Palm Oil Fractions Research Articles

Intake of Palm Olein and Lipid Status in Healthy Adults: A Meta-Analysis

It is not clear whether a saturated fatty acid-rich palm olein diet has any significant adverse effect on established surrogate lipid markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We reviewed the effect of palm olein with other oils on serum lipid in healthy adults. We searched in MEDLINE and CENTRAL: Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1975 to January 2018 for randomized controlled trials of ≥2 wk intervention that compared the effects of palm olein (the liquid fraction of palm oil) with other oils such as coconut oil, lard, canola oil, high-oleic sunflower oil, olive oil, peanut oil, and soybean oil on changes in serum lipids. Nine studies were eligible and were included, with a total of 533 and 542 subjects on palm olein and other dietary oil diets, respectively. We extracted and compared all the data for serum lipids, such as total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and TC/HDL cholesterol ratio. When comparing palm olein with other dietary oils, the overall weighted mean differences for TC, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and the TC/HDL cholesterol ratio were -0.10 (95% CI: -0.30, 0.10; P=0.34), -0.06 (95% CI: -0.29,0.16; P=0.59), 0.02 (95% CI: -0.01, 0.04; P=0.20), 0.01 (95% CI: -0.05, 0.06; P=0.85), and -0.15 (95% CI: -0.43, 0.14; P=0.32), respectively. Overall, there are no significant differences in the effects of palm olein intake on lipoprotein biomarkers (P>0.05) compared with other dietary oils. However, dietary palm olein was found to have effects comparable to those of other unsaturated dietary oils (monounsaturated fatty acid- and polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich oils) but differed from that of saturated fatty acid-rich oils with respect to the serum lipid profile in healthy adults.

Attenuation of Oxidative Enzymes Induction in Palm Oil Fractions Pre-treated Cadmium Intoxicated Rats

Attenuation of Oxidative Enzymes Induction in Palm Oil Fractions Pre-treated Cadmium Intoxicated Rats

VALUE CHAIN PALM OIL INDUSTRY ANALYSIS ON THE POLYOL POLYESTER PATHWAY

Palm oil is one of important Indonesia's export commodities. In 2017, the export value of palm oil and its derivatives (excluding oleochemicals and biodiesel) penetrated US $ 22.97 billion. The bright prospect of the palm oil commodity in the world vegetable oil trade encouraged the Indonesian government to develop an integrated palm oil industry. On the other hand, some downstream petrochemical products have begun to experience difficulties in raw materials, including Polyurethane. Polyurethane is a polymeric material from polyols and isocyanates which are widely used as packaging. Polyol itself is a polyether produced from the petroleum fraction. The polyol industry can be developed in the industrial tree branch of glycerol / glycerin in the large palm oil industry tree. Glycerin is generally the most end product of the palm oil fractionation industry, after cooking oil, margarine, shortening, and soap. In addition, glycerin is also a by-product of fatty acid esterification during biodiesel production. The value chain analysis carried out in the palm oil industry chain shows that polyol production has added new pathways that can extend the palm oil downstream industry chain. Analysis carried out on the main chain and the combined oil palm industry chain has been successfully used to map the polyol industry value chain on the palm oil track. The extension of the palm oil industry value chain on the polyol industry pathway can unite the industry with the chain of production of the petrochemical industry, in this case polyurethane, which at least can help substitute raw materials. A more detailed analysis of the perceptions of the role of the polyol industry in two directions, namely the palm oil industry chain with the polyurethane industry shows that there is a very large intersection of interests. Almost all perceptions of the role of key value chain activities in the polyurethane industry can be covered by the role of the value chain main activities in the palm oil polyol industry. Both value chains can be said to complement and complement each other. The production of polyester polyols can be absorbed by the needs of the polyurethane industry.

Effects of feeding unprocessed oilseeds on methane emission, nitrogen utilization efficiency and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows

Lipid supplementation can decrease enteric methane emission and affect nutrient utilization in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of unprocessed oilseeds on methane emissions, nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein Friesian cows (75.4 ± 15.9 days in milk) were randomly allocated to treatments in a double 4 × 4 Latin square with 4 periods (22 d for adaptation and 6 d for measurements in digestion units). Treatments formulated on an isonitrogenous and equal ether extract content were: 1) Prilled fat consisting of a mixture of FA from fractionated palm oil (PFA; 3.5% of diet DM), 2) Rapeseed (RPS; 6.9% of diet DM), 3) Cottonseed (CTS; 18.4% of diet DM), and 4) Linseed (LNS; 7.5% of diet DM). Oilseeds were fed without processing. Diets contained varying amounts of corn silage (26 to 27% of diet DM), grass silage (23 to 37% of diet DM), and concentrate (37 to 50% of diet DM), plus the allocated lipid source treatment. Diets were formulated to provide an ether extract level of 6% of diet DM. Methane emissions were measured using the SF6 technique. The RPS diet increased dry matter intake (DMI) compared to the other treatments. The CTS diet decreased methane production (g/d) and yield (g/kg of DMI) compared to RPS and LNS, and decreased methane intensity (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) compared to RPS, but not LNS or PFA. Also, the CTS diet increased N excretion in urine. Dietary inclusion of LNS and RPS decreased milk fat content, and the CTS diet tended to increase milk protein, and increased milk lactose contents compared to the PFA diet. However, milk yield and milk components yield were not affected by treatments. Unprocessed oilseeds improved milk FA profile by increasing mono- and poly-unsaturated FA concentration in milk fat. In conclusion, unprocessed oilseeds differed in their effects on the response variables studied, and many of these effects were independent of the degree of FA unsaturation. The most important implication of these results is the need to evaluate methane mitigation strategies in conjunction other environmental, production and consumer health aspects.

Высокоэффективные методы модификации жиров для применения в составе молокосодержащих продуктов

The resources of natural solid fats that used in various branches of the food industry are limited. As a result, they are often substituted by chemically and physically modified fats. Until recently, hydrogenation was the main method of modification of fats. Modification allows for products with a high hardness and sufficient resilience to oxidation due to a large amount of trans-isomers. Since the legislation in the sphere of food industry is changing, producers have to look for new solutions for fat-containing products that would correspond with the new restrictions for trans-isomers of fatty acids. The present paper contains a review of modern methods of modified fats production with a reduced content of trans-isomers of fatty acids. It also features some theoretical and practical aspects of multistage fractionation of tropical oils. The authors describe the characteristic of the products of palm oil fractionation and give some recommendations on how various fractions can be applied in milk-containing products. The research included a comparative analysis of various ways of interesterification applied in world practice of jellied fats production. The experiment included interesterification of mixes of the fractioned solid and liquid vegetable oils that can be used in milk-containing products. A specific ratio of raw ingredients in the initial makes it possible to achieve the required technological properties of the final product, as well as to increase its biological efficiency due to linoleic acid. Plastic fats reduce or completely cut the consumption of hydrogenated fats in milk-containing products while increasing their nutrition value, shelf life, and trans-isomeric indicators.

Formation of Low‐Density and Free‐Flowing Hollow Microparticles from Butter and Fractionated Palm Oil Mixture

AbstractThe use of solid fats is challenging due to difficulty in incorporating into foods, handling during industrial food production, and relatively high‐calorie contributions. The objective of this study was to form free‐flowing and low‐density hollow microparticles from nonhydrogenated fats, namely, butter and fractionated palm oil, using a novel method based on atomization of a carbon dioxide (CO2)‐expanded lipid mixture. The melting point of the fractionated palm oil decreased from 66.2 to 47.3°C above 120 bar in the presence of pressurized CO2. The density of the particles decreased fivefolds compared to that of the original oils. The average particle size D [4,3] decreased from 67.0 to 27.1 μm when the concentration of fractionated palm oil was increased from 50% to 100%. The hollow structure was more pronounced for the particles obtained from higher melting oils/oil blends, as well as with more spherical uniformity. Ten percent (d10%) and 50% (d50%) of the palm oil particles were smaller than 4.5 and 23.0 μm, respectively, whereas they were 14.5 and 58.3 μm when mixed with butter at 50% butter concentration, respectively. Polymorphic form of α was more pronounced in the solid lipid particles, indicating that they had a less‐ordered crystalline structure than the original oil. This new method forms low‐density and free‐flowing lipid powders that make the handling and storage of solid lipids feasible and convenient, and may provide reduced fat usage and calorie intake, and more rapid oil melting in mouth.

Impact of different sugar and cocoa powder particle sizes on crystallization of fat used for the production of confectionery products

The effect of solid particle size distribution (PSD) on the crystallization and microstructure of fat blends was evaluated. Samples were prepared as suspensions of sugar and cocoa particles of different sizes in a palm oil fraction and textural and rheological characteristics were determined. Solid fat content (SFC) was measured using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance and confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to study the microstructure. Particle size reduction accelerated the crystallization process and resulted in final hardness increase. These systems also had the highest values of G′ and crystallization onset at the highest temperature during cooling. PSD did not affect the final SFC. SFC results showed significant difference only in samples with sugar particles. Results from this study highlight that the nucleation ability of solid particles is important for fat crystallization and strength of the underlying fat crystal network. Microstructure analysis showed that the amount of liquid oil decreased as particle size decreased. Practical applications Chocolate and other confectionery products are suspensions of solid particles, sugar and cocoa, in fat matrix. Understanding the effect of different particle sizes on physical characteristics of these products and defining a desirable particle size gives an opportunity to producers to adjust properties of a product. Namely, many undesirable occurrences may be prevented (fat blooming, loss of flavor, changed appearance, etc.) during the production process, and adequate final product texture could be achieved.

Vacuum evaporation and nitrogen-assisted deodorization affects the antioxidant capacity in the olein fraction of red palm oil and its emulsion products

Background: Deodorization of the olein fraction of red palm oil (OFRP) determines not only the taste of a multivitamin emulsion but also its antioxidant capacity. The emulsion product was formulated from OFRP, pumpkin juice (PJ), and dragon fruit juice (DFJ). This study aimed to optimize vacuum evaporation and nitrogen-assisted deodorizations of OFRP, observing levels of β-carotene, α-tocopherol, inhibition percentage of ABTS reduction, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity. Methods: The deodorizations observed were vacuum evaporation in four conditions: (1) 90°C, 80±5 mmHg, (2) 100°C, 80±5 mmHg, (3) 90°C, 100±5 mmHg, (4) 100°C, 100±5 mmHg, and nitrogen-assisted in two flow durations: (1) 15 min and (2) 30 min. β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were employed as standards. Results: The deodorized OFRP had fewer than 2% free fatty acids (FFA), lower than 3% peroxide value (PV), and lower than 4% acidic value (AV). Fluctuations of the β-carotene and α-tocopherol concentrations were observed in the deodorized OFRP. The final emulsion product had β-carotene of 259.9±1.4 to 271.7±2.4 ppm and α-tocopherol of 36.36±0.20 to 39.12±0.20 ppm. The total betacyanin of the emulsions were ±25% than DFJ. The emulsions had 22.93 to 32.11% of ABTS reduction inhibitory activity of the BHT activity and FRAP activity of 16.54±0.19 to 17.69±0.67 mM FeSO4•7H2O. Conclusions: The best vacuum evaporation optimized at 90 °C, 100±5 mmHg, 60 RPM for 1 hour. The best nitrogen-assisted deodorization was at 85±3°C and 1 l/minute of nitrogen for 15 minutes. The deodorization process affected the antioxidant activity of OFRP and emulsions.

An evaluation of crude palm oil (CPO) and tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) of palm oil as percutaneous permeation enhancers using full-thickness human skin

The drawbacks associated with chemical skin permeation enhancers such as skin irritation and toxicity necessitated the research to focus on potential permeation enhancers with a perceived lower toxicity. Crude palm oil (CPO) is obtained by direct compression of the mesocarp of the fruit of the oil palm belonging to the genus Elaeis. In this research, CPO and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) of palm oil were evaluated for the first time as skin permeation enhancers using full-thickness human skin. The in vitro permeation experiments were conducted using excised human skin mounted in static upright ‘Franz-type’ diffusion cells. The drugs selected to evaluate the enhancing effects of these palm oil derivatives were 5-fluorouracil, lidocaine and ibuprofen: compounds covering a wide range of Log p values. It was demonstrated that CPO and TRF were capable of enhancing the percutaneous permeation of drugs across full-thickness human skin in vitro. Both TRF and CPO were shown to significantly enhance the permeation of ibuprofen with flux values of 30.6 µg/cm2 h and 23.0 µg/cm2 h respectively, compared to the control with a flux of 16.2 µg/cm2 h. The outcome of this research opens further scope for investigation on the transdermal penetration enhancement activity of pure compounds derived from palm oil.

Impact of diesel fuel and palm oil blend compositions on the performance of the fuel supply process in the diesel engine

The world experience of using palm oil as a fuel for diesel engines was considered. The influence of the mixture composition on the indices of the injection process at a constant value of the active stroke of the plunger and the mass cyclic feeding of the mixture, corresponding to the nominal cyclic feeding in the case of using only diesel fuel is analyzed. A comparative analysis of the change in the parameters of spraying of diesel fuel mixtures and palm oil fractions from 0% to 60% is performed depending on the specific parameters of the fuel supply equipment and the mixture (working stroke of plunger, cyclic feed and heat input). It is shown that changes in the fuel supply equipment parameters when using mixed fuels based on palm oil are not required, since the corresponding change in the volume cyclic feed and active stroke of the plunger with a change in the proportion of palm oil in the mixture to 60% does not exceed 3%. According to the requirements of the standard, these deviations are within acceptable limits.

Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction of Palm Oil Improves Behavioral Impairments and Regulates Metabolic Pathways in AβPP/PS1 Mice.

We have recently shown that the tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) of palm oil, a mixture of vitamin E analogs, improves amyloid pathology in vitro and in vivo. However, precise mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of long-term (10 months) TRF treatment on behavioral impairments and brain metabolites in (15 months old) AβPP/PS1 double transgenic (Tg) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice. The open field test, Morris water maze, and novel object recognition tasks revealed improved exploratory activity, spatial learning, and recognition memory, respectively, in TRF-treated Tg mice. Brain metabolite profiling of wild-type and Tg mice treated with and without TRF was performed using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM)-orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Metabolic pathway analysis found perturbed metabolic pathways that linked to AD. TRF treatment partly ameliorated metabolic perturbations in Tg mouse hippocampus. The mechanism of this pre-emptive activity may occur via modulation of metabolic pathways dependent on Aβ interaction or independent of Aβ interaction.

Elimination of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidyl esters during palm oil hydrogenation and wet fractionation

Palm oil is the vegetable oil refined and modified in the largest amount. In this study, we present the effect of wet fractionation and hydrogenation of RBD palm oil on the removal of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters. Fractionated palmstearins had significantly decreased contents of 3-MCPD esters (71–74%) and glycidyl esters (21–26%), whereas top olein contained the highest levels of processing-induced contaminants accompanied by polar compounds. Exhaustive hydrogenation conditions caused rapid degradation of 3-MCPD esters (51–70%) in high melting palm oil products. Reduction of glycidyl esters (1–42%) was dependent on the type of nickel catalyst. The effect of iodine value drop on the contaminant degradation was shown to be linear. The combined action of dry-reduced, supported, 22% Ni and Raney nickel catalysts was found to be an optimal. Adsorptive bleaching and deodorization of hydrogenated palm stearin impacted particularly repeated formation of glycidyl esters up to 1.01–1.76 mg/kg, while 3-MCPD esters remained under the input RBD palm oil level. The mechanism of the catalyst action was investigated with glycidyl-d5 palmitate, 3-MCPD-d5-1,2-dipalmitate. They were transformed into non-carcinogenic and non-genotoxic products by hydrogenolysis and deoxygenation reactions.

Altering Gut Microbiota to Enhance Therapeutic Efficacy in Resistant Colon Cancer by Natural Agents

Tumor recurrence, a common phenomenon in allmalignancies, is observed in nearly 50% of patients with colorectal cancer(CRC) and is thought to be due to re‐emergence of chemotherapy‐resistant cancerstem cells (CSCs), accompanied by dysfunction of the gut microbiota, resultingin alterations in microbial metabolites. Thus,development of preventive/therapeutic strategies that specifically target CSCs and are non‐toxic should be effective in reducing the risk of relapse. We have examinedthe effectiveness of the combination of ETO‐Curcumin (ETO‐Cur; curcumincomplexed with essential turmeric oil) and TRF, tocotrienol‐rich fractionof palm oil in inhibiting the growth of SCID micexenograft of chemo‐resistant (CR) colon cancer cells and whether thisinhibition could be attributed to alterations in gut and tumor microbiome andtheir metabolites. Indeed, feeding of ETO‐Cur (5 mg/kg) together with TRF (2mg/kg) or the vehicle (control) in SCID mice, initiated after 20 days of inoculationof CR colon cancer cells and continued for 45 days resulted in inhibition of growth of colon tumor that became apparent after about 30 days of treatment. At 40‐ and 45 days, differences in tumor growth between the two groups were highly significant. This inhibition of growth was associated with a significant down‐regulation of β‐catenin and TNF‐α in the tumor and alterations in gutmicrobiota. The latter was evidenced by an overlap of 340 bacterial species between the control and ETO‐Cur/TRF‐treated mice, and 216 and 120 species being different in ETO‐Cur/TRF treated and control mice, respectively. ETO‐Cur/TRF treatment also caused a significant reduction in the expression of 7‐α‐dehydroxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of primary to secondary bile acids. Since secondary bile acids, specifically deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid(LCA) are known for their co‐carcinogenic activity and to induce CSCs in the colon, we postulate that the decreased conversion of primary bile acids in the gut to secondary bile acids DCA and/or LCA by ETO‐Cur/TRF may have contributed to the suppression of growth of colon tumors.Support or Funding InformationNIH and Department of Veterans AffairsThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Two-Stage Technology for Palm Oil Fractionation for Production of Cocoa Butter Substitutes

Two-Stage Technology for Palm Oil Fractionation for Production of Cocoa Butter Substitutes

Технологія двостадійного фракціонування пальмової олії для виробництва замінників какао-масла

Технологія двостадійного фракціонування пальмової олії для виробництва замінників какао-масла

Industrial Scale Production of Palm Super Olein using Modified and Innovative Dry Fractionation Technique

Palm oil is vastly utilized in food processing, principally attributed to the physical and chemical characteristics that make it especially suitable for many food applications. The present work aimed to make attempts at finding a method for producing a novel palm super olein (PSO) through a new modified industrial application process. Pure and modified palm olein (palm olein + 5% palm oil) with an iodine value of 56.5 and 56.4 respectively were crystallized with a controlled cooling system and convenient stirring process. The slurry was then fractionated by dry fractionation either by conventional method at 17⁰C or by innovative method at 16.6⁰C. By varying the fractionation conditions used, a range of super olein and palm-mid fractions with different chemical and physical properties could be obtained. The Rancimat method was utilized to determine the oxidative stability of various palm oil fractions. Also, the physical and the chemical parameters of the different fractions were evaluated, whereas fatty acid composition was determined by GLC. The obtained PSO by fractionation using modified olein at 16.6 ⁰C gave PSO with MP 9⁰C and also enhanced the cloud point, melting point and iodine value. It is recommended that the modified and innovative dry fractionation process, performed in large-scale, can be taken as a model for improving palm oil fractionation.

Biodiesel Preparation from Oil Fraction of Crude Pond Palm Oil through ZrO2/SO3H+-Catalyzed Esterification Followed by KOH-Catalyzed Transesterification

In this study, silica extracted from sugarcane bagasse was sulfated by wet impregnation method using H2SO4 solution with variations in the concentration of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 M as the sulfating agent. The sulfated silica was subsequently subjected to calcination at 40 °C, and then tested as catalyst for esterification of crude pond palm oil using methanol. The experimental results revealed that the catalysts exhibit good catalytic performance, enabling the achievement of up to 85% reaction yields. Physical characteristics of the catalysts were investigated using different techniques, including Fourier infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analysis (PSA). These characterization techniques reveal that successful sulfation of the silica was achieved.

Gamma-Tocotrienol Stimulates the Proliferation, Differentiation, and Mineralization in Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cells

Gamma-tocotrienol, a major component of tocotrienol-rich fraction of palm oil, has been suggested to exhibit bone protective effectsin vivo. However, the effects ofγ-tocotrienol on osteoblast cells are still unclear. In this study, the effects ofγ-tocotrienol on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were investigated. Our results showed thatγ-tocotrienol (2–8 μmol/L) significantly improved the cell proliferation (p<0.05), but it did not affect cell cycle progression.γ-Tocotrienol significantly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (p<0.05), secretion levels of osteocalcin (OC) and osteonectin (ON), and mRNA levels of collagen type I (Col I) of MC3T3-E1 cells. Meanwhile, we found thatγ-tocotrienol is promoted in differentiation MC3T3-E1 cells by upregulation of the expression of Runx2 protein. Moreover, the number of bone nodules increased over 2.5-fold in cells treated withγ-tocotrienol (2–8 μmol/L) for 24 d compared to control group. These results indicated thatγ-tocotrienol at low dose levels, especially 4 μmol/L, could markedly enhance the osteoblastic function by increasing the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, our data also indicated that Runx2 protein may be involved in these effects. Further studies are needed to determine the potential ofγ-tocotrienol as an antiosteoporotic agent.

DRAGON FRUIT JUICE ADDITION IN PALM OIL-PUMPKIN EMULSION: PANELIST ACCEPTANCE AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY

Addition of dragon juice to emulsion products formulated from olein fraction of red palm oil and pumpkin juice was conducted as an effort to improve the taste thus it can be accepted by consumers. This study aims to (1) observe the acceptance of 60 panelists aged 17-21 years on the parameters of taste, aroma, mouthfeel, color, flavor and aroma of each contributing components of dragon fruit, palm oil, and raspberry flavor with the addition of dragon fruit juice at level 0 (control), 25, 50, and 75% (v/v), and (2) observe the changes in chemical components i.e. vitamin C and total titrable acids, total carotenoid by spectrophotometry, and antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH) reduction method. The best formula was the one containing 75% (v/v) of red dragon juice in fresh condition with vitamin C content of 19.32±0.62 mg/100 mL, antioxidant activity of 354.25±0.77 ppm, hedonic color, taste, and viscosity between favorable and very favorable. After 2 weeks of storage at room temperature (28±2oC), the vitamin C, total carotene, and antioxidant activity of the mixture decreased by 29.72, 15.44, and 46.59%, res-pectively.

Correlations Between Cloud Point and Compositional Properties of Palm Oil and Liquid Fractions from Dry Fractionation

AbstractDry fractionation of palm oil can be conducted as a multi‐step process; this gives rise to new softer and harder fractions having multitudes of applications in fat foods. This work focuses on the liquid fractions obtained following a triple‐step fractionation; the cloud point was measured on a set of 125 palm oil, olein, super olein and top olein samples, with the intention to correlate this value to the compositional properties. The Mettler cloud point, the diacylglycerol content, some selected single or groups of triacylglycerols and the iodine value (in total, 11 variables per sample) were measured and entered in a statistical model. A principal component analysis (PCA) was first carried out from which different sub‐groups were highlighted. In each sub‐group, various regressions (simple linear, simple non‐linear and multiple linear) were applied and 28 significant equations were derived. Out of these, one multiple linear regression involving the iodine value, the UUU and PPP contents showed the best correlation with the Mettler cloud point. This equation was selected to predict the cloud point since it was further successfully validated by using a set of 25 other independent samples. A partial least square (PLS) regression was tested and also considered adequate to predict the cloud point.