that does not cause irritation, so it can be concluded that F4 is safe.

Elucidation of Structure–Reactivity Trends in Free Radical Copolymerization Reactivity Ratios Using Data Science Methods

Albumin is the most abundant protein in the human circulation and has many important functions. Recent studies have shown that albumin is a free radical scavenger and can be oxidized to single (HNA-1) or double (HNA-2) oxidized albumin. Oxidized albumin is a predictor for mortality in liver disease, but little is known about oxidized albumin in other diseases. This study aims to explore oxidized albumin levels in critically ill Covid-19 patients and its association with hospital mortality. In this single-center, retrospective cohort study we included Covid-19 patients (n = 164) treated on the ICU of Karolinska University Hospital between April 2020 and May 2021. Patient data were gathered from the electronic patient records. Oxidized albumin fractions were measured in plasma samples collected within the first 48h of ICU admission and compared with healthy volunteers (n = 10). To assess the clinical relevance of oxidized albumin, descriptive statistics were performed after dividing the study group in three tertiles based on HNA-1 levels and two groups based on the presence and absence of HNA-2. A post hoc multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to assess the correlation between oxidized albumin fraction and creatinine levels. HNA-1 levels were 5.1 percent point higher (p = 0.01) in Covid-19 patients than in healthy controls. There was no significant difference in HNA-2 levels. Hospital mortality, length of ICU stay and duration of mechanical ventilation did not differ significantly between patients with high levels of oxidized albumin and patients with low levels of oxidized albumin. Creatinine levels and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores were higher in patients with more oxidized albumin. Multivariable linear regression showed a weak but clinically relevant correlation between the fraction of oxidized albumin and creatinine, when corrected for age and chronic kidney disease before ICU admission (R2 0.31, p < 0.001). Fractions of HNA-1 were higher in Covid-19 patients compared to healthy controls. In critically ill Covid-19 patients elevated levels of oxidized albumin were not associated with higher hospital mortality. Higher HNA-1 levels were associated with higher creatinine levels and higher SOFA scores. These findings contribute to increased knowledge about oxidized albumin in critically ill Covid-19 patients and can inspire future research.

Angiogenesis is a crucial and critical ‎process in growth and development ‎that ‎has received ‎study attention in recent decades.‎ Angiogenesis inhibitors are one of the cornerstones of modern ‎anticancer treatments, tumour develop resistance to drugs rapidly, thus providing new agents is ‎crucial for patient’s survival.‎ The study investigated the effect of different concentrations of the novel ‎4–chloro–phenyl–‎carbothioamide derivative using different angiogenesis assays.‎ The present study examined the potential antiangiogenic, antioxidant, and ‎cytotoxic properties of a carbothioamide indole derivative and assessed VEGF gene expression.‎ The tested indole derivative's antiangiogenic efficacy was assessed using the ex-vivo rat ‎aorta ring (RAR) assay. The DPPH test for scavenging activity was utilized to clarify the most ‎likely cause of its antiangiogenic action. The MTT assay assessed the proliferation of the HUVEC ‎cell line while the expression of the VEGF gene in the colon cancer (HCT116) cell line was ‎analysed.‎ The evaluated drug exhibited antiangiogenic efficacy with an IC50 value of 17.99µg/ml in ‎the RAR assay. The drug successfully reduced the DPPH free radical in a concentration-dependent ‎manner (IC50 = 100.30 µg/ml). The evaluated drug exhibited negligible to non-toxic effects on the ‎HUVEC cell line, with an IC50 value of 733.60 μg/ml. It significantly downregulates the VEGF ‎gene expression in HCT116 cells at 400 µg/ml.‎ In conclusion, the 2-NHC compound exhibited significant antioxidant and anti-angiogenesis ‎effects with minimum toxicity against normal human cells. 2-NHC appears to downregulate the ‎VEGF gene expression in colon cancer cell lines.