In this study, CT scanning technology was combined with ImageJ 1.54r and Avizo 3D 2022 professional image analysis software to quantify porosity. The aim was to reveal the intrinsic correlation between the pore structure characteristics and the macroscopic properties of vegetated concrete. A combination of 3D reconstruction, fractal analysis and multi-parameter regression modelling techniques was utilised to quantify the association between pore parameters and material properties. The mechanistic role of pore structure in regulating the strength–permeability trade-off relationship was elucidated. The results show that: (1) aggregate particle size and porosity are significantly negatively correlated with the compressive strength of vegetated concrete and strongly positively correlated with the water permeability coefficient, while the effects of both of them on the pH value of the material are negligible; (2) the porosity obtained by the image analysis method meets the design requirements of the target porosity, and the deviation between the computed 3D porosity from CT scanning and the 2D sliced porosity is less than 1%. The image analysis porosity is slightly lower than the measured value, a deviation within a reasonable range. (3) There is a robust positive correlation between the fractal dimension of the vegetated concrete structural surface and porosity. With increasing aggregate size, porosity gradually increases, pore network connectivity is significantly enhanced, and the fractal dimension increases correspondingly. (4) Function fitting analysis confirms that the correlation between the connected porosity and the compressive strength and permeability coefficient is more significant than that of the cross-sectional porosity. Specifically, compressive strength is significantly negatively correlated with equivalent pore size and fractal dimension, and the water permeability coefficient is strongly positively correlated with these two parameters. This study can provide important theoretical support and engineering reference for the optimization of the mix proportion and performance control of vegetated concrete.

Evaluation of bone changes in patients born premature using mandibular indices and fractal dimension analysis on dental panoramic radiographs.

ABSTRACT Urban design must reconcile spatial complexity with accessibility and resilience, particularly in constrained island contexts. This study integrates space syntax and fractal analysis to examine three Sardinian cities: Sassari, Olbia, and Cagliari. Findings reveal contrasting urban logics – Sassari’s integrated but monocentric core, Olbia’s dispersed heterogeneity with potential for polycentric growth, and Cagliari’s compact yet fragmented structure shaped by heritage and topography. These patterns highlight design priorities: strengthening peripheral networks, linking dispersed sub-centres, and reconciling conservation with connectivity. Beyond Sardinia, the study demonstrates how combined configurational and fractal diagnostics provide transferable tools for designing legible, walkable, and resilient urban environments.

The aim of this study was to evaluate trabecular bone structure in periodontal disease using fractal dimension (FD) and lacunarity analysis (LA) in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 120 CBCT images from the archives of our college were collected after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Regions of interest were preprocessed and subjected to fractal analysis and LA using the ImageJ software and statistical comparisons were performed between healthy individuals and periodontitis patients. Lacunarity values were significantly greater (p < 0.001) and FD values were significantly lower in patients with periodontitis than in healthy controls. Differences by gender were noted, with larger lacunarity values seen in females in the periodontitis group. In cases of periodontitis, FD and lacunarity were found to be inversely correlated by Kendall's tau correlation. Increased heterogeneity and decreased trabecular bone complexity are linked to periodontitis. Even before severe bone loss is radiographically apparent, FD and LA on CBCT images can identify modest trabecular alterations. In the context of periodontal care, these measures can be sensitive supplementary instruments for early diagnosis, disease surveillance, and treatment planning.

WiMTI: A multitask learning model for WiFi-based identity and posture recognition.

Accurate characterization and fractal analysis of pore–fracture evolution in deep coal under temperature effect

Multi-scale fractal analysis of subsea connector sealing interfaces: from microtopography to contact pressure prediction

Bending performance and fractal analysis of ECC-concrete composite beams: Digital image technique

Characterizing full-scale pore-throat systems constitutes a critical challenge in the investigation of hydrocarbon-bearing spaces within tight unconventional reservoirs. Given the intricate nature of micro–nano-scale pore throats, individual characterization techniques are insufficient to achieve a comprehensive and precise description. In response, this study develops a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)-oriented methodology for full-scale pore-throat analysis integrating multi-source data, which encompasses five successive procedures: data optimization, optimal cluster number determination, model analysis, data fusion, and data reconstruction. Taking tight mixed-lithology samples from Block D of the Qaidam Basin as the research object, effective pore-throat thresholds were defined based on lithology-dependent breakdown pressures to facilitate cluster analysis of multi-source datasets. Following the screening of representative pore-throat clusters and data fusion via Gaussian Mixture functions, the full-scale pore-throat distribution was ultimately derived. Comparative analysis demonstrates that Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and High-Pressure Mercury Intrusion (HPMI) data exhibit satisfactory fitting consistency at major cluster peaks, with NMR being more effective in resolving nanopores and HPMI excelling in characterizing medium to large pores. Comprehensive evaluation results validate that the proposed methodology enables efficient integration of multi-technical data, uncovers hidden pore-throat systems, and realizes innovative fractal dimension analysis of full-scale pore-throat structures by taking pore-throat clusters as the basic analytical unit. Consequently, this work offers a novel methodological framework for the quantitative characterization of full-scale pore-throats using multi-source data.

Transition metal ions have been implicated in modulation the conformational behavior and aggregation of WT α-synuclein (WT-αSyn), associated with Parkinson's disease pathology. Nevertheless, the initial structural rearrangements that drive aggregation are not fully understood. Here, we employed time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (TR-SAXS) in a microfluidic setup to investigate the structural dynamics of monomeric WT-αSyn upon interaction with Mn2 +, Fe3 +, Cu2 +, and Zn2 +. Using Guinier analysis, GNOM, and Ensemble Optimization Method (EOM), we resolved distinct, metal-specific conformational transitions on the sub-second timescale. Fe3 + induced rapid and sustained compaction of αSyn, while Cu2 + promoted extended and heterogeneous conformations, expanding the C-terminal domain, and disrupting global folding. In contrast, Mn2 + and Zn2 + led to more gradual, domain-specific compaction. Fractal dimension analysis and hierarchical clustering further revealed Fe3 + and Zn2 + enriched compaction states, while Cu2 + favored intermediate species potentially linked to early aggregation. These findings highlight how metal ion binding differentially and initially reshape the conformation ensemble of WT-αSyn, offering mechanistic insight into metal-induced misfolding pathways relevant to synucleinopathies.

Upper Es4 lacustrine calcareous shale in the Dongying Depression is characterized by strong pore–throat heterogeneity that limits shale-oil producibility. This study quantifies multiscale pore–throat complexity using high-pressure mercury intrusion-based fractal analysis (segmented fractal dimensions D1–D3 and a weighted comprehensive fractal dimension, Dc) and evaluates its control on oil occurrence and mobilization using low-field 2D NMR (T1–T2) and confocal microscopy before and after high-temperature, high-pressure spontaneous imbibition. Reservoirs show clear scale segmentation, with micropore fractality governing quality differentiation. Imbibition promotes desorption and redistribution from adsorbed to free oil, but effective mobilization is primarily controlled by pore–fracture connectivity: samples with well-connected networks can mobilize both adsorbed and free oil efficiently, whereas poorly connected systems exhibit desorption without effective production, implying that thermal stimulation alone is insufficient without fracture-assisted flow pathways. Movable-oil saturation decreases systematically with increasing Dc, indicating that higher roughness and tortuosity intensify capillary retention and Jamin trapping. Dc provides an actionable criterion for sweet-spot ranking and for designing stimulation–imbibition coupling and water-based EOR strategies in lacustrine calcareous shale-oil reservoirs.

Understanding strain rates in naturally deformed rocks is crucial for reconstructing the tectonic history of orogenic belts. This study focuses on the Chahzar Thrust Zone, located within the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone of southwestern Iran, an ideal setting for investigating deformation dynamics through microstructural analysis. We employ fractal analysis of quartz grain boundaries to estimate strain rates and assess deformation conditions. Although quartz microstructures such as bulging (250-400°C), subgrain rotation (400-500°C), and grain boundary migration (500-750°C) have been historically linked to specific temperature ranges, recent studies emphasize that these features are also strongly influenced by strain rate, fluid content, and other variables (Law, 2014). In this context, we apply the box-counting method to quantify the fractal dimension (D) of recrystallized quartz grains, using it as a semi-quantitative proxy for combined deformation conditions. Our results yield estimated strain rates ranging from 10⁻1⁰.⁹ s⁻1 to 10⁻⁶.⁸ s⁻1, which are notably higher than previously reported typical natural strain rates (10⁻12-10⁻15s⁻1). These findings suggest a deformation regime with episodic or localized strain intensification, contributing to a better understanding of strain accommodation in mid-crustal rocks and offering insights into tectonic processes in similar orogenic systems worldwide.

Application of fractal theory in cancer detection: A review.

The study presents the development of a backfill composite based on technogenic waste with controlled volumetric stability, ensuring complete filling of underground voids while maintaining high strength performance. The formulation incorporates beneficiation and metallurgical wastes, as well as activators, foaming agents, and reinforcing fibers. A comprehensive analysis of strength, pore structure, and fracturing was performed using CT-scanning, 3D reconstruction, and fractal analysis. It was established that fibers of different nature exert multidirectional effects on porosity and strength, with basalt fiber contributing to the formation of a hierarchically stable structure. The results obtained confirm the feasibility of producing an environmentally efficient backfill material for safe mineral resource extraction.

The article presents a unified fractal approach to processing and analyzing ship trajectories based on AIS and ECDIS data. A comprehensive algorithmic pipeline is proposed, which provides time normalization, coordinate transformation, calculation of dynamic motion characteristics, and application of fractal analysis in sliding windows. This approach allows for the stable calculation of key parameters (course, angular velocity, deviation from the route) and detection of local changes in movement complexity that are not recorded by classical methods. The fractal indicators used (Higuchi, Katz, Petrosyan, DFA dimensions) demonstrate high reproducibility and resistance to typical navigation data shortcomings. The proposed framework is primarily intended for onboard and post-voyage analysis, supporting navigational performance assessment, trajectory reconstruction, and detailed investigation of vessel motion dynamics based on the records from AIS and ECDIS.

A pressing issue in materials science is the controlled application of ceramic composite materials at high temperatures in modern technologies, particularly in nuclear physics, atomic energy, aerospace, and rocket engineering. This study investigates the correlation between the thermal conductivity of synthesized ZrB2–C ceramic composites and their microstructural features using fractal analysis. The composites were produced via high-temperature reactive synthesis from boron and zirconium carbide powders. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and backscattered electron (BSE) modes was used to obtain micrographs of the fracture surfaces. These images were analyzed using the Box Counting method with ImageJ and FracLac software to determine two fractal parameters: fractal dimension and lacunarity. A strong inverse correlation was observed between lacunarity and thermal conductivity. The study demonstrates that fractal analysis, particularly the lacunarity parameter, can serve as a useful tool for assessing heat transfer potential in two-phase ceramic composites, especially when conventional measurement methods are impractical.

There is limited information in the literature regarding when overhanging restorations should be replaced, and the topic remains underexplored. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate, using fractal analysis, whether overhanging restorations cause microtrabecular alterations in the adjacent alveolar bone even in the absence of radiographically visible changes, and to evaluate whether the size of the overhang contributes to the extent of these bone changes. In periapical radiographic images of 85 individuals with overhanging restorations, regions of interest (ROIs) were selected from the interdental trabecular bone adjacent to the overhanging edge and the normal side of the same tooth. Fractal dimension (FD) values were obtained using the box-counting method developed by White and Rudolph, implemented with ImageJ software version 1.52 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Compliance with the normal distribution was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The relationship between FD values was assessed using the paired two-sample t-test and expressed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The angle between the lines drawn from the cementoenamel junction of the tooth to the mesio-distal extreme point of the overhanging restoration and the contact point with the adjacent tooth was determined. The effect the of overhanging restoration angle on FD value was analyzed using linear regression analysis. The overhanging restorations were most commonly found in the maxillary molar regions and in disto-oclusal cavity types. The FD obtained on the overhang side was 0.99 ± 0.06, and the FD obtained on the control side was 1.04 ± 0.06. When FD on the overhang side and FD on the control side were compared using the dependent t-test, the difference between them was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The effect of angle on the FD ratio was evaluated using linear regression analysis, and no significant result was found (F = 0.072, p = 0.789). According to the results of this study, overhanging restorations can cause radiographically undetectable alveolar bone loss, and this effect can be demonstrated using fractal analysis.

Abstract The quality of concrete mixing directly impacts its performance during later stages, yet effective methods for evaluating the mixing uniformity of freshly mixed concrete remain limited. This study proposes a novel method that combines machine vision and multiple fractal theory to assess mixing uniformity. First, a laser 3D scanning instrument is employed to capture the surface contour data of concrete at various mixing times. These contours are then transformed into two‐dimensional images with highly distributed probabilities, facilitating the quantitative analysis of multifractal analysis. The results demonstrate that the unevenness of the concrete surface exhibits multifractal behavior. Notably, there is a significant correlation between the spectral width ∆a as well as the generalized fractal dimensions ( D −15 – D 15 , D −15 – D 0 , and D 1 / D 0 ) and mixing time. Furthermore, the variations in the multifractal indices quantitatively capture changes in the homogeneity of the concrete. This research not only provides a new tool for concrete quality control but also promotes advancements in concrete technology and related fields. Compared to existing methods for hardened materials, this approach is innovative in its real‐time, non‐destructive assessment of mixing uniformity for fresh concrete.

Mandibular bone changes in children with ADHD: evaluation using fractal analysis and mandibular indices.

Why are the most lethal pathogens the simplest? Lack of D-amino acid usage, coherent fractal morphology, and Hz-level biological oscillations prevalent in beneficial pathogens.