Fourth Frame Research Articles

Video saliency detection using modified high efficiency video coding and background modelling

Video saliency has a profound effect on our lives with its compression efficiency and precision. There have been several types of research done on image saliency but not on video saliency. This paper proposes a modified high efficiency video coding (HEVC) algorithm with background modelling and the implication of classification into coding blocks. This solution first employs the G-picture in the fourth frame as a long-term reference and then it is quantized based on the algorithm that segregates using the background features of the image. Then coding blocks are introduced to decrease the complexity of the HEVC code, reduce time consumption and overall speed up the process of saliency. The solution is experimented upon with the dynamic human fixation 1K (DHF1K) dataset and compared with several other state-of-the-art saliency methods to showcase the reliability and efficiency of the proposed solution.

Structural Analysis of Deck Reinforcement on Composite Yacht for Crane Installation

The crane installation on the deck of a yacht redistributes the stress field and affects the local structural integrity and performance. The safe operation of the yacht is associated with the optimal placement of the crane on the deck and the proper local structural reinforcement. Here, the structural analysis of the bow part of a yacht made of composite materials is studied, considering the retrofit installation of a crane, in three different cases of reinforcing the deck: (a) without any reinforcement, (b) with a T-type reinforcement, and finally, (c) with a longitudinal beam. The T-type connects the longitudinal bulkhead and the deck, reinforced locally with overlamination skin and adhesive-filler. The longitudinal beam works as a local longitudinal stiffener attached to the deck and connects the second, third, and fourth transverse frames. The structural analysis is performed using the finite element method following the classification societies’ rules. The local reinforcements are made from the same composite materials as the unreinforced deck. The maximum deformations, the principal stresses, and the safety factors following Tsai-Wu and Hashin criteria are calculated and compared for the three different cases. The T-type and longitudinal reinforcements reduce deck stresses by 33%, with longitudinal reinforcement reducing deck deformation by 17%. Composite failure analysis shows the structure was near failure, and the reinforcements enhance safety; T-type is better for multiaxial loads (Tsai-Wu), and longitudinal is superior for micromechanical failure (Hashin). By considering the structural performance and safety aspects, designers and engineers can make optimal decisions regarding yacht crane installation and proper reinforcement, leading to safer and more efficient structures.

Hungry and warm; cold and fed? The intersection of food and fuel poverty

Abstract Background The UK news has been increasingly reporting of people forced to choose between “heating and eating.” The (self-)rationing of food and fuel has harmful health repercussions, yet the intersection food poverty and fuel (or energy) poverty has been largely neglected in academic literature. This study looks to triangulate reports from the UK news and stakeholders in food and fuel poverty (FFP) mitigation to determine and compare how FFP is framed relationally between the sources. Methods Using the Nexis Lexis database, we searched for UK news articles on FFP, published between January 2010 and April 2022. Stakeholders in the FFP mitigation space, identified via hand-searching grey literature and snowball sampling, were interviewed between April and June 2023. Twenty interviews were conducted, and 185 news articles were included. Relying on framing analysis, extracted news data fragments and interview transcripts were thematically coded, analysed, and triangulated. Results Three descriptive frames of FFP were inductively identified across both data sources: 1) FFP is experienced as “trade-off” - a choice between heating and eating; 2) FFP is experienced as “mutual cutbacks” - an effort to reduce both necessities; 3) FFP is “not distinct” - the problem is income poverty. A fourth frame, that FFP is “situational” - it does not involve decisions but is a situation people find themselves in, only emerged from interviews. The UK news most prominently framed FFP as a “trade-off” (70%), followed by as a “mutual cutback” (29%), and rarely as “not distinct” (1%). Whereas stakeholders largely framed the issue as “mutual cutbacks” (45%), followed by as a “trade off” (30%), as “not distinct” (25%) and as “situational” (10%). Conclusions The varied and mismatched framings between the news and stakeholders suggests that FFP is complex and potentially poorly understood. Centring the framing of people with lived FFP experience may help towards meaningfully tackling FFP. Key messages • Food and fuel poverty (FFP) is largely framed differently between the UK news and FFP mitigation stakeholders. • Centring the framing(s) of people with lived experience may help towards tackling FFP.

Статистические данные о прогибах коленчатого вала судового дизеля

The results of the study of crankshafts that have received a deflection during operation are presented. The reasons for the appearance of the curvature of the longitudinal axis and the consequences to which this defect may lead are considered. According to the analysis of statistical data obtained from enterprises engaged in engine repair, an increase in defects of residual deformation of deflections was noted. The necessity of collecting and systematizing cases of curvature of the longitudinal axis above the permissible value is determined. The conditions for preparing shafts for defecation have been clarified. Attention is drawn to the need to take into account the results of previous measurements and the total operating time of the engine when laying the shaft approved for further operation. The object of the study is the crankshaft of the diesel engine 6 CHN 31.8/33, used in water transport as the main marine engine. Measurements of the radial runout of twenty shafts that received deflection were made. The dependence of the measurement error on the radius of the shaft neck is established. A histogram of the frequency distribution of deflections of the crankshaft frame necks depending on the repair size number is constructed and the dependence of the deflection frequency on the repair size number is illustrated. The maximum deflection of the crankshaft of 4.10 mm with an allowable deflection of 0.03 mm is fixed. The values of deflections of diesel shafts are analyzed, their dependence on the number of the repair size and the number of the frame neck on which the deflection occurred. The frequency and significant increase in the magnitude of the deflection arrow on the fourth frame neck were noted. The necessity of using the obtained statistical data on deflections for the scientific substantiation of the technology of correction of diesel krancshafts is determined.

Behavioural norms or personal gains? – An empirical analysis of commuters‘ intention to switch to multimodal mobility behaviour

Existing research has revealed that there is a growing dominance of multimodality in urban areas, which is frequently considered to be an important part of the solution to the burdens associated with heavy car use, such as traffic congestion, noise, and air pollution, as well as associated risks to human health. Yet, while the role of private motorized transport is decreasing in densely populated urban areas, monomodal travel patterns, as exemplified by single occupancy car use, are still dominating work-related mobility. To date, studies on modal shift have investigated the decision-making processes with regard to particular travel modes. However, the intention to switch to multimodal mobility in a commuting context, which may represent a first step towards car use reduction, remains relatively unexplored. Therefore, this paper aims to understand and identify the predecessors of car commuters’ intention to switch to multimodal commuting via an online questionnaire. Our theoretical framework is based on an extension of Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) with Lindenberg and Steg’s Goal-framing Theory (GFT), including a novel fourth goal frame, habit, and person-organisation fit (POF) as additional constructs. Contrary to our expectations, gain and hedonic goals, as well as POF and habit, were not found to affect switching intention. Instead, our findings suggest that a switch to multimodal mobility is strongly dependent on people's normative goals, underlining the need for employers to encourage and reward sustainable multimodal commuting. These findings can assist policy makers, corporate mobility, and HR managers to promote more sustainable, multimodal mobility behaviour.

Глаголы падения в казымском диалекте хантыйского языка

The work is devoted to the verbs of falling in Kazym dialect of Khanty language (Ob-Ugric < Finno-Ugric). This dialect is spoken in the district near the Kazym River, Khanty-Mansi district. The work suggests the detailed distribution of the core verbs pertaining to the semantic field of falling. The system of verbs of falling in Kazym Khanty can be characterized as weakly dominant system, when there is one verb that has a wide meaning and can be used nearly in all the contexts. The main verb is pitti. It denotes situations belonging to the tree frames associated with falling. The verb is not used to denote the situation of destruction. The usage of the majority of other verbs described in the work is also limited to three frames. However, pitty have the widest usage. It’s meaning is free of additional connotations. It has a bulk of grammaticalized and idiomatized usages. There are also some other verbs that correspond to the same basic frames. However, the number of particular situations they denote within these frames is narrower as compared to pitti. Separate verbs (a verb and its suffixed correlates) are used in context of the fourth frame, namely destruction. As a result, the table is given where the distribution of the verbs of falling among different diagnostic contexts for falling subframes in Kazym Khanty is summarized.

Framing the debate: How interest groups influence draft rules at the United States Environmental Protection Agency

AbstractScholars have identified that interest groups can be most influential on regulatory outcomes during the preproposal stage of the rulemaking process, yet this stage is notoriously understudied. Recently, Rinfret concluded that interest groups use three frames (expertise, fiscal feasibility and instructive) to influence agency personnel at the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Of the three, the expertise frame was considered most effective. This work confirms these findings across three more significant rulemakings at the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and builds on Rinfret's framework in two ways. First, this analysis adds a relevant fourth frame to the model, the legal frame. Second, this research addresses why interest groups use all four frames, when the expertise frame is considered most impactful. Simply stated, interest groups use each frame to complement the expertise frame and build a coherent story that justifies their preferred solution. Thus, understanding how interest groups use each of the four frames can inform our understanding of why two groups that both use the expertise frame may have varying impacts on the agency.

CCTV in Denmark 1954-1982

The article describes how CCTV has evolved in Denmark from 1954, where it is first mentioned in a specialist journal, to 1982, where legislation is passed that regulates how CCTV can be used and by whom. The article identifies four technological frames in which CCTV is placed in the period. Three of these are ‘use-directed’ as they point to various ways of using CCTV and identify certain advantages and obstacles for this use. These three frames are ‘CCTV in industries’, ‘CCTV in traffic’, and ‘CCTV in security practices’. The fourth technological frame is critical towards using CCTV; it fears that the relationship between citizens and state is hampered and that the privacy of citizens is at risk. This technological frame is labeled ‘CCTV as a democratic threat’. The article shows how there have been various controversies between the different interpretations of CCTV. Thus, CCTV in Denmark has not evolved through linear and uncontested progression; in fact, CCTV has been at the centre of several controversies in which surveillance practices have been negotiated and regulated.

Cyclic behavior of braced concrete frames: Experimental investigation and numerical simulation

RC shear walls have been widely used as the main lateral-load resisting system in medium and high-rise buildings because of their inherent large lateral stiffness and load resistance. But, in general, the energy dissipating capacity of RC shear walls is not very good and it is found that using the bracing system gives good results. The main purpose of this paper is to study the effect of the different types of bracing on the lateral load capacity of the frame. Also, the research contains a comparison between the braced and infilled frames to decide the best system. The research scheme consists of four frames; the bare frame, two frames one was braced with concrete, the second was braced with steel bracing and the fourth frame was infilled with solid cement bricks. All the specimens were tested under cyclic loading. The results gave some important conclusions as; braced and infilled the bare frames increased the lateral strength of the bare frame depending on the type of bracing and infill. Also, the different types of bracing and the infill increased the initial stiffness of the bare frame by a reasonable value. The energy dissipation for the braced and infilled frames is always higher than that for the bare frame up to failure. Also, numerical modeling was carried out with the nonlinear software platform (IDARC). The numerical results obtained with the calibrated nonlinear model are presented and compared with the experimental results. Good agreement was achieved between the numerical simulation and the test results.

Experimental model for controlling shear using the Ilizarov frame

ObjectiveThis study has been designed to ascertain whether a standard configuration Ilizarov tibial frame can control shear motion at the fracture site of an oblique fracture within acceptable limits for axial micro-motion, and therefore promote bony union. If not, are there simple modifications to the frame design that can achieve this? MethodsFour Ilizarov frame designs were tested on a load test rig. Fracture site shear displacement was measured using a clip gauge attached to an automated data recording system. FindingsThe standard Ilizarov frame allowed 4mm of fracture site displacement at 340N of load. Our fourth frame design, the locked olive frame, allowed a maximum of 0.61mm displacement at 700N. InterpretationThis is one of only two studies to look at circular frame fracture site control in oblique fractures. This is the only study to characterise Ilizarov frame stiffness in oblique fractures. We have shown that the standard Ilizarov frame design is inadequate for control of oblique fractures in this mechanical model. Our data show that with the application of simple principles, the Ilizarov frame can be modified to provide better fracture site control. These frame designs can be applied clinically to reduce fracture site shear motion in oblique fractures, resulting in improved union rates.

Quaternary prevention: first, do not harm

Towards patient-doctor relationship based careClinical prevention, under the influence of public health, has been organised in a chronologicalmanner since the middle of the 20th century. A paradigm shift from a chronological to a constructivist relationship-based preventive pattern of care1 offers new insights into the practice of doctors. This paradigm shift brings to light the concept of quaternary prevention, a critical look at medical activities with an emphasis on the need not to harm. Quaternary prevention addresses the fundamental question of what constitutes too much or too little medicine. It is the fourth form of disease prevention, but also the fourth frame of action for family doctors (Figure 1). The shift from time-based prevention towards a relationship-based organisation offers new perspectives into physicians’ work. The physicians observe themselves and question the ethical limits of their activities. In this sense, quaternary prevention is aimed more at the doctor than the patient. Moreover, the four definitions of prevention, published in the Wonca Dictionary of Family Medicine,2 offer a structured way to discuss the activities of family doctors, including ethical considerations on the patient-doctor encounter. Quaternary prevention, also known as P4, is a new term for an old concept: first, do not harm. This concept enforces disciplines and attitudes such as evidence-based medicine, quality assurance, defensive medicine, avoiding abusive nosographic diagnoses and ethical issues including those linked to overinformation, and overmedicalisation.

Cyclic Behavior of Braced Concrete Frames: Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation

Abstract RC shear walls have been widely used as the main lateral-load resisting system in medium and high-rise buildings because of their inherent large lateral stiffness and load resistance. But, in general, the energy dissipating capacity of RC shear walls is not very good and it has been found that using the bracing system gives good results. The main purpose of this paper is to study the effect of different types of bracing on the lateral load capacity of the frame. Also, the research contains a comparison between the braced and infilled frames to decide on the best system. The research scheme consists of four frames; the bare frame, two frames the first of which was braced with concrete, the second was braced with steel bracing and the fourth frame was infilled with solid cement bricks. All the specimens were tested under cyclic loading. The results gave some important conclusions; braced and infilled bare frames increased the lateral strength of the bare frame depending on the type of bracing and infill. Also, the different types of bracing and the infill increased the initial stiffness of the bare frame by a reasonable value. The energy dissipation for the braced and infilled frames is always higher than that for the bare frame up to failure. Also, numerical modeling was carried out with the nonlinear software platform (IDARC). The numerical results obtained with the calibrated nonlinear model are presented and compared with the experimental results. Good agreement was achieved between the numerical simulation and the test results.

Serial changes of humor comprehension for four-frame comic Manga: an fMRI study.

Serial changes of humor comprehension evoked by a well organized four-frame comic Manga were investigated by fMRI in each step of humor comprehension. The neural substrates underlying the amusing effects in response to funny and mixed order manga were compared. In accordance with the time course of the four frames, fMRI activations changed serially. Beginning with the second frame (development scene), activation of the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) was observed, followed by activations in the temporal and frontal areas during viewing of the third frame (turn scene). For the fourth frame (punch line), strong increased activations were confirmed in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and cerebellum. Interestingly, distinguishable activation differences in the cerebellum between funny and non-funny conditions were also found for the fourth frame. These findings suggest that humor comprehension evokes activation that initiates in the TPJ and expands to the MPFC and cerebellum at the convergence level.

A new broadband homonuclear mixing pulse for NMR with low applied power.

Broadband homonuclear mixing pulses with low radiofrequency power are essential for NMR spectroscopy of proteins and small molecules, especially for emerging applications in high field NMR. We have analytically designed a mixing pulse with high bandwidth-to-power ratio, using our recently developed multi-frame method. Here, we compare the new pulse, NF4 (mixing in the fourth nutating frame), to the best currently available sequence, focusing on the low-power regime. We use simulations and experiments to compare the two pulses' relaxation properties and bandwidth, and demonstrate that NF4 has approximately 1.35 times higher bandwidth, with similar effective relaxation. Therefore, NF4 is a good choice for broadband homonuclear mixing, particularly when the available radiofrequency power is limited.

Deixis, gesture, and cognition in spatial Frame of Reference typology

The three Frames of Reference recognized in the current inventory of spatial-language types are differentiated by their placement of the Anchor from which the vector of search space from Ground to Figure is calculated (Levinson 1996). In certain well-recognized examples, Anchor merges with Ground. The existing analysis treats this merged component as analytically Ground rather than Anchor; its location in or out of the speech situation is therefore taken to be independent of the Frame of Reference typology. Instead, I treat this component as analytically Anchor, making its speech-situation status criterial to the typology. Four, not three, Frames of Reference now appear. The fourth, “Direct” frame, distinguishes binary locutions with a speech participant as Ground/Anchor (e.g. ‘in front of you’) from “Object-Centered” binary locutions in which Ground/Anchor is not a speech participant ( e.g. ‘in front of the kettle’). This four-frame analysis corresponds better than does the three-frame one to the logic of rotation sensitivity which has been used to show Whorfian parallels between language and conceptualization across cultures. I close by discussing the application of Frame of Reference typology to pointing gestures, and show how recognition of the fourth frame of reference allows us to bring discussion of these, and of the linguistic demonstratives and locatives with which they so frequently co-occur, fully within the Frame of Reference typology.

Framing Globalization and Work: A Research Agenda

Drawing on vignettes of the contested nature of change at work in a context of globalization, this article presents four contending narratives of this relationship. It argues that such frames open up or close down the possibility for actors to envisage the evolution of work and employment. The first two (overdetermined convergence and the crisis of capitalism) limit our understanding of important features of the processes underway. A third (balancing the economic and the social) opens up more space for varied outcomes and social choices, but is faulted for its problematical assumptions about social engineering and institutional trade-offs. A fourth frame focused on actor capacity and power offers the most interesting analytical avenues for the development of research. Four consequences are envisaged for the development of a research agenda: first, a focus on four types of fault line of deep societal change (internationalization of economic relations, the reorganization of production, the gender contract and decent, socially useful and healthy work) and the intersections of these fault lines; second, identifying and tracking the articulations and hierarchies between sources and sites of social regulation; third, studying the decline and revitalization of existing actors and the emergence of new actors and their capacities and power; finally, making research on work and employment matter through values, a proximity to social actors and a normative dialogue with change.

A novel rate control initialization algorithm for H.264

This paper presents a novel rate control initialization algorithm for H.264. Firstly the first instantaneous decoding refresh frame in a video sequence is intra-coded to get the mean absolute difference (MAD) value, then the average MAD value of the second, third and fourth frames which are inter-coded is computed, finally the initial quantization parameter is determined depending on the bits per pixel and the two MAD values. When compared with the algorithm JVT-G012 (2003) which is the current recommended algorithm implemented in the H.264 reference software JM13.0 and the algorithm by H.Wang and S.Kwong (see IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Techno!., vol.18, no.1, p.140-4, Jan. 2008), the proposed algorithm can increase the average peak signal-to-noise ratio of reconstructed video by up to 1.241 dB and 1.262 dB, respectively.

Can Gender Equity Be More Equitable?: Promoting an Alternative Frame for Sport Management Research, Education, and Practice

Gender research in sport management has been dominated by liberal feminist theory, which does little to challenge or alter dominant gendered discourses and power structures within sport organizations. In this paper, the limitations of three existing conceptual frames for understanding gender equity are discussed. A fourth frame is proposed that builds on the work of Ely and Meyerson (2000a), Meyerson and Kolb (2000), and Rao, Stuart, and Kelleher (1999). We argue that the fourth frame, based on poststructural feminist theory, provides an important alternative, addressing the complexities of gender relations in sport organizations through the processes of critique, narrative revision, and experimentation. We extend the fourth frame by considering two additional elements: (a) the intersection of gender with other aspects of diversity and (b) a deconstruction of the traditional discourses that pit gender equity against organizational effectiveness using Bauman’s (2001) concept of moral sensitivity. The implications of the fourth frame are then discussed in relation to sport management teaching, research, and practice.

On the expression of joint moments during gait

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of different reference frames on lower limb joint moments during gait with a view to identifying a recommended convention for clinical purposes. Data were collected from 10 subjects (nine able-bodied adults and one child with diplegic cerebral palsy) whilst walking at a self-selected speed. Calculations utilised a three-dimensional inverse dynamics model. For each joint, moments were expressed in four different reference frames. Three of the frames were orthogonal: laboratory frame; anatomical frame of proximal segment; anatomical frame of distal segment. The fourth reference frame was a non-orthogonal joint coordinate system (JCS). Significant differences in the joint moment profiles during gait were found with alternative references frames. This was apparent primarily for the transverse plane joint moments for able-bodied adult gait. For the pathological gait pattern presented, there were also marked differences in the frontal plane joint moments and more subtle ones in the sagittal plane. Whilst it is recognised that all possible reference frames for the expression of the net moment vector are mathematically valid, a decision needs to be made as to which one is more clinically useful. It is proposed that the non-orthogonal JCS is most logical on the basis of what, biomechanically, the joint moment actually represents.

An Empirical Investigation into the Power Behind Empowerment

Using the four dimensional frame that Hardy and Leiba-O'Sullivan (1998) developed to conceptually explore the “power behind empowerment” the study empirically illustrates how a police organization's reform program, which was designed to empower lower level officers, foundered on its own innocence. The reform program adopts a resources dependency approach to power, which resonates with the first of the four dimensional frames of power; unobtrusive forms of power embedded at a deeper level of the organizations social system, which are consistent with the third and fourth dimensional frames, remain unaccounted for. A research and methodological framework is developed to bring the effects of these embedded forms of power into plain view. The results of the study indicate that while on the surface the organization has undergone significant change, at a deeper sociocultural level it has not. In consequence, under the guise of empowerment, somewhat paradoxically, unobtrusive forms of power continue to legitimize...