FR4 Substrate Material Research Articles

Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays for UWB Applications at C-band

Abstract: The paper gives a detailed study of how to design a microstrip patch antenna array for UWB applications by using the FR-4 substrate material. The rectangular antenna array is designed with the planar ground. The designed antenna is a rectangular shape, compact and planar for the UWB applications. The size of the antenna is 20.50×15.22 mm (width and length), which resonated at a return loss – 14 dB, -31.23 dB and -33.36 dB and the input impedance is 50 ohms. We used the box dimensions are 40 mm × 40 mm for single, 80 mm × 70 mm for 1×2 array and 100 mm × 40 mm for 1×4 array antenna. For the simulation work SONNET software is used, SONNET software is a planar 3D electromagnetic simulator and all the simulated results are shown by the graph.

Triple-Band Square Split-Ring Resonator Metamaterial Absorber Design with High Effective Medium Ratio for 5G Sub-6 GHz Applications

This article proposes a square split-ring resonator (SSRR) metamaterial absorber (MMA) for sub-6 GHz application. The unit cell of the MMA was designed and fabricated on commercially available low-cost FR-4 substrate material with a dielectric constant o 4.3. The higher effective medium ratio (EMR) of the designed unit cell shows the compactness of the MMA. The dimension of the unit cell is 9.5 × 9.5 × 1.6 mm3, which consists of two split rings and two arms with outer SSRR. The proposed MMA operates at 2.5 GHz, 4.9 GHz, and 6 GHz frequency bands with a 90% absorption peak and shows a single negative metamaterial property. The E-field, H-field, and surface current are also explored in support of absorption analysis. Moreover, the equivalent circuit model of the proposed MMA is modelled and simulated to validate the resonance behavior of the MMA structure. Finally, the proposed MMA can be used for the specific frequency bands of 5G applications such as signal absorption, crowdsensing, SAR reduction, etc.

Design of Microstrip Rectangular 8x1 Patch Array Antenna for WiMAX Application

In our daily lives, wireless communications are becoming increasingly significant. The antennas needed for these applications should be light weight, conveniently mountable, and have a broad bandwidth due to the rise in data rates and a tendency of tiny electronic devices for wireless digital applications. These requirements can be met by Microstrip Array Antennas. In this paper, the rectangular microstrip patch array antenna of frequency 2.5-3.5Ghz for WIMAX applications is designed in computer stimulation tool (CST). The antenna is fabricated using FR-4 Substrate material. The designed antenna’s performance is analysed in terms of voltage VSWR, s-parameters, radiation pattern, gain, directivity.

Reconfigurable Antenna for sub-6 GHz and C band Applications

The future of 5G New Radio (NR) development has many significant concerns. To overcome the working frequency band issue, a frequency-reconfigurable patch antenna based on pin diodes is presented and investigated. The antenna's compact dimensions (30 mm x 20 mm x 1.6 mm) are due to its construction on FR-4 substrate material with a relative permittivity of = 4.4. A feed port and two switches allow frequency reconfiguration in the antenna module. C-band service is provided by this antenna module's ability to switch between operating at 3.4 GHz, 4.8 GHz, and 7.5 GHz. Simulation of the proposed antenna is accomplished in the CST microwave studio. The presentation and discussion of the radiation pattern and S parameter demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed antenna. Antenna module's size and performance are both precisely appropriate.

Multiple Slot Fractal Structured Antenna for Wi-Fi and Radio Altimeter for uncertain Applications

A multiple slot fractal antenna design has been determined communication efficiency and its multi-function activities. High-speed small communication devices have been required for future smart chip applications, so that researchers have been employed new and creative antenna design. Antennas are key part in communication systems, those are used to improve communication parameters like gain, efficiency, and bandwidth. Consistently, modern antennas design with high bandwidth and gain balancing is very difficult, therefore an adaptive antenna array chip design is required. In this research work a coaxial fed antenna with fractal geometry design has been implemented for Wi-Fi and Radio altimeter application. The fractal geometry has been taken with multiple numbers of slots in the radiating structure for uncertain applications. The coaxial feeding location has been selected based on the good impedance matching condition (50 Ohms). The overall dimension mentioned for antenna are approximately 50X50X1.6 mm on FR4 substrate and performance characteristic analysis is performed with change in substrate material presented in this work. Dual-band resonant frequency is being emitted by the antenna with resonance at 3.1 and 4.3 GHz for FR4 substrate material and change in the resonant bands is obtained with change in substrate. The proposed Antenna is prototyped on Anritsu VNA tool and presented the comparative analysis like VSWR 12%, reflection coefficient 9.4%,3D-Gain 6.2% and surface current 9.3% had been improved.

Design of High Gain and Improved Front-to-Back Ratio Multilayer Microstrip Patch Antenna using Modified Feed Line

A novel high gain miniaturized rectangular microstrip patch antenna is proposed with a high front-to-back ratio (FBR) using a modified feed line and two single-sided substrate layers to operate at 2.4 GHz frequency. The feed line is modified using a step impedance technique to achieve resonance at the operating frequency. The matched impedance of the feed line helps achieve enhanced bandwidth and antenna miniaturization. The substrate layers are introduced to achieve an enhanced gain and FBR of 6.329 dBi and 27.64 dB, respectively. The impedance bandwidths of 106.9 and 94.1 MHz are achieved for the two separate designs. These proposed designs have a total circuit area occupancy of 0.4 ?0 × 0.304 ?0. The antenna has been designed and fabricated using FR4 substrate material. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results.

Cognitive Computing for Multimodal Sentiment Sensing and Emotion Recognition Fusion Based on Machine Learning Techniques Implemented by Computer Interface System

A multiple slot fractal antenna design has been determined communication efficiency and its multi-function activities. High-speed small communication devices have been required for future smart chip applications, so that researchers have been employed new and creative antenna design. Antennas are key part in communication systems, those are used to improve communication parameters like gain, efficiency, and bandwidth. Consistently, modern antennas design with high bandwidth and gain balancing is very difficult, therefore an adaptive antenna array chip design is required. In this research work a coaxial fed antenna with fractal geometry design has been implemented for Wi-Fi and Radio altimeter application. The fractal geometry has been taken with multiple numbers of slots in the radiating structure for uncertain applications. The coaxial feeding location has been selected based on the good impedance matching condition (50 Ohms). The overall dimension mentioned for antenna are approximately 50X50X1.6 mm on FR4 substrate and performance characteristic analysis is performed with change in substrate material presented in this work. Dual-band resonant frequency is being emitted by the antenna with resonance at 3.1 and 4.3 GHz for FR4 substrate material and change in the resonant bands is obtained with change in substrate. The proposed Antenna is prototyped on Anritsu VNA tool and presented the comparative analysis like VSWR 12%, reflection coefficient 9.4%,3D-Gain 6.2% and surface current 9.3% had been improved.

Comparative analysis of dielectric substrate materials (FR-4 & RT/Duriod 5880) for antenna array (8*1) designing

In this communication a comparative study of two materials for designing antenna array (8*1) system, simulated by CST Microwave Studio for 5G mobile (base station) applications, is carried out. Array is constructed by FR-4 (low cost substrate material) and Rogers RT/ Duriod 5880 (high efficiency substrate material).Ground and conductor patch are made by PEC (perfect electric conductor).Comparison of design parameters has been done and results of simulated arrays for two materials are determined. A Wilkinson power divider network also has been designed by PEC material for feeding. Simulated array gain 10.31dBi for FR4 (8*1) substrate material and 15.59 dBi for Roger substrate in 5G range (3.4–3.6 GHz) mobile base station applications. Efficiency of Rogers substrate is 98.14% for 8*1 array. An antenna array (4*1) is fabricated over a double sided copper laminated FR-4 epoxy glass material and the result of S 11 is verified by vector network analyzer (VNA).

High-performance tri-band graphene plasmonic microstrip patch antenna using superstrate double-face metamaterial for THz communications

Abstract Recently, graphene-patch antennas have been widely used in communication technology, especially in THz applications due to the extraordinary properties of graphene material. Herein, a graphene-based rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate material (ɛr = 4.3). A single and double-faced superstrate MTM is placed upon the radiating patch for di erent purposes, such as enhancing the overall antenna performance, protecting the patch from environmental jeopardies, and generating a multiband resonance frequency. A single face superstrate triangle SRR unit was used to produce a dual-band frequency at 3.5 and 4.331 THz. The S 11 of the dual-band structure is achieved to be −26.78 dB and −46.25 dB with a bandwidth of 400 GHz and 460 GHz, respectively. The double face superstrate MTM unit cell of the triangle SRR printed on the opposite face gives another resonant frequency, so, triple frequency bands of 2.32, 3.35, and 4.38 THz with a wide impedance bandwidth of 230, 520, and 610 GHz, were generated, respectively. The double-face superstrate MTM not only enhances the antenna performance but also generates another resonant frequency that could be used in the next 6G communications. The proposed antenna is designed and optimized using two commercial 3D full-wave software, CST Microwave Studio and Ansoft HFSS, to validate the results.

A Wideband High-Gain Microstrip Array Antenna Integrated with Frequency-Selective Surface for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications.

This paper presents a wideband and high-gain rectangular microstrip array antenna with a new frequency-selective surface (FSS) designed as a reflector for the sub-6 5G applications. The proposed antenna is designed to meet the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) standard for 5G in the mid-band (3.5–5 GHz) applications. The designed antenna configuration consists of 1 × 4 rectangular microstrip array antenna with an FSS reflector to produce a semi-stable high radiation gain. The modeled FSS delivered a wide stopband transmission coefficient from 3.3 to 5.6 GHz and promised a linearly declining phase over the mid-band frequencies. An equivalent circuit (EC) model is additionally performed to verify the transmission coefficient of the proposed FSS structure for wideband signal propagation. A low-cost FR-4 substrate material was used to fabricate the antenna prototype. The proposed wideband array antenna with an FSS reflector attained a bandwidth of 2.3 GHz within the operating frequency range of 3.5–5.8 GHz, with a fractional bandwidth of 51.12%. A high gain of 12.4 dBi was obtained at 4.1 GHz with an improvement of 4.4 dBi compared to the antenna alone. The gain variation was only 1.0 dBi during the entire mid-band. The total dimension of the fabricated antenna prototype is 10.32 λo × 4.25 λo ×1.295 λo at a resonance frequency of 4.5 GHz. These results make the presented antenna appropriate for 5G sub-6 GHz applications.

Design and Analysis of a 28 GHz Micro strip Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communications

Abstract: In this paper, a 28GHz micro strip patch antenna (MSPA) design and performance analysis for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems is presented. The antenna is designed using FR4 substrate material with thickness of 0.244 mm, and and analyzed using HFSS (High frequency structure simulator) simulator. The simulated results show that, the beam-gain of 7.587 dBi, directivity of 7.509 dBi, the radiation efficiency of 97.33 %, and bandwidth of 1.046 GHz, compared to other similar designs suffers from losses are gained from the antenna significantly better bandwidth, beam-gain, return loss, and radiation efficiency. Therefore, the proposed antenna gives a highly competitive performance as related to other works, and also, it is a potential candidate antenna type for 5G wireless communication systems.

Polarization insensitive symmetrical structured double negative (DNG) metamaterial absorber for Ku-band sensing applications

Metamaterial absorber (MMA) is now attracting significant interest due to its attractive applications, such as thermal detection, sound absorption, detection for explosive, military radar, wavelength detector, underwater sound absorption, and various sensor applications that are the vital part of the internet of things. This article proposes a modified square split ring resonator MMA for Ku-band sensing application, where the metamaterial structure is designed on FR-4 substrate material with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and loss tangent of 0.025. Perfect absorption is realized at 14.62 GHz and 16.30 GHz frequency bands, where peak absorption is about 99.99% for both frequency bands. The proposed structure shows 70% of the average absorption bandwidth of 420 MHz (14.42–14.84 GHz) and 480 MHz (16.06–16.54 GHz). The metamaterial property of the proposed structure is investigated for transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) and achieved negative permittivity, permeability, and refractive index property for each absorption frequency band at 0°, 45°, and 90° polarization angles. Interference theory is also investigated to verify the absorption properties. Moreover, the permittivity sensor application is investigated to verify the sensor performance of the proposed structure. Finally, a comparison with recent works is performed, which shows that the proposed MMA can be a good candidate for Ku-band perfect absorber and sensing applications.

Compact Super Wideband Frequency Diversity Hexagonal Shaped Monopole Antenna With Switchable Rejection Band

To reduce interference from other wireless communications, a compact super wideband frequency diversity hexagonal shaped monopole antenna with switchable rejection band capabilities is proposed. The patch consists of hexagonal structure with an open-ended horizontal slot that divides the patch into upper and lower parts. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 36 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times\,\,36$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times\,\,1.6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm on an FR-4 substrate material with a loss tangent of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$tan\delta$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0.02. The notch switchable features and the frequency diversity are controlled by changing the length of the resonator through alternating the state of two inserted parallel PIN diodes inside the horizontal open-ended slot. The upper part of the hexagonal patch is connected to the negative terminal of the diodes and the biasing circuit in the back layer through a conducting via. The lower part is connected to the positive terminal of the diode. When both diodes are OFF, the proposed antenna behaves as a super wideband covering a bandwidth from 3.37 GHz to 27.71 GHz. When both diodes are ON, there is a band notch and a frequency a frequency band (3.81 – 6.62 GHz) is filtered. The antenna’s radiation pattern is broadsided directional, and the efficiency is observed 92.9% and 96% for the ON and OFF cases, respectively. The reflection coefficient ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{11}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) at the rejection band is −3.06 dB at 5.38 GHz. Hence, the proposed super wideband antenna is well-suited for applications in wireless communications.

Investigation of Gain Enhancement in Microstrip Antenna Structure in Pathological Tissue Samples

Pathological reports play an important role in the diagnosis and especially in the treatment of diseases. For this reason, it is important to be able to access the reports of pathological tissue samples in a short time. Today, depending on the pathologist and the number of samples, the report delivery time can take months. For this reason, microstrip antenna structures, which are frequently used in the biomedical field, are investigated to evaluate pathological tissue samples. In this study, the variation of the gain values of antenna structures depending on the simulation results is examined. FR-4 substrate material, which has a dielectric constant of 4.4, is used in the microstrip antenna structure. The diameters of four circles added to the antenna patch structure with an operating frequency of 2.45 GHz are changed parametrically. The highest gain value of the antenna structure is investigated. The gain value has been increased from 1.89 dB to about 3.5 dB.

Microstrip Antenna Design with Array Rectangular Patch 2x2 for Ship Radar at 2.2 GHz

This antenna uses FR4 substrate material with a substrate material thickness of 1.6 mm. The simulation results of the patch array microstrip antenna rectangular 2x2 elements with substrate material are FR4 able to work at a frequency of 2.2 GHz, with a frequency range of 2.1607 – 2.24 GHz, a return loss value of -18,086 dB with a bandwidth of 83.6 MHz, VSWR 1.284, the gain of 4.714 dB and beam width of 53.6 deg, these results will be compared with a single rectangular antenna and array antenna rectangular 1x2 that work at the frequency same of 2.2 GHz with range frequency of a single antenna 2.161 – 2.222 GHz, the return loss value - 13,934 with a bandwidth of 61 MHz, VSWR 1,502, a gain of 2.1988 dB and a beamwidth of 94.9 deg. As for the 1x2 array antenna, the value working range is of frequency a single antenna 2.164 – 2.247 GHz, the return loss value is -20.3717 with a bandwidth of 83 MHz, VSWR 1.21, a gain of 4.58 dB, and a beamwidth of 81.7 deg.

Miniaturized Microstrip Diplexer Based on FR4 Substrate for Wireless Communications

In this paper, the miniaturized microstrip diplexer has been designed for dual channels based on FR4 substrate material. It consists of two bandpass filters (BPFs) functioning under dissimilar frequency bands coupled with a unified junction. Every BPF has been created by a meandered line resonator, step impedance resonator, uniform impedance resonator, and input/output feed lines. The AWR electromagnetic simulator has been used for characterizing the frequency responses of the projected diplexer. Noble scattering parameter results with narrow band responses and negative group delay values are obtained for the proposed diplexer. The microstrip diplexer has an interesting band isolation between the two filters around 31 dB. The device has been successfully fabricated and verified with the simulations.

Increasing Gain Evaluation of 2×1 and 2×2 MIMO Microstrip Antennas

In this paper, a semi-circular ultra-wideband antenna has been modified according to the 2×1 and 2×2 MIMO scenarios. The proposed antennas were designed based on the FR-4 substrate material with dimensions of 36×50mm and 60×60mm for 2×1 and 2×2 scenarios respectively. Simulation results show that a gain improvement of the proposed MIMO antennas from 1 to 2.5dB has been achieved in comparison with the single patch antenna. The radiation pattern for the original and the proposed 2×2 MIMO antennas are exhibited. The main advantage of the proposed antennas is that the gain improves without the need to increase the operating power. This makes the proposed MIMO antennas suitable to be used for UWB antenna applications.

Design and Analysis of Multiband Bloom Shaped Patch Antenna for IoT Applications

A Microstrip Bloom shaped patch antenna is proposed for Internet of Things (IoT) application. This antenna operates at multiband frequencies between 1.6 GHz to 2.45 GHz. The Bloom shaped antenna provides multiband response that examined in HFSS Software. In this proposed antenna design, FR4 substrate material is used because it is easily available and low cost. The proposed antenna structure simulated and analyzed in different experimental results including return loss measurement, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio measurement, radiation pattern measurement and gain measurement. This proposed Multiband Microstrip Bloom shaped patch antenna provides better experimental results in all the parameters

Miniaturized and enhanced bandwidth Marchand balun using CSRR

A novel and miniaturized Marchand balun is proposed using two quarter-wave edge coupled transmission line and two complementary split-ring resonators (CSRR) unit cell in the ground plane. These coupled lines are joined with the help of an uncoupled microstrip line. The short circuit and open circuit terminations are assigned at the specified ports. Two rectangular shaped CSRR cells improve the circuit performance. A step impedance technique has been applied at the balanced ports to enhance the bandwidth. This proposed design produces a fractional bandwidth of 18.75% at the centre frequency with a maximum magnitude and phase imbalance of 0.56 dB and 0.85°. This design occupies a total circuit area of 0.515 λg (30.72 mm) × 0.279λg (16.63 mm). The circuit has been designed at 2.4 GHz centre frequency using low-cost FR4 substrate material. The simulated and measured results are in acceptable accord in terms of magnitude and phase response.

A compact Luna shaped high gain UWB antenna in 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz using FR4 material substrate

The microstrip antenna mainly consists of four modules. They are ground plane, dielectric substrate, feed line and radiating patch. Most of time, the patch, feed line and ground plane use copper material whereas the substrate will take different dielectric materials. Hence, the antenna substrate material plays a major role on antenna performance characteristics. This paper presents different types of antenna substrate materials available and also describes the effect of FR4 substrate material on a compact Luna shaped high gain UWB antenna in the frequencies starting from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. So, this design is produced on the FR4 substrate of size 20 × 18 × 1.6 mm3. It results in S11 ≤ -10 dB from 3.09 GHz to 11.02 GHz. It observes highest radiation efficiency as 98% at 8.6 GHz and maximum peak gain as 5.68dBi at 9.7 GHz. The study of fractional grounds with different types of slots is also shown. The simulation software used is ANSYS HFSS. The simulated and measured return loss is compared.