Free Life Research Articles

Application of palladium-based oxygen scavenger to extend the mould free shelf life of bakery products

An oxygen scavenging film based on a catalytic system with palladium (CSP) was combined with modified atmosphere (MA) packaging to extend the mould free shelf life (MFSL) of bakery products. Par-baked buns, toast bread and gluten-free bread inoculated with Aspergillus niger spores were packed in normal atmosphere (NA) and under MA (with 2 vol.-% of O2) with or without CSP. Mould growth was detected after 2–3 days on all products packed under NA as well as under MA without CO2 and CSP. Use of CO2 in MA extended the MFSL by 8–10 days, 16–18 days and 3–4 days for par-baked buns, toast and gluten-free bread, respectively. Use of CSP with MA reduced the oxygen concentration in headspace from 2 vol.-% to < 0.01 vol.-% within 105–190 min with all bakery products. This led to a further increase in MFSL of bakery products by 3–9 days.

Bio-Factor Inspired Contemporary Agriculture-Horticulture with Innovative Researches and Ecosystem Transformation for Healthy Life Plausible Governance

While developing countries focused their endeavors on development of livelihood and sustainable food security, developed countries diverted their attention towards development of feel good and wellness. It is found that lot of satisfactory progresses had been made in agriculture and horticulture and forestry land uses as per land capability classes. This scientific persuasion brought considerable improvement in situations and with development of knowledge many innovative developments and constraints also emerged. This study inspired by bio factors “feel good and wellness” brought contemporary transformations of forestry land use in to Forestry- Horticulture, least liable to damage by climatic aberrations. Control of the Governance of countries remains its fast adaptations. This researchers’ theme, “Food is Medicine”, recommended intake of suitable fruits and nuts as mini snack after around 3h of meal of any kind of food menus, to regulate acidity in human animal and fish bio systems. These fruits and nuts needs’ will get easily accomplished by the innovative transformation, “Forestry Horticulture”, which will support accomplish fulfillment of livelihood need and food securities in countries world over. With this transformation nutrient and water management in forestry sector will naturally get revamped for building still better vegetation cover, raising efficiency of fruits and nuts bearing through integrated fostering of wild as well as honey bee pollinators. The bio-factor feel good and wellness will get accomplished under both developing as well as developing countries enable bringing development of healthy stress free life of all gentry facilitating plausible stable governances.

The Frontier Person and the Border: in Search of the Native (Southern Ukraine of the 18th and Early 19th Centuries)

The article explores the development of the frontier population’s daily practices along the officially established state borders. The Zaporozhian Cossacks were found amidst the endless Eurasian Steppe and closely interacted with the Turkic community. Since the very beginning, the frontier corporations have built their own lifestyle, which they associate with the freedom of choice and movement not limited either by religion, language, or social identity. The establishment of state borders as lines intended for separation and opposition actually emphasized the frontier population’s desire to look for common ground, to easily change religion, language, citizenship in order to preserve the native, which is associated with free life.

Memories as the Articulation of Being in Vladimir Besleaga’s Novels

This article analyzes the problem of recovering personal and cultural identity of the characters in Vladimir Besleaga's novels Zbor frânt (Broken Flight) and Viața și moartea nefericitului Filimon (The Life and Death of the Unfortunate Filimon). The main role in the journey of self-search belongs to the involuntary memory and intuition, which drive the protagonists through a series of events, the ones from the bitter, disturbing past, to finally discovering the magical dimension of childhood, revealing mysteries about one's own split up destiny. Memories and the anamnesis process represent, therefore, the divine act of restoring the primordial world, of uttering the being and resurrecting the mankurt to the conscious, free and full life. Beyond the hostile reality of the regime, both Isai and Filimon reveal unique experiences and feelings from the labyrinth of their own consciousness, which bring them closer to the essence of existence.

Suitability of pitaya fruit fermented by sourdough LAB strains for bread making: its impact on dough physicochemical, rheo-fermentation properties and antioxidant, antifungal and quality performance of bread

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of incorporating pitaya fruit fermented by antifungal LAB strains Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus at 1: 30 °C for 24h or 2: 31 °C for 19.5h as an ingredient with respect to bread making performance and bio-preservation effect. Underlying mechanisms related to gluten protein hydrolysis, starch hydrolysis, and yeast activity in dough were explored. The antioxidant activity, antifungal activity and bread making performance of the resulted breads were analyzed. Also, the antifungal phenolic acids in the breads were identified and quantified. Incorporation of fermented substrates in dough increased yeast activity and gas production capacity, but decreased gas retention capacity. This was attributed to increased dough acidity after incorporating fruit substrates. As a result, reducing sugar and free sulfhydryl (SH) groups increased in these doughs which indicated higher starch and gluten protein hydrolysis, respectively. However, SH groups increased at lower rate in presence of substrates fermented by L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus at condition 2 than 1. This could be due to improvement of gluten network as revealed by decreased α-helix (%) and increased β-turn (%) in secondary gluten structures in these doughs which subsequently resulted in more homogeneous microstructural properties than in presence of unfermented substrate compared to wheat dough. Subsequently, bread specific volume increased (6.6–20.0%) in presence of fermented substrates, especially fermented by L. plantarum at (2). Moreover, bread incorporated with fermented substrates (P. pentosaceus than L. plantarum at 1 than 2) had enhanced antioxidant activities, lower fungal growth rates based on challenge tests and mold free shelf life. Antifungal phenolic acids such as gallic acids, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid were only detected in bread incorporated with fruit substrates, and their total content higher in fermented substrates.

Heavy metals and microbiome are negligible drivers than mobile genetic elements in determining particle-attached and free-living resistomes in the Yellow River

Suspended particles in water can shelter both microorganisms and contaminants. However, the emerging pollutants antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in free-living (FL) or particle-attached (PA) bacteria in aquatic environments are less explored. In this study, we compared the free-living and particle-attached ARGs during four seasons in the Yellow River using high-throughput quantitative PCR techniques and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results demonstrated that both the free-living water and particles were dominated by tetracycline and beta-lactamase resistance genes. The PA-ARGs had a higher absolute abundance than FL-ARGs in the Yellow River, regardless of the season. Both PA-ARGs and FL-ARGs had the highest absolute abundance and diversity during winter. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were the dominant driver for both size-fractionated ARGs. However, the microbiome had less influence on PA-ARG profiles than the FL-ARG profiles, while the effects of the heavy metals on ARGs were negligible. The community assembly of both FL-ARG and PA-ARG can be explained by neutral processes. Several opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Escherichia coli) associated with human health exhibited a higher relative abundance in the particles than during a free-living lifestyle. Parts of these pathogens were potential ARG hosts. As such, it is important to monitor the ARGs and opportunistic pathogens from size-fractionated bacteria and develop targeted strategies to manage ARG dissemination and opportunistic pathogens to ensure public health.

Diabetes free life expectancy and years of life lost associated with type 2 diabetes: projected trends in Germany between 2015 and 2040

BackgroundType 2 diabetes (T2D) causes substantial disease burden and is projected to affect an increasing number of people in coming decades. This study provides projected estimates of life years free of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and years of life lost ({mathrm{YLL}}) associated with T2D for Germany in the years 2015 and 2040.MethodsBased on an illness-death model and the associated mathematical relation between prevalence, incidence and mortality, we projected the prevalence of diagnosed T2D using currently available data on the incidence rate of diagnosed T2D and mortality rates of people with and without diagnosed T2D. Projection of prevalence was achieved by integration of a partial differential equation, which governs the illness-death model. These projected parameters were used as input values to calculate life years free of T2D and {mathrm{YLL}} associated with T2D for the German population aged 40 to 100 years in the years 2015 and 2040, while accounting for different assumptions on future trends in T2D incidence and mortality.ResultsAssuming a constant incidence rate, women and men at age 40 years in 2015 will live approximately 38 years and 33 years free of T2D, respectively. Up to the year 2040, these numbers are projected to increase by 1.0 years and 1.3 years. Assuming a decrease in T2D-associated excess mortality of 2% per year, women and men aged 40 years with T2D in 2015 will be expected to lose 1.6 and 2.7 years of life, respectively, compared to a same aged person without T2D. In 2040, these numbers would reduce by approximately 0.9 years and 1.6 years. This translates to 10.8 million and 6.4 million {mathrm{YLL}} in the German population aged 40–100 years with prevalent T2D in 2015 and 2040, respectively.ConclusionsGiven expected trends in mortality and no increase in T2D incidence, the burden due to premature mortality associated with T2D will decrease on the individual as well as on the population level. In addition, the expected lifetime without T2D is likely to increase. However, these trends strongly depend on future improvements of excess mortality associated with T2D and future incidence of T2D, which should motivate increased efforts of primary and tertiary prevention.

Spatially resolved assembly, connectivity and structure of particle-associated and free-living bacterial communities in a high Arctic fjord.

ABSTRACTThe assembly processes that underlie the composition and connectivity of free-living (FL) and particle-associated (PA) bacterial communities from surface to deep waters remain little understood. Here, using phylogenetic null modeling, we quantify the relative influence of selective and stochastic mechanisms that assemble FL and PA bacterial communities throughout the water column in a high Arctic fjord. We demonstrate that assembly processes acting on FL and PA bacterial communities are similar in surface waters, but become increasingly distinct in deep waters. As depth increases, the relative influence of homogeneous selection increases for FL but decreases for PA communities. In addition, dispersal limitation and variable selection increase with depth for PA, but not for FL communities, indicating increased residence time of taxa on particles and less frequent decolonization. As a consequence, beta diversity of PA communities is greater in bottom than in surface waters. The limited connectivity between these communities with increasing depth leads to highly distinct FL and PA bacterial communities in bottom waters. Finally, depth-related trends for FL and PA beta diversity and connectivity in this study are consistent with previous observations in the open ocean, suggesting that assembly processes for FL and PA bacterial communities may also be distinct in other aquatic environments.

An intelligent travel technology assessment model for destination impacts of tourist adoption

As intelligent travel technology creates a business trend to support the travel and tourism industry, it is necessary to create a complete model to assess the users in terms of continuous user acceptance and destination impacts which are Competitiveness, Loyalty, and Sustainability with entire stakeholders (travellers, service providers, and destinations). The proposed conceptual model is formulated based on four studies: A Plenary Free Individual Traveler Life Cycle, IS Success, IS Continuance, and Destination Impacts of Travel and Tourism. The sample and data collections were done through the online questionnaire and survey via social media platforms such as Facebook and Line with individuals who have used intelligent personal assistants such as Google Assistant, Apple Siri, Microsoft Cortana, Amazon Alexa, and Samsung Bixby for travel and tourism. 400 respondents were analyzed with descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using the measurement model and the structural model by PASW Statistics and SmartPLS.

S1899 A Rare Case of a Primary Colonic Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma in a Pediatric Patient

Introduction: Soft tissue sarcomas are a group of malignant tumors originating from primitive mesenchymal tissue. Rhabdomyosarcomas account for 4% of these tumors while the remaining types account for 3% of these tumors in children. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is one of the many types of non-rhabdomyosarcoma malignancies and accounts for 2-6% of all childhood soft tissue sarcomas. They most commonly arise in the extremities. We present a pediatric patient with an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma arising from the cecum. Case description/methods: A 12-year-old girl with a past medical history of obesity presented with intermittent abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and vomiting over a 4–5 month period. She was taking naproxen daily for the abdominal pain. She was also found to have iron deficiency anemia and anemia with a hemoglobin of 5.3 gm/dl. EGD was unremarkable but colonoscopy revealed a 7 cm fungating non-obstructing large mass in the cecum as well as 2 five mm pedunculated polyps in the rectum. Imaging revealed peri-colonic, mesenteric, and mediastinal lymph nodes as well as a 1.2 cm solid nodule in the left lower lobe. Then she underwent surgery revealing a colo-colonic intussusception and a right hemicolectomy for the malignancy. Later on, the patient had a video assisted thoracoscopic surgery with wedge resection of the pulmonary nodule. Colonic pathology revealed an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma while lung pathology revealed histoplasmosis. Discussion: While rare pediatric malignancies such as this have a scarcity of literature presented, this appears to be the first reported case of an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma arising from the cecum in a pediatric patient. Patients commonly present in the second decade of life with a painless mass but since this patient’s mass is in the intestines, it went undetected until it grew quite large ( > 7 cm). She did have typical symptoms of gastrointestinal malignancy such as vague abdominal pain, weight loss, bowel habit changes, and iron deficiency anemia but a malignancy is oftentimes lower on the differential for the pediatric age group. At the time of diagnosis, it is important perform staging via imaging including CT/MRI and PET. In our patient, when found, it had already metastasized to distant lymph nodes. Surgical resection of local disease can possibly lead to a relapse free life and possibly a cure but oftentimes adjuvant chemotherapy is also needed if there is metastasis.Figure 1.: A and B: Colonoscopy revealed a fungating non-obstructing, non-circumferential large mass in the cecum. The mass measured seven cm in length and 5 mm in diameter.

Recent advances in environmental DNA‐based biodiversity assessment and conservation

Recent advances in environmental DNA‐based biodiversity assessment and conservation

Biosorption of Malachite Green by Dry Cells of Isolated Free Living Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

Contamination of water with Malachite green (MG) may threaten aquatic and human life. Nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter sp. is an efficient adsorbent for the removal of MG from dye solutions. The optimum pH for the biosorption process was determined. The maximum adsorption capacity and the effect of different adsorbate concentrations were detected. The kinetics and isotherm models for biosorption were constructed. Optimum adsorption of MG by Azotobacter sp. was obtained at pH 6.0, biomass concentration was 0.05%, initial dye concentration was 50 mg.L-1, and contact time was 600 mins. Dye adsorption exhibited an increase with contact time and initial malachite green concentration. The kinetics of the adsorption process was best followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model which confirms the chemisorption process. The adsorption equilibrium data fit well to the Langmuir model indicating a monolayer adsorption behavior onto a surface of Azotobacter sp. with a finite number of active sites. Maximum biosorption capacity was found to be 142.8 mg.g-1 of bacterial biomass. The dry biomass of Azotobacter sp. has proved to be an efficient biosorbent for the removal of synthetic dyes from actual industrial effluent that is contaminated with up to 400 mg.L-1 dye concentration.

A Qualitative Study to Assess the Psychosocial Stressors among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients under Hemodialysis in Selected Dialysis Unit, New Delhi

Patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often have to suffer physical, psychological, social and financial problems and undertake a lot of stress and challenge while carrying themselves with the disease. Therefore, in order to understand the lived experiences and stressors faced by CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis, a qualitative study was conducted to assess the psychosocial stressors among CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis under 4 domains: Physical, Psychological Social and Financial. The research questions assessed were: How the disease condition and treatment regimen affected your physical well being? What are the psychological experiences faced by you as a patient of CKD under hemodialysis? How the disease condition and treatment regime affected your social life? How the disease condition and treatment regimen affected your financial status? Methods: A Qualitative approach with phenomenological design was implemented. Participants were selected through purposive sampling technique and data was collected using semi-structured in-depth interview schedule. Result and Conclusion: Data was analyzed using thematic analysis and subsequent themes, subthemes and categories emerged, which were: Physical struggles, Lack of knowledge of disease condition, Disturbed family life, Distorted personal life, psychological break down, Fear and anxiety, Anger and frustration, social isolation, financial burden. The participants expressed fear of death and hospital re-admission related to deterioration disease condition. Anger and frustration related to restricted food and fluid intake. The major stressors they confronted that is financial burden, disturbed personal life and distorted occupational life and low social support. The participants in this study had limited resources at hand, including treatment modalities, either hemodialysis or kidney transplantation. Patients with CKD experiences considerable levels of stressors which has direct and indirect impact not only their lives as well as to their family life. Thus, it showed that patient with CKD not leading good quality of life, everyday they face new challenges for spending trouble free life.

POTRET KEHIDUPAN KOMUNITAS PUNK (STUDI KASUS ANAK PUNK DI LAPANGAN SAMBER KOTA METRO)

The research objective: The portrait of the life of the punk community (a case study of punk children in the samber field of Metro City) is to describe the family, socio-cultural and religious life of the punk community in the samber field of Metro city. This research is a qualitative study using a descriptive approach as the main frame of mind. In this study, observation, interviews and documentation as data collection methods. The informants of this research were punk kids who were in the samber field in Metro city. The results of the research, researchers found that there were characteristics of punk children from the community in the samber field when viewed from the way they appeared. Nan not all punk kids in the samber field understand the symbols of the clothes and appearance symbols they use. The punk kid who was in the samber field in Metro City was also from outside the Metro. The motivation for children to enter the punk community is to seek a free life without being regulated by inherent norms and restrain individuals. In addition, there are also those who join the punk community because of the condition of a broken home family, The role of the family is very important in shaping a child's personality. Then the socio-cultural conditions and the condition of a superficial understanding of religion in a person can also influence it.

WOMEN & EQUALITY IN WESTERN ODISHA: THE GROUND REALITY.

The 21 century is well-known for its advancement and development in every aspect.Similarly it cannot be ignored that st everywhere one strong belief has been established that women are equal with men. No doubt women are being empowered and have proven themselves in the higher position in different sectors. There are provisions for the promotion and protection of women's rights in UDHR, several international covenants, Indian constitution, and in the various schemes enunciated by the state government at the local or grass root level too. But in real world, are women actually treated equally with men in every field? Whether the legal provisions are been actually practiced? Are they leading a free and independent life as their counterparts? Are they enjoying equality with their men folk? Are these legal provisions really helping them? All the above questions remained unanswered. In this regard this paper analyses the provisions guaranteed by the Indian constitution providing equality both for men and women i.e.Right to equality with its ground reality.To answer the above questions it discusses the current status and position of women in western Odisha.

Challenges to Mobile Banking Adaptation in COVID-19 Pandemic

We contribute to the identification of challenges of using mobile financial services focusing on COVID-19 pandemic by extending Technology acceptance model. The pandemic has caused significant shifts in online transactions that will influence individuals, organizations, communities, and nations. In this paper, we will apply partial least square method to explore challenges of mobile banking adoption in crisis situation which people consider in mobile financial transactions. The challenges include perceive risk, perceive privacy, cost, privacy, and customer satisfaction. Perceived risk and perceived privacy also result in perceived security of customer information but quality of mobile banking services and perceived capability have positive impact on customer satisfaction to mobile banking services. Our results, in line with mobile banking literature, show that users are confronting challenges in using mobile financial services though they want to conduct banking staying at home and ensure health safety. In particular, people want to get a stress free life that is being hit by the pandemic itself. Indeed, these challenges were vulnerable before crisis and still exist. Investment to enhance integrity, transparency, and communication can help to eliminate the challenges of using mobile financial services and enhance the well-being of users.

Inadequate Fluid Intake In Free Living Fluid Consumption College Students

PURPOSE: The prevalence of hypohydrated children has been reported as 54.5%, with males more hypohydrated. Hydration status and fluid drinking habits of college-aged students are unclear. Also, it is uncertain if sex differences continue into young adulthood. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to analyze hydration status in college-aged students and to identify sex differences. METHODS: First morning body mass, urine and thirst levels were collected in 21 males (age = 21 ± 1 y, body mass = 78.7 ± 14.6 kg) and 22 females (age = 20 ± 1 y, body mass = 65.4 ± 12.6 kg) over 10 days. Subjects were euhydrated (urine specific gravity [USG]: <1.020) for the first 3 days, followed by free-living fluid consumption the remaining 7. First morning percent body mass Loss (%BML), thirst, USG, urine osmolality (Uosmo) and urine color (Ucolor) were analyzed between the 3 day baseline average and 7 day free-living average. 2 x 2 (sex x time) repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc paired t-tests were used, with alpha set at 0.05. A Venn diagram introduced by Cheuvront et al determined daily hydration status during free-living condition. Dehydration parameters were defined as %BML >1%, Ucolor > 5 and thirst >4. Two markers present indicated fluid intake was considered “likely inadequate,” and three markers indicated “very likely inadequate.” RESULTS: Time difference (Baseline to Free-Living Mean ± SD, p-value) between the euhydrated baseline and free-living days for USG (1.013 ± 0.005 to 1.018 ± 0.004, 0.001), Uosmo (405 ± 114 to 660 ± 179, 0.001) and Ucolor (3 ± 1 to 5 ± 1, 0.001) was found, but not for %BML (-0.07 ± 0.18 to -0.33 ± 0.81, 0.108) or thirst (5 ± 1 to 5.5 ± 1-0.2, 0.55). No sex differences for any hydration measure were found. Based on the Venn criteria, regardless of sex, fluid intake was likely inadequate 38.9%, and very likely inadequate 6.1% of the time. CONCLUSIONS: For this sample, regardless of sex, there were differences for all hydration markers except %BML and thirst when comparing the euhydrated baseline to 7 days of free-living. However, there were no differences in hydration markers based on sex. Finally, fluid needs were considered likely inadequate 38.9%, and very likely inadequate 6.1% of the time. This is important to consider as inadequate hydration state may negatively impact overall health and mental acuity, regardless of sex.

The Personality Of Ayyas In Bumi Cinta Novel By Habiburrahman El-Shirazy

This research aimed to find out the Personality of Ayyas in Bumi Cinta novel by Habiburrahman El Shirazy. The method applied in this research was qualitative method. The object of this research was the personality of Ayyas’ character in Bumi Cinta novel by Habiburrahman El Shirazy through psychology review. The technique used in collecting the data was library research. The process of data analysis was data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing. The result of this study was found out that the personality of Ayyas was more dominant influenced by the superego. Based on the result of the study, it could be concluded that the personality of Ayyas influenced by the superego seems when Ayyas defended himself in the sanctity and his faith in the midst of the storms of free life country, having a firm belief and faith to God, Ayyas remained confident and believe in the grace of God to His people. Although there were some people who did not acknowledge the existence of God, Ayyas was always cling to the obligations of religion, implementing everything that God approves, and stay away from all His prohibitions, and reluctant to commit sin and sinners, willing to sacrifice for the sake of religion and give helping.

The Personality Of Ayyas In Bumi Cinta Novel By Habiburrahman El-Shirazy

This research aimed to find out the Personality of Ayyas in Bumi Cinta novel by Habiburrahman El Shirazy. The method applied in this research was qualitative method. The object of this research was the personality of Ayyas’ character in Bumi Cinta novel by Habiburrahman El Shirazy through psychology review. The technique used in collecting the data was library research. The process of data analysis was data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing. The result of this study was found out that the personality of Ayyas was more dominant influenced by the superego. Based on the result of the study, it could be concluded that the personality of Ayyas influenced by the superego seems when Ayyas defended himself in the sanctity and his faith in the midst of the storms of free life country, having a firm belief and faith to God, Ayyas remained confident and believe in the grace of God to His people. Although there were some people who did not acknowledge the existence of God, Ayyas was always cling to the obligations of religion, implementing everything that God approves, and stay away from all His prohibitions, and reluctant to commit sin and sinners, willing to sacrifice for the sake of religion and give helping.

A study of the utilization of community meeting as an interactive strategy in substance abuse management

In a treatment facility in Nigeria community meeting has been an effective strategy in substance abuse management for identifying and addressing motivation in the treatment, insight and judgment, self-esteem, psychotic symptoms, readiness for treatment etc. The components of community meeting significantly facilitate effective transition in stages of change. This research utilised information from various meetings, individual interviews and Focus Group Discussion. The study also obtained information about substance use from files of 211 participants previously admitted from 2014 – 2020, descriptive statistics using SPSS version 20 was utilized in the analysis. The analysis show that male were predominant at 91.9% with a mean of 1.08, 24.6% primary substance of abuse is alcohol and the most common substance abused at 29%. Clients admitted with psychotic symptoms were 47.9% and 29% common problematic substance is cannabis and 65% of them are within the ages of 21-30 years, while 45% of them have used other psychoactive substances like opioids and cocaine. The qualitative study reveals that all the components of community meeting significantly contributed positively in the management of clients. Consequently, community meeting gives people experiencing addiction the opportunity to self-examine, express, and adapt to techniques of living a substance free life effectively. This gathering allows all categories of clients interact freely and respectfully given way to teaching, learning and mentoring. The researchers therefore, suggest that though substance abuse problems may not vary, however, the approach to addressing this problem should be tailored in a ways that reflects the people and their culture.