Fractal Patch Antenna Research Articles

Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimization of a Miniature Wearable Fractal Patch Antenna for Medical Purposes

Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimization of a Miniature Wearable Fractal Patch Antenna for Medical Purposes

Modified pentagonal fractal antenna for ultra-wideband applications in communication systems

ABSTRACT Due to the recent expansion in the generations of the communications systems, it is utmost priority to transmit a large amount of data over a wideband frequency spectrum. For this single ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas are the prime choice as compared to the multiple narrow band antennas. A modified pentagonal fractal patch antenna with a modified ground plane covering ultra-wideband has been proposed. The antenna has a compact size of 25 mm × 25 mm × 1.6 mm with peak gain of 2.2 dB. The UWB coverage of the design is achieved by implementing modified co-planar ground, modified fractal geometry and coplanar feed. The proposed design possesses the significant resonance and radiation performance with very compact size on low-cost substrate while covering the whole UWB. Finally, the simulated resonating and radiation characteristics have been validated with the measured characteristics of the fabricated prototype and the results are quite promising.

On the devolvement of fractal antenna for IoT applications

A fractal patch antenna is designed and fabricated on FR4-epoxy substrate for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Minkowski fractal has been used in the design of radiating element of antenna and slots are incorporated in the partial ground structure. The proposed antenna is miniaturized by 65% in terms of resonating frequency using Minkowski fractal. The proposed structure of antenna has an overall size of 60× 40 ×1.6 mm3. The antenna resonates at 1.223, 1.58, 2.69, and at 3.54 GHz. It exhibits an impedance bandwidth of 0.11 (1.16–1.27) GHz, 0.23 (1.47–1.70) GHz, and 4.5 (1.99–6.49) GHz. The proposed antenna has a peak gain of 3.4 dBi. The key benefits of the proposed antenna are: simple structure, improved performance characteristics, and its usefulness for applications such as Global Positioning System (GPS), Radar Altimeter, Public Safety Applications, and 5G communications in sub-6 GHz band. The simulated results of the proposed fractal antenna have been verified experimentally. The results are highly convincing.

Modeling and Simulation of a Micro-Strip Patch Antenna in Pentagonal Fractal Geometry

The antenna is an important element in the field of communication for transmitting and receivinginformation in the form of electromagnetic waves, it is also used in several fields such as detection systems, satellites and surveillance aircraft, communications networks and GPS automobiles and satellite communications through the system. The design of the antennas using the A-HFSS software "Ansoft- High Frequency Structure Simulator" is essentially based on the variation of the shape of the antenna and its conductive material, the nature and the thickness of the substrate in order to have a structure that resonates in the desired frequencies for applications precise.The goal of this work is to study and design a micro strip patch antenna in fractal geometry, regarding thecharacteristics such as the reflection coefficients, the gain and the radiation implemented in the environment HFSS software. The patch antenna is characterized by its small size, low cost, easy manufacturing and network connectivity. Despite its space-saving appearance, it retains the electromagnetic properties that ensure the device connectivity. We have compared the patch antenna in pentagonal and fractal pentagonal geometry in 1D to 3D pentagonal antenna array on the resonance frequency fed by a micro-strip line in order to have the best characteristics of these antennas; the bandwidth and the directivity of this antenna, using the electromagnetic simulation tool in the frequency domain CST MICROWAVE STUDIO.The information’s will reach: -The resonance frequency is higher for a normal patch antenna compared to that of a fractal patch antenna.- There is a presence of interferences due to the correctly destination.- The gain radiation pattern is a dipole (isotropic antenna) in the fractal antenna.– The bandwidth is wider for a fractal patch antenna compared to that of a normal patch antenna.

An ultrawideband Koch fractal patch antenna

PurposeCompact and wideband antennas are the need of modern wireless systems that preferably work with compact, low-profile and easy-to-install devices that provide a wider coverage of operating frequencies. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel compact and ultrawideband (UWB) microstrip patch antenna intended for high frequency wireless applications.Design/methodology/approachA square microstrip patch antenna was initially modeled on finite element method-based electromagnetic simulation tool high frequency structure simulator. It was then loaded with a rectangular slit and Koch snowflake-shaped fractal notches for bandwidth enhancement. The fabricated prototype was tested by using vector network analyzer from Agilent Technologies, N5247A, Santa Clara, California, United States (US).FindingsThe designed Koch fractal patch antenna is highly compact with dimensions of 10 × 10 mm only and possesses UWB characteristics with multiple resonances in the operating band. The −10 dB measured impedance bandwidth was observed to be approximately 13.65 GHz in the frequency range (23.20–36.85 GHz).Originality/valueOwing to its simple and compact structure, positive and substantial gain values, high radiation efficiency and stable radiation patterns throughout the frequency band of interest, the proposed antenna is a suitable candidate for high frequency wireless applications in the K (18–27 GHz) and Ka (26.5–40 GHz) microwave bands.

Design of compact fractal patch antenna for X/Ku/K‐band applications

SummaryThis paper presents a fractal‐based compact new monopole antenna for wideband applications. The miniaturization has been achieved by incorporating Minkowski and Koch‐snowflake fractals. The proposed antenna design is etched on top of Rogers RT/5880 dielectric material with a dimension of mm2. The antenna is designed, analyzed, fabricated, and tested in the laboratory. The proposed geometry operates over a 8.62–22.40 GHz with fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 88.84% and VSWR is less than 2. The proposed monopole antenna exhibits nearly omnidirectional radiation patterns over the entire resonating band with a gain of 1–2.91 dBi and a radiation efficiency of more than 60.5%. Also, the measured results of the prototype make an excellent agreement with the simulated counterpart. Further, the antenna gives good time‐domain characteristics. Therefore, the proposed miniaturized antenna can be used in X/Ku/K‐band applications.

Planar nested square fractal patch antenna for multi-band wireless applications

Planar nested square fractal patch antenna for multi-band wireless applications

A Novel Fractal Patch Antenna Using Defected Ground Structure (DGS) with High Isolation for 5G Applications

A Novel Fractal Patch Antenna Using Defected Ground Structure (DGS) with High Isolation for 5G Applications

Design of Optimized Koch Based Fractal Patch Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applications

An optimized Koch based fractal patch antenna with twin lower leafs has been designed for appropriate wireless communication applications and capable of exhibiting penta-band behavior. The proposed structure has been created by introducing modified Koch curve on a rhombus shaped fractal patch having compact dimensions of 60 mm×50 mm×1.6 mm with defected ground structure. The reflection coefficient (S11) values of the proposed antenna are -11.97 dB, -20.29 dB, - 25.38 dB, -13.91 dB and -23.48 dB at resonating frequencies of 2.8649 GHz, 6.3514 GHz, 7.1622 GHz, 8.2973 GHz, and 8.9459 GHz, respectively. It has values of VSWR at all resonating frequencies within acceptable range of 1 to 2. The prototype of the proposed structure has been designed on easily available and low cost FR4 epoxy substrate material. The bandwidths of 1.39 GHz, 3.30 GHz, 10.19 GHz, 1.93 GHz and 2.23 GHz has been obtained at all resonating frequencies. The measured results has been analyzed and compared with simulated results and bears a close approximation. The developed prototype can be utilized for applications in S, C, and X frequency band which can further be used for various communication applications like radar, satellite communication and wireless computer networks.

Wideband improvement for hybrid plasmonic fractal patch nanoantenna

A wideband improvement for hybrid plasmonic fractal patch nanoantenna is presented for use in intra/inter chip optical interconnects. The suggested fractal patch antenna covering a part of U-band (1625-1675), L-band (1565-1625nm), C-band (1530-¬1565nm), S-band (1460-1530nm), E-band (1360-1460nm) and most of O-band (1260-1360nm) optical communication bands. The proposed antenna has a promising future use in inter and intra chip optical communications to eliminate electrical interconnection limitations such as interconnect density, power consumption and also increasing data rate. The performance of this antenna has been evaluated using full wave simulation computer simulation technology (CST) Microwave software. The impedance bandwidth is largely enhanced by applying rectangular fractal cuts to the both sides of patch. The proposed antenna achieves a wider bandwidth from 168 THz to 228 THz (B.W.=60 THz), which is about 8 times greater the bandwidth of reference antenna with a good gain and more than 95% radiation efficiency throughout the operational bandwidth.

Fractal geometry-based chakra-shaped microstrip patch antenna array for vehicular communications under 5G environments

ABSTRACT In this paper, fractal geometry-based two-printed antenna structures are proposed for vehicular communication in 5G wireless communication networks. Initially, a 48 × 39 mm2 single element fractal patch antenna is designed and tested which shows dual-band resonance at around 28.1 and 32.5 GHz. In order to improve different antenna characteristic number of fractal radiating elements have been increased to four and constructed an array of patches such that it can be used for multiple applications in the field of vehicular communications. The proposed array model is fabricated on a Rogers RT duroid 5880tm material of size 115 × 82 mm2 and tested using Agilent Technologies N5247A VNA. The measured results confirm the validity of the designed model for intended applications. The proposed array antenna operates at distinct quintuple bands in the frequency range of 25–36 GHz for vehicular communication within the proposed lower fifth generation (5G) channel. The proposed array configuration shows a good peak gain of 6.72 dB within the operating bands.

A fully flexible, high gain saw-tooth-shaped boundary fractal wearable patch antenna for WBAN applications

AbstractA flexible and high gain saw-tooth-shaped boundary fractal wearable antenna is anticipated for WBAN applications. A square shape is converted to the saw-tooth-shaped boundary by sequentially rotating the square at an angle of 45° and overlaid on one another and repeated the same for three iterations. The geometry is built on a flexible jeans substrate, and the total size of the anticipated antenna is 0.583λ × 0.583λ × 0.02λ at 2.4 GHz. A prototype has been made to test its suitability for wearable applications' gain, bandwidth, and efficiency. The results revealed that the proposed antenna provides an impedance bandwidth of 4.2% and a peak gain of 5.76 dBi at the 2.45 GHz ISM band. The anticipated antenna is wrapped around foam cylinders of radii 70 and 50 mm to test the stability and deformability of its performance. The full ground plane isolates the antenna from the human body contributing to the lower SAR values. The simulated maximum achieved specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.3025 and 1.16 W/kg for 10 and 1 g of average tissue for the input power of 100 mW, respectively, found within the standards as per FCC. The peak gain, compact size, and SAR permanence made the anticipated antenna a worthy candidate for wearable on/off body applications.

Investigations on the Design of Compact Flexible Wearable Fractal Patch Antenna for Body Area Networks Applications

Investigations on the Design of Compact Flexible Wearable Fractal Patch Antenna for Body Area Networks Applications

Miniaturization of dual bands fractal-based microstrip patch fractal antenna for X and Ku bands applications

Miniaturization of dual bands fractal-based microstrip patch fractal antenna for X and Ku bands applications

Design of triangular shaped slotted patch antennas for both wideband and multiband applications

In this article two fractal geometry-based slotted patch antennas are designed to achieve wideband response with multiband characteristics and reduced cross polarized radiation in both E- and H-plane for all the resonating bands. The proposed antennas are fed with microstrip line feeding formed on a FR4 substrate of size 0.25𝜆0 × 0.25𝜆0 × 0.02𝜆0 mm3 and loaded with a partial ground plane at the bottom of the substrate. HFSS is used to design and simulate both the antennas. Wideband behavior and impedance matching of Antenna-1 are improved by optimizing the factor of iteration and length of the ground plane. Due to addition of 3 identical split ring resonators (SRR) with the antenna geometry leads to achieve multiband response in Antenna-2. The dimensions of the SRR connectors and feedline have been optimized through parametric analysis to match the impedance properly at all the three resonating bands. It has been found that simulated and measurement results of both the antennas are properly matched.

A highly-directive hybrid-fractal radiator-based printed array for X-band amateur radio applications

This article provides a 4-elements planar array of fractal patch antennas for X-band wireless communication, especially amateur-radio (10.00–10.50 GHz) applications. The single constituent of the indicated array is a freshly designed hybrid-fractal antenna with a modest gain and low cross-pol. level along the primary beam's path. The exhibited hybrid-fractal design was created using the Minkowski iteration, followed by a scaling to a square geometry in the next stride. The compact planar array structure incorporates the Wilkinson power divider-based corporate feed network. The solo antenna built resonates at 10.02 GHz and offers 10.67 dBi of massive gain and 0.395 GHz of return-loss bandwidth, respectively. At 10.05 GHz resonating frequency, the array prototype gives 16.54 dBi absolute gain and 0.318 GHz impedance bandwidth. Printed prototypes achieved radiation efficiency of and , respectively. Both prototypes had computed aperture efficiency of and , respectively. There is a great deal of agreement between the prototypes' measured and simulated findings.

A miniaturized design of Vicsek snowflake-box fractal microstrip patch antenna using defective ground structure for wireless applications

AbstractIn this paper, miniaturization of fractal geometry with defected ground structure (DGC) concept has been experimentally verified at S-band (2–4) GHz. The design starts with a self-symmetry structure using conventional Vicsek snowflake-box fractal antenna. The same has been used in third iteration to achieve miniaturization. This proposed microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is resonating at 2.12 GHz with acceptable gain and broadside radiation. The miniaturization of about 87.26% when compared to conventional fractal MPA is achieved. The fractal unit cell is optimized for miniaturization and bandwidth by carrying out parametric study and applying the DGS shapes like rectangular and U-shaped slot etched in the ground plane of Vicsek snowflake-box fractal microstrip antenna. A fractal microstrip antenna is designed for wireless applications at 3.95 GHz. The fractal microstrip antenna is simulated using HFSS-V15 simulator. It is observed that the maximum size reduction of 87.26% is achieved in the third iteration of the Vicsek snowflake-box fractal radiating patch. The proposed fractal patch antenna is designed and fabricated using epoxy substrate of FR-4 with dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The simulated results are compared with the measured results.

On the design and analysis of micro-machined frac truss based fractal patch antenna for multiband applications

On the design and analysis of micro-machined frac truss based fractal patch antenna for multiband applications

On the design and analysis of micro-machined frac truss based fractal patch antenna for multiband applications

On the design and analysis of micro-machined frac truss based fractal patch antenna for multiband applications

A compact circular polarized patch fractal antenna for global navigation satellite systems

AbstractA circular polarized square fractal patch antenna with square slot and via is proposed, which can be applied to global navigation satellite systems. Two pairs of square ring slot with different sizes are placed diagonally for antenna circularly polarized radiation. By changing the square patch into a fractal structure and adding defective ground structure, miniaturization can be achieved while the bandwidth is further expanded. The total antenna size is 0.3λo × 0.3λo × 0.03λo (λo is the free‐space wavelength at 1.575 GHz). The final measurement results show that the maximum gain is 3.26 dBic, the 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth is 1.57–1.6 GHz and the impedance bandwidth (S11 < −10 dB) is more than 60 MHz at the resonant frequency of 1.575 GHz.