Free-access System Research Articles

Prediction of the occurrence of leprosy reactions based on Bayesian networks.

Leprosy reactions (LR) are severe episodes of intense activation of the host inflammatory response of uncertain etiology, today the leading cause of permanent nerve damage in leprosy patients. Several genetic and non-genetic risk factors for LR have been described; however, there are limited attempts to combine this information to estimate the risk of a leprosy patient developing LR. Here we present an artificial intelligence (AI)-based system that can assess LR risk using clinical, demographic, and genetic data. The study includes four datasets from different regions of Brazil, totalizing 1,450 leprosy patients followed prospectively for at least 2 years to assess the occurrence of LR. Data mining using WEKA software was performed following a two-step protocol to select the variables included in the AI system, based on Bayesian Networks, and developed using the NETICA software. Analysis of the complete database resulted in a system able to estimate LR risk with 82.7% accuracy, 79.3% sensitivity, and 86.2% specificity. When using only databases for which host genetic information associated with LR was included, the performance increased to 87.7% accuracy, 85.7% sensitivity, and 89.4% specificity. We produced an easy-to-use, online, free-access system that identifies leprosy patients at risk of developing LR. Risk assessment of LR for individual patients may detect candidates for close monitoring, with a potentially positive impact on the prevention of permanent disabilities, the quality of life of the patients, and upon leprosy control programs.

The principle of free access and reuse of information

The right to information is one of the basic and important human rights, as it contributes to strengthening democracy, exercising oversight, achieving transparency and participating in decision-making. The principle of free access and reuse of information came in implementation of the right to obtain information, and this reinforced the great desire of researchers and specialists to publish research and scientific articles, and make them available to those who wish to obtain them easily and without any restrictions, and benefit from them in supporting and revitalizing scientific research, and spreading science and culture This research seeks, by looking at a group of research and articles published on the Internet, and their extrapolation, study and analysis, to reveal the system and method of free access to information, the method of reusing it, knowledge of its aspects and mechanisms, the importance that the international community attaches to its guarantee and protection, and the enrichment of the Arab Library with research and articles. Scientific reveals the system of free access to information, and the method of re-use. Where the research aims to know the principle of free access and reuse of information and its importance, and its methods represented in the golden and green ways, and its mechanisms, and to know the positive aspects in it and the obstacles that restrict it, and the legal guarantees that regulate and guarantee it, and to know the extent to which some countries apply this principle. The research concluded that the principle of free access is a fundamental pillar in the development of scientific activity in all areas of life. And that the application of the principle of reusing information further strengthened democracy, transparency and accountability, combating corruption, spreading awareness and knowledge, and actively participating in oversight and decision-making. The Internet has facilitated the application of the principle of free access to information and its reuse, as it has provided scientific institutions, researchers, students and readers with permanent and continuous communication through scientific electronic platforms and social networking sites. The initiatives, guarantees and laws issued by the international community had a significant impact on the development of the free access system and keeping pace with modern technical developments. The research calls on international organizations and government agencies to support development programs and reduce the digital divide between developing and developed countries, and assist them in developing their infrastructure, as well as inviting civil society institutions and government agencies to conduct training programs aimed at raising awareness and spreading a culture of human rights, and introducing ways and mechanisms of free access to re- Use of information.

Do patients bypass primary care for common health problems under a free-access system? Experience of Taiwan

BackgroundA common challenge for free-access systems is that people may bypass primary care and seek secondary care through self-referral. Taiwan’s government has undertaken various initiatives to mitigate bypass; however, little is known about whether the bypass trend has decreased over time. This study examined the extent to which patients bypass primary care for treatment of common diseases and factors associated with bypass under Taiwan’s free-access system.MethodsThis repeated cross-sectional study analyzed data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. A random sample of 1 million enrollees was drawn repeatedly from the insured population during 2000–2017. To capture visits beyond the community level, the bypass rate was defined as the proportion of self-referred visits to the top two levels of providers, namely academic medical centers and regional hospitals, among all visits to all providers. Subgroup analyses were conducted for visits with a single diagnosis. Logistic regressions were used to investigate factors associated with bypass.ResultsThe standardized bypass rate for all diseases analyzed exhibited a decreasing trend. In 2017, it was low for common cold (0.7–1.3%), moderate for hypertension (14.0–29.5%), but still high for diabetes (32.0–47.0%). Moreover, the likelihood of bypass was higher for male, patients with higher salaries or comorbidities, and in areas with more physicians practicing in large hospitals or less physicians working in primary care facilities.ConclusionsAlthough the bypass trend has decreased over time, continuing efforts may be required to reduce bypass associated with chronic diseases. Both patient sociodemographic and market characteristics were associated with the likelihood of bypass. These results may help policymakers to develop strategies to mitigate bypass.

Why this clinic now? A context-sensitive aspect of accounting for visits.

In presenting problems in medical consultations, patients face the task of justifying their visit to the doctor. Previous studies have shown that patients establish the legitimacy of their visit by characterizing their problem as "doctorable" and presenting themselves as reasonable patients (Halkowski, 2006; Heritage and Robinson, 2006). This study explores a context-sensitive aspect of this justification issue by analyzing patients' first visits to a department of general medicine under the Japanese "free access" system. Patients are shown to present their problem in a way that conveys its relevance to the particular medical setting: they characterize their problem as suitable for relatively high-level medical care or as not easily falling under other specialties. The patient's problem's relevance to the setting is treated as normative in that participants take measures to remedy the possible mismatch between the problem and the setting. The institutional arrangement of the Japanese free access system is "talked into being" as a relevant context for the consultations through the practices participants use to establish the legitimacy of their visits.

Monitoring and Internet connectivity system for small farms in remote and hard to reach regions

The purpose of this publication is to present the existing telecommunication connectivity problems of small and medium-sized farmers located in remote and hard to reach mountainous regions. The results relate to the development of an open hardware and software system for automated monitoring and determination of local meteorological forecasts for use by small and medium-sized farmers located in remote and hard to reach mountain regions. The contributions of this work are the in-depth analysis and the recommendations developed on the basis of this analysis. The developed system is part of a project concerning the construction and development of free internet access and monitoring systems in remote farms and in the mountainous regions of the country.

Research evidence is essential for the development of family medicine as a discipline in the Japanese healthcare system

Japan is facing an extraordinary rapid ageing rate: approximately 40% of people will be ≥65 years of age in 2060.1 The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) have highlighted the importance of primary care physicians for coping with the ageing population and reducing healthcare expenditure.2 However, a range of stakeholders such as MHLW and the Japan Medical Association (JMA) have been debating the necessity of family medicine as a medical discipline in the Japanese healthcare system. We examined the necessity of family medicine based on the existing discussion in the Japanese healthcare system and propose future research in this area. The main characteristics of the healthcare system in Japan are universal health insurance and a free-access system, whereby patients are free to choose any healthcare facility, regardless of their insurance status or severity of illness.3 All residents of Japan including foreign nationals with a residence card are required by law to be enrolled in a health insurance programme.4 The free-access system allows patients to visit a hospital directly without referral from a family physician.3 Although the Japanese healthcare system has achieved better healthcare outcomes, such as long …

ECTOPARASITE SPECIES COMPOSITION AND SEASONAL DYNAMICS IN DOMESTIC FOWL IN THE KRASNODAR KRAI

One of the topical veterinary problems is infestation of domesticated chickens with ectoparasites. Permanent and temporary ectoparasites are vectors and reservoirs of more than 100 poultry infectious disease agents; they cause outbreaks of contagious diseases, thus decreasing performance and increasing economic losses. The results of ectoparasite fauna study in domesticated chickens in private backyards of the Krasnodar Krai are given. The research was carried out in 2017–2018 in 600 chickens of different breeds and ages in four settlements: Gorkhutor (250 chickens), Industrialny (150), Yuzhny (100) and Svyazist (100). The results of the analysis demonstrated that chickens were infested with the following ectoparasite species: shaft louse Menopon gallinae with the highest invasion extensity of 100% and average invasion intensity of 18.6 parasites; poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (55.7%) with average invasion intensity of 12.5 parasites; two species of scaly leg mites – Knemidocoptes mutans (17.7%) with average invasion intensity of 39.4 parasites; and Knemidocoptes gallinae (17.7%) with average invasion intensity of 35 parasites. Seasonal dynamics of fowl infestation with ectoparasites showed that shaft louse Menopon gallinae was found in spring, summer and autumn on all farms. Mites Dermanyssus gallinae were found more often in spring with maximum invasion extensity of 74.4%. The prevalence of scaly leg mites Knemidocoptes mutans and Knemidocoptes gallinae was as high as 76%. The results of the tests indicate that infestation of domesticated chickens with different species of ectoparasitres can be linked with bad hygiene practice and free access system, creating favourable and stable environment for them. That is why it is necessary to use scientifcally justifed control measures, involving modern insecticides and tools.

Gatekeeping function of primary care physicians under Japan's free-access system: a prospective open cohort study involving 14 isolated islands.

BackgroundGatekeeping is important for strong primary care and cost containment. Under Japan’s free-access system, patients can access any medical institution without referral, which makes it difficult to evaluate the gatekeeping function of primary care physicians (PCPs).ObjectivesTo examine the gatekeeping function of PCPs in Japan, we compared the frequencies of visits to primary care clinics, referrals to advanced care and hospitalizations between 14 remote islands and a nationwide survey.MethodsThis study was a prospective, open cohort study involving 14 isolated islands (12 238 inhabitants) in Okinawa, Japan. Participants were all patients who visited the clinics on these islands in 1 year. Main outcome measures were the incidence of on-island clinic visits and referrals to off-island advanced care.ResultsThere were 54 741 visits to the islands’ clinics with 2045 referrals to off-island medical facilities, including 549 visits to emergency departments and 705 hospitalizations. The age- and sex-standardized incidences of healthcare use per 1000 inhabitants per month were: 360.0 (95% confidence interval: 359.9 to 360.1) visits to primary care clinics, 11.6 (11.0 to 12.2) referrals to off-island hospital-based outpatient clinics, 3.3 (2.8 to 5.2) visits to emergency departments and 4.2 (3.1 to 5.2) hospitalizations. Comparison with the nationwide survey revealed a lower incidence of visits to hospital-based outpatient clinics in this study, while more patients had visited PCPs.ConclusionsThe lower incidence of visits to secondary care facilities in this study might suggest that introduction of a gatekeeping system to Japan would reduce the incidence of referral to advanced care.

Urban land cover and land use classification of an informal settlement area using the open-source knowledge-based system InterIMAGE

This study uses the InterIMAGE system and imagery from the QuickBird sensor for land cover and land use classification at two test sites with informal settlements in the metropolis of São Paulo, Brazil. InterIMAGE is an open source and free access system for knowledge-based image classification. Within InterIMAGE human knowledge is represented as a semantic net and by user-defined rules based on the paradigms of object-oriented image analysis. In the land cover classification step, a genetic algorithm was used for determining appropriate segmentation parameters. For the description of the land cover classes in terms of features and thresholds, a strategy combining machine learning algorithms and a semantic net was elaborated. Based on the land cover classifications, the land use classifications were carried out considering the urban blocks of the test sites as the analysis units. Customized features related to the composition and geometrical structures of the land cover objects within these blocks were used for the description of the land use classes. The proposed methodology has been shown to be efficient for the automatic mapping of the land cover and land use in complex urban areas. The land cover classifications achieved overall accuracies above 70 percent and Kappa indexes above 0.65. Referring to the land use classifications, overall accuracies above 87 percent and Kappa indexes above 0.71 were obtained. This study has explored the main functionalities of the InterIMAGE system, presenting its potential for object-based and knowledge-based image classification.

Which Allocation System Is More Effective in Getting a Commodity to Those Who Need It Most?

This study extends Weitzman's analysis of alternative systems for allocating a commodity. Two systems are compared with Weitzman's price and rationing systems: free access and price controlled. Performance is measured using Weitzman's criterion of effectiveness in meeting needs, which is the quadratic loss between actual allocations and needs. Although the goal behind free access may be to help meet needs better, the price system's effectiveness may exceed the free access system's. Effectiveness under quadratic-loss minimizing price controls always exceeds that of the price system.

Share Systems and Unemployment: A Theoretical Analysis.

Part 1: A historical precedent - sharecropping. Part 2 Basic models: alternative sharing schemes revenue sharing team piece rate sliding scale a wage-fund system. Part 3 The free access system. Part 4 The demand for capital in the share economy: excess demand for factors in long-run equilibrium the demand for capital with fixed compensation parameters. Part 5 Wage bargaining in the share economy: employment-restraining agreements under revenue sharing revenue sharing in an insider-outsider model revenue sharing in a monopoly union model. Part 6 Efficiency eages in the share economy: the supply of effort in a share system profit maximisation efficiency wage and the demand for labour market equilibrium and comparative statics gains and losses from revenue sharing. Part 7 Risk sharing in the share economy: privately superior wage contracts privately superior share contracts. Part 8 A discriminating share system: Meade's blueprint the DLCP at work-problems and complications system stability and property rights.

Inequities in access to and use of shared resources in social dilemmas.

In this study we investigated the effects of inequities in access to and use of shared resources on harvest decisions and preferences for structural change in resource dilemmas. Subjects, in groups of six, harvested resource units from a common, replenishable resource pool over 10 trials. Following the harvest trials, subjects were asked to vote on how to conduct the second session. The variables in this 2x2x2 factorial design were (a) access to the resource pool, (b) perceived resource use, and (c) perceived inequity (variance) in other group members' harvests. The hypothesis was that highvariance subjects, when placed in a situation where harvest inequities could be attributed to structural features of the free-access system (i.e., access differences), would demonstrate a stronger preference for equality-restoring decision structures than would low-variance subjects. The results offered little support for this prediction overall; the variance manipulation had the predicted effect only among high-access subjects in the overuse condition. As expected, the access and use variables had independent effects on preferences for structural change. Harvest decisions were mediated by the three design variables in the manner predicted by a three-factor model which assumes that harvest size will be governed by self-interest, a desire to use the common resource responsibly, and conformity to implicit group norms.

Environment, Subsistence and System: The Ecology of Small‐Scale Social Formations. ROY ELLEN

American EthnologistVolume 11, Issue 3 p. 601-602 Free Access Environment, Subsistence and System: The Ecology of Small-Scale Social Formations. ROY ELLEN JOHN TERRELL, JOHN TERRELL Field Museum of Natural HistorySearch for more papers by this author JOHN TERRELL, JOHN TERRELL Field Museum of Natural HistorySearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1984 https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1984.11.3.02a00210AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume11, Issue3August 1984Pages 601-602 RelatedInformation

Circuits and systems

AnaesthesiaVolume 35, Issue 1 p. 72-72 Free Access Circuits and systems The Editor replies First published: January 1980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb03734.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume35, Issue1January 1980Pages 72-72 RelatedInformation

: Automatic Artifact Registration and Systems for Archaeological Analysis with the Philips P1100 computer: A Mesolithic Test Case . R. R. Newell, A. P. J. Vroomans.

American AnthropologistVolume 76, Issue 3 p. 662-663 Free Access Automatic Artifact Registration and Systems for Archaeological Analysis with the Philips P1100 Computer: A Mesolithic Test Case. R. R. NEWELL and A. P. J. VROOMANS WILLIAM H. MARQUARDT, WILLIAM H. MARQUARDT Washington UniversitySearch for more papers by this author WILLIAM H. MARQUARDT, WILLIAM H. MARQUARDT Washington UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1974 https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1974.76.3.02a00780AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume76, Issue3September 1974Pages 662-663 RelatedInformation

System Handling of Functional Operators

article Free AccessSystem Handling of Functional Operators Author: Lionello Lombardi University of California at Los Angeles, California University of California at Los Angeles, CaliforniaView Profile Authors Info & Claims Journal of the ACMVolume 8Issue 2April 1961 pp 168–185https://doi.org/10.1145/321062.321066Published:01 April 1961Publication History 8citation323DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations8Total Downloads323Last 12 Months13Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF