Bohr ignored the electromagnetic interaction of moving charges in atoms and only considered Coulomb forces, thus encountering half frequency difficulties. This article considers the Lorentz force to make the classical Bohr model consistent with modern quantum theory, uses de Broglie's standing wave principle instead of Bohr's quantization assumption, derives the energy level formula for hydrogen atoms, and explains the radiation mechanism of hydrogen atomic spectra. The hydrogen atom in a spectral tube emits a photon wave train during one free path, and the wavelength of the photon is the eigen wavelength of its wave train. The head wavelength of the wave train is four thirds of its eigen wavelength, and the tail wavelength of the wave train is two-thirds of its eigen wavelength.

In this study, the development of a solar-powered autonomous vehicle prototype with an object detection and avoidance system was implemented and achieved using Raspberry Pi. The advancements in science and technology research have given rise to the robust adoption of smart means of transportation, from steam engines to energyefficient means such as solar, electric, and hybrid-powered vehicles to ease transportation of people, goods, and services with increased human comfortability. Autonomous vehicles (AVs)offer a degree of self-control in driving in which a normal car requires a driver to execute such tasks e.g., braking, acceleration, and steering. An autonomous vehicle, requires sensors, controllers, algorithms, actuators, computers, and advanced software embedded in various locations on the vehicle to perform effectively. The study attempted to proffer solutions to the menace of human errors in decision-making while driving through the use of advances in scientific technology that have given rise to modern approaches to problem-solving. In Nigeria, almost 50% of road accidents were a result of poor decisions leading to the loss of lives and properties. The vehicle uses ultrasonic sensors and a USB webcam to detect and avoid obstacles on its path with the aid of a Raspberry Pie program that effectively executes decision-making changes to manoeuvre the vehicle away from objects on a free path. The study observed that as motor frequency is increased the speed of the AV increases and thus covers distances faster as compared to when the frequency is reduced. However, the increase in frequency also consumes energy faster. Charging rates were compared between the grid and solar photovoltaic, the grid system recorded faster charging rates when the vehicle was stationary while the solar photovoltaic charged the vehicle at stationary and in motion.

Optical, thermal and gamma ray attenuation characteristics of tungsten oxide modified: B2O3–SrCO3–TeO2–ZnO glass series

The article examines the legal status of the navigable rivers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (further – GDL) in the 16th–18th centuries, based on Lithuanian Statutes, Sejm resolutions (constitutions), city privileges, other legal sources, and historiographical data. The problem of the content and usage of the term "navigable river" found in multilingual sources is examined. The study showed that this term contained two meanings: it indicated the physical characteristics of rivers and defined their legal status as a free path. In these rivers, it was forbidden to build any obstacles that make navigation difficult (fish traps, mill dams, or other barriers) and to collect new "unusual" customs duties. In the GDL’s law, the problem of shipping obstacles has been tried to solve in two ways: a) by specifying the obstacles to be removed physically and/or providing fines; b) by the mandatory installation of gates in fish traps and dams.

Impulsive underwater discharges have been investigated for many decades, yet the complex pre-breakdown processes that underpin their development are not fully understood. Higher pre-breakdown energy losses may lead to significant reduction in the magnitude and intensity of the pressure waves generated by expanding post-breakdown plasma channels. Thus, it is important to characterize these losses for different discharge types and to identify approaches to their reduction. The present paper analyses thermal pre-breakdown processes in the case of free path and wire-guided discharges in water: fast joule heating of a small volume of water at the high-voltage electrode and joule heating and the melting of the wire, respectively. The energy required for joule heating of the water and metallic wire have been obtained from thermal models, analysed and compared with the experimental pre-breakdown energy losses. Pressure impulses generated by free path and by wire-guided underwater discharges have also been investigated. It was shown that wire-guided discharges support the formation of longer plasma channels better than free path underwater discharges for the same energy available per discharge. This results in stronger pressure impulses developed by underwater wire-guided discharges. It has been shown that the pressure magnitude in the case of both discharge types is inversely proportional to the observation distance which is a characteristic of a spherical acoustic wave.

There exists a neutron streaming effect in the high-temperature gas-cooled pebble-bed reactor (HTGR) pebble-bed core caused by the spatial heterogeneity of the neutron’s free path, which has a remarkable impact on neutron leakage. It is necessary to take into consideration the streaming effect in evaluating the homogenized diffusion coefficient of the pebble bed, prior to the whole-core diffusion calculation. In this paper, two methods are proposed for calculating the homogenized multigroup diffusion coefficient of the pebble bed based on migration area conservation theory and Benoist’s theory, respectively. Compared with existing methods, the newly proposed methods are adaptable to a general pebble bed consisting of multitype pebbles and nonvacuum atmosphere. Numerical results demonstrate the proposed methods’ effectiveness and consistency in evaluation of the pebble-bed homogenized diffusion coefficient.

TBPLaS: A tight-binding package for large-scale simulation

Characterization and determination of the gamma radiation attenuation coefficient in the W20Cu3Ni metallic alloy to be applied in the transport of radioactive substances

In the framework of macroscopic continuous medium approach, we have studied interaction between a fast-moving charged particle and dielectric or semiconducting media with low energy electrically active excitations. The excitations contribute to frequency dispersion of the media dielectric permittivity. Two types of processes induced by a moving charged particle have been considered: electron-hole generation under interband transitions and excitation of polar optical phonons. For both processes, we calculated and analyzed the time- and space-dependent electric potential generated by the charged particle, polarization of the media, energy losses of the particle and other important constituents of the interaction patterns. Obtained results can contribute to deeper understanding of the charged particle beams interaction with a semiconducting medium, as well as may be useful for versatile applications of charged beams.

In the present work, a simple but complex network which has collision free communications is created. With the help of the binary n-cube the network is formed. This n-cube network connection is formed by connecting distinct N number of nodes which are expressed as a power of 2. If each node has an address of m bits then there are N=2^m number of nodes in the n-cube network. To find out the predefined routing path for the case of this n-cube network, we can apply deterministic algorithm providing us a collision /deadlock free concept. In calculating the predefined routing path(s), node addresses involved in the path are calculated by using the exclusive OR operation, firstly, upon the two node addresses of source and destination, and then, on the derived node-addresses according to the algorithm stated in section 2. Here, the Exclusive-OR operation is performed simply by using 2-input XOR gate which may be made up of either (i) classical CMOS based material, or (ii) Multiple input threshold logic gate , or (iii) Single electron tunneling Transistor (SET). We are concentrated in the case of CMOS based XOR circuit. In this work, an E-cube Routing on a 6-dimensional hypercube has been designed and constructed. We have tried to find out the node addresses for predefining the deadlock free routing path for any set of “source and destination”. To develop a “Collision free network with minimal Routing”, a number of Exclusive-OR gates are arranged in a pattern discussed in section 3 and the desired circuit is implemented. The implemented circuit can supply the predefined path nodes through which the signal/packets/data can pass. Regarding the experimental input –output values, some truth tables are depicted in substantial places. At the time of applying the algorithm, we have investigated that for 6-dimentional hypercube, the maximum path length are confined to 6, i.e. whenever the source and destination points are provided, then 6-node points are produced. Among these 6-pionts some of them may have identical values. As a result path length should be less than 6. For the network, the time required to travel a path is measured and shown. The net designed and implemented must a be a collision free one, since when a truth table is written, there would not be any pair of nodes identical in a column.

Using the method of molecular dynamics and a 2D chain model, it is shown that thermophoresis of carbon nanoparticles (nanoribbons and nanotubes) on a flat multilayer substrate (on a flat surface of a hexagonal boron nitride crystal) has high efficiency. Placing a nanoparticle on a flat surface of a substrate involved in heat transfer leads to its movement in the direction of the heat flow. The heat flow along the substrate leads to the formation of constant forces acting on the nanoparticle nodes (thermophoresis forces). The main effect of the force is exerted on the edges of graphene nanoribbons, exactly where the main interaction of the nanoribbon with the bending phonons of the substrate occurs. These phonons have a long free path, so the effective transfer of nanoparticles using thermophoresis can occur at sufficiently large distances. The motion of carbon nanoparticles under the action of a heat flow has the form of particle motion in a viscous medium under the action of a constant force. Over time, the nanoparticles always enter the mode of movement at a constant speed. The velocity of the stationary motion is almost the same for all sizes and types of carbon nanoparticles, which is explained by the fact that the thermophoresis force and effective friction have the same source --- the interaction of the nanoparticle with the bending thermal vibrations of the substrate layers. Keywords: nanoribbons, nanotubes, flat multilayer substrates, thermophoresis, 2D model of the multilayer substrate.

A transparent polarisation sensitive phase pattern makes a polarisation dependent transformation of quantum state of photons without absorbing them. Such an invisible pattern can be imaged with quantum entangled photons by making joint quantum measurements on photons. This paper shows a long path experiment to quantum image a transparent polarisation sensitive phase pattern with hyper-entangled photon pairs involving momentum and polarisation degrees of freedom. In the imaging configuration, a single photon interacts with the pattern while the other photon, which has never interacted with the pattern, is measured jointly in a chosen polarisation basis and in a quantum superposition basis of its position which is equivalent to measure its momentum. Individual photons of each hyper-entangled pair cannot provide a complete image information. The image is constructed by measuring the polarisation state and position of the interacting photon corresponding to a measurement outcome of the non-interacting photon. This paper presents a detailed concept, theory and free space long path experiments on quantum imaging of polarisation sensitive phase patterns.

A new method for studying the thermalization and transport of injected impurities at the edge of hot plasma, (considering the last closed magnetic surface, the free path is between 1 and 2 cm approx.) under no perturbative conditions, is presented. In the proposed technique, a Nd:YAG laser is used to ablate Li from the lithiated wall of the stellarator TJ-II. While the laser pulse allows for the analysis of the released species through laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), its laser pulse also provides a time reference for the time-of-flight (TOF) measurements of the Li+ ions performed. This is done by positioning light detection systems sensitive to an intense Li II spectral line at different toroidal locations away from such a source. TOF times of tens to hundreds of microseconds are recorded. Then, by de-convolving the shape of the recorded light pulse, the velocity distribution of the lithium-ion during its thermalization with the background plasma can be extracted. From this velocity distribution, the ion temperature of the background ions and the toroidal rotation at the plasma periphery can be deduced. In contrast with conventional Doppler spectroscopy, this technique uses filter-scope detectors rather than high-spectral-resolution spectrometers thus a tradeoff between spectral and time or space resolution is required. Finally, preliminary results of the application of this novel technique are shown to validate this proof of principle.

Hypercube network connection is formed by connecting different N number of nodes that are expressed as a power of 2. If each node has an address of m bits then the total number of nodes in the Hypercube network is N=2^m. In calculating the predefined routing path for the case of this E-cube network, we apply deterministic algorithm which gives a deadlock free concept. For determining predefined routing path, node addresses involved in the path are calculated by using the exclusive operation, firstly, on the node addresses of source and destination, next, on the derived nodes according to the algorithm. In the present work, the Exclusive-OR operation is performed with the help of electron-tunneling based XOR gate which is made up of Multiple input threshold logic gate. This multiple input threshold logic gate technology is really different from the existing one. By using an emerging technology we are capable of making an electronic circuit with high speed, low cost, high concentration density, light in weight, reduced gate numbers and low power consumption. This technology is relies on the condition of linear threshold logic and electron-tunneling event. When we are interested in implementing a circuit, a multi-inputs but one-output based logic-gate will be taken account of consideration. In this work, we have designed an E-cube Routing on a 4-dimensional hypercube to find out the node addresses for predefining the deadlock free routing path from source to destination. To develop this “E-cube Routing on a 4-dimensional hypercube”, we must require a specific logic called Exclusive-OR gate and for this, some small components like 2-input OR gate, 2-input AND gates of different input conditions are essential. After arranging this XOR gate in a pattern discussed in section 2, a desired circuit is implemented. All the circuit we are intended to construct are given in due places with their threshold logic and simulation set, the simulation results are provided as well. Different truth tables, derivation of threshold logic expressions are given for clear understanding. We have taken our consideration of whether the present work circuits are faster or slower than the circuits of CMOS based- and Single electron transistor (SET) based-circuits. The power consumed at the time of tunneling event for a circuit is measured and sensed that it exists in the range between 10meV to 250meV which is very small amount. All the combinational circuits we have presented in this work are of ‘generic multiple input threshold logic gate’-based.

Navigation of mobile robots in a grid based environment is useful in applications like warehouse automation. The environment comprises of a number of free grid cells for navigation and remaining grid cells are occupied by obstacles and/or other mobile robots. Such obstructions impose situations of collisions and dead-end. In this work, a neural dynamics based algorithm is proposed for complete coverage of a grid based environment while addressing collision avoidance and dead-end situations. The relative heading of the mobile robot with respect to the neighbouring grid cells is considered to calculate the neural activity. Moreover, diagonal movement of the mobile robot through inter grid cells is restricted to ensure safety from the collision with obstacles and other mobile robots. The circumstances where the proposed algorithm will fail to provide completeness are also discussed along with the possible ways to overcome those situations. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for a single and multiple mobile robots. Moreover, comparative studies illustrate improvements over other algorithms on collision free effective path planning of mobile robots within a grid based environment.

Ambiguity occurs when the language user intends unspecific and unclear meaning through written or spoken language. It has been approached by semantics, pragmatics and philosophy of language because indeterminate meaning needs a mechanism that assembles the right attributes for decreasing ambiguity. In that, such a mechanism acts away from the structural conditional which was for long thought applicable for clarifying meaning. An extension in the semantic-pragmatic mechanism is needed as far as the latter fails to account for indeterminate meaning. The present paper suggests a more interactional mechanism that integrates two components. The former relies on the linguistic resources that act as possible attributes including both the semantic and pragmatic. The second, however, is the free component wherein the analyst acts in free path that does not necessarily follow the linguistic rules and the fairplay aims at extending the attributes and their interaction. The application of this mechanism has been on a variety of ambiguities ranging from the simplest daily metaphors to the most indeterminate utterances. It has been found that its application succeeds with distanced attributes, as when the utterance's meaning is carried out by another far attribute.

Using the method of molecular dynamics and a 2D chain model, it is shown that thermophoresis of carbon nanoparticles (nanoribbons and nanotubes) on a flat multilayer substrate (on a flat surface of a hexagonal boron nitride crystal) has high efficiency. Placing a nanoparticle on a flat surface of a substrate involved in heat transfer leads to its movement in the direction of the heat flow. The heat flow along the substrate leads to the formation of constant forces acting on the nanoparticle nodes (thermophoresis forces). The main effect of the force is exerted on the edges of graphene nanoribbons, exactly where the main interaction of the nanoribbon with the bending phonons of the substrate occurs. These phonons have a long free path, so the effective transfer of nanoparticles using thermophoresis can occur at sufficiently large distances. The motion of carbon nanoparticles under the action of a heat flow has the form of particle motion in a viscous medium under the action of a constant force. Over time, the nanoparticles always enter the mode of movement at a constant speed. The velocity of the stationary motion is almost the same for all sizes and types of carbon nanoparticles, which is explained by the fact that the thermophoresis force and effective friction have the same source – the interaction of the nanoparticle with the bending thermal vibrations of the substrate layers.

The application of shielding is one of the main protective measures in ionizing radiation safety. This paper addresses the influence of erbium oxide (Er2O3) amount fraction on shielding properties of the glass system with compound formula 75TeO2-10Nb2O5-10ZnO-5PbO (TNZP). Addition of Er2O3portions increased samples densities from 5.57 to 5.65 g/cm3. The attenuation properties for the different TNZP-Er2O3samples were simulated using Phy-X/PSD software at vary wide energy ranged from 0.015 to 15 MeV . Various radiation shielding parameters were evaluated including; linear (LAC) and mass (MAC) attenuation coefficients, the half (HVL)- and tenth (TVL)-value layers, the mean (MFP) free path, the total atomic (ACS) and electronic (ECS) cross-sections and fast (FNRCS) neutron-removal cross-section. These parameters were also verified by a comparison with the currently available shielding materials such as RS-253-G18, RS-360, RS-520 and, Chromite, Ferrite, Magnetite, and Barite. Morover the strong green and weak red emission estimated in the prepared glasses under excited 980 nm. Results show that TNZP with high Er2O3constituents is not merely an effective shield for photons but also a good candidate for neutrons protection and theraputic surgery for medical diagnostic applications. The provided esults showed lower FNRCS values compared to the Chromite, Ferrite, and Magnetite. Nevertheless, it can be noticed that the partially added density of Er2O3enhanced FNRCS.

For wearable capacitive electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition, capacitive electrodes may cause severe motion artifacts due to the relatively large friction between the electrodes and the dielectrics. In some studies, water can effectively suppress motion artifacts, but these studies lack a complete analysis of how water can suppress motion artifacts. In this paper, the effect of water on charge decay of textile electrode is studied systematically, and an electrode controllable humidification design using ultrasonic atomization is proposed to suppress motion artifacts. Compared with the existing electrode humidification designs, the proposed electrode humidification design can be controlled by a program to suppress motion artifacts at different ambient humidity, and can be highly integrated for wearable application. Firstly, the charge decay mode of the textile electrode is given and it is found that the process of free water evaporation at an appropriate free water content can be the dominant way of triboelectric charge dissipation. Secondly, theoretical analysis and experiment verification both illustrate that water contained in electrodes can accelerate the decay of triboelectric charge through the free water evaporation path. Finally, a capacitive electrode controllable humidification design is proposed by applying integrated ultrasonic atomization to generate atomized drops and spray them onto textile electrodes to accelerate the decay of triboelectric charge and suppress motion artifacts. The performance of the proposed design is verified by the experiment results, which shows that the proposed design can effectively suppress motion artifacts and maintain the stability of signal quality at both low and high ambient humidity. The signal-to-noise ratio of the proposed design is 33.32 dB higher than that of the non-humidified design at 25% relative humidity and is 22.67 dB higher than that of non-humidified electrodes at 65% relative humidity.

Cognitive radio (CR) technology is envisioned to use wireless spectrum opportunistically when the primary user (PU) is not using it. In cognitive radio ad-hoc networks (CRAHNs), the mobile users form a distributed multi-hop network using the unused spectrum. The qualities of the channels are different in different locations. When a user moves from one place to another, it needs to switch the channel to maintain the quality-of-service (QoS) required by different applications. The QoS of a channel depends on the amount of usage. A user can select the channels that meet the QoS requirement during its movement. In this paper, we study the mobility patterns of users, predict their next locations and probabilities to move there based on its history. We extract the mobility patterns from each user’s location history and match the recent trajectory with the patterns to find future locations. We construct a spectrum database using Wi-Fi access point location data and the free space path loss formula. We propose a machine learning-based mechanism to predict spectrum status of some missing locations in the spectrum database. We formulate a problem to select the current channel in order to minimize the total number of channel switches during a certain number of next moves of a user. We conduct an extensive simulation combining real and synthetic datasets to support our model.