Fourier Transform Infrared Method Research Articles

An Investigation of RNA Methylations with Biophysical Approaches in a Cervical Cancer Cell Model

RNA methylation adds a second layer of genetic information that dictates the post-transcriptional fate of RNAs. Although various methods exist that enable the analysis of RNA methylation in a site-specific or transcriptome-wide manner, whether biophysical approaches can be employed to such analyses is unexplored. In this study, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy are employed to examine the methylation status of both synthetic and cellular RNAs. The results show that FT-IR spectroscopy is perfectly capable of quantitatively distinguishing synthetic m6A-methylated RNAs from un-methylated ones. Subsequently, FT-IR spectroscopy is successfully employed to assess the changes in the extent of total RNA methylation upon the knockdown of the m6A writer, METTL3, in HeLa cells. In addition, the same approach is shown to accurately detect reduction in total RNA methylation upon the treatment of HeLa cells with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). It is also demonstrated that m1A and m6A methylation induce quite a distinct secondary structure on RNAs, as evident from CD spectra. These results strongly suggest that both FT-IR and CD spectroscopy methods can be exploited to uncover biophysical properties impinged on RNAs by methyl moieties, providing a fast, convenient and cheap alternative to the existing methods.

NH3-probe X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy method to characterize solid acidity of clay minerals

Accurate determination of solid acidity is essential for evaluating the catalytic activity of clay minerals. However, the conventional Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) method using NH3 as the probe encounters challenges in measuring the solid acidity owing to the presence of water on the surface or within interlayer spaces of clay minerals as well as the influence of environmental water during the detection process. To mitigate water interference, a NH3-probe X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) approach was adopted as an alternative to the FTIR method for the identification and semi-quantification of solid acidity of clay minerals. Following NH3 adsorption, the types of solid acid sites in clay minerals were identified through the chemical shift in N1s XPS spectra. The ratio of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites in a given sample and the relative concentration of acid sites across different samples were determined by examining the specific N1s peak area ratio. According to the XPS data, the ratios of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites in Ca-montmorillonite (SAz-2) and Na-montmorillonite (SWy-2) were nearly 1:1, whereas that for the illite–smectite mixed-layer mineral (ISCz-1) was 4. The acid site contents in SAz-2 were more than twice those of SWy-2. This work highlights the promising application prospects of the NH3-probe XPS method in solid acidity investigations of clay minerals.

Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Simple Algorithm Analysis for Rapid and Non-Destructive Assessment of Cotton Fiber Maturity and Crystallinity for Plant Mapping.

Information on boll distribution within a cotton plant is critical to evaluate the adaptation and response of cotton plants to environmental and biotic stress in cotton production. Cotton researchers have applied available conventional fiber measurements, such as the high volume instrument (HVI) and advanced fiber information system (AFIS), to map the location and the timing of boll development and distribution within plants and further to determine within-plant variability of cotton fiber properties. Both HVI and AFIS require numerous cotton bolls combined for the measurement. As an alternative approach, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy was proposed to measure fiber maturity (MIR) and crystallinity (CIIR) of a sample as little as 0.5 mg lint. Extending fiber maturity and crystallinity measurement into a single boll for node-by-node mapping, FT-IR method might be advantageous due to less sampling amount compared with HVI and AFIS methods. Results showed that FT-IR technique enabled the evaluation of fiber MIR and CIIR at a boll level, which resulted in average MIR and CIIR values highly correlated with HVI micronaire (MIC) and AFIS maturity ratio (M). Hence, FT-IR technique possesses a good potential for a rapid and non-destructive node-by-node mapping of cotton boll maturity and crystallinity distribution.

Microscopic vibrational circular dichroism on the forewings of a European hornet: heterogenous sequences of protein domains with different secondary structures.

We developed a microscopic scanning for vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy in which a quantum cascade laser is equipped with a highly focused infrared light source to attain a spatial resolution of 100 μm. This system was applied to the forewing of a European hornet to reveal how the protein domains are organised. Two-dimensional patterns were obtained from the VCD signals with steps of 100 μm. We scanned the 1500-1740 cm-1 wavenumber range, which covers amide I and II absorptions. Zone sequenced α-helical and β-sheet domains within an area of 200 μm2 in membranes close to where two veins cross. The sign of the VCD signal at 1650 cm-1 changed from positive to negative when probed along the zone axis, intermediated by the absence of VCD activity. The significance of this zone is discussed from the viewpoint of the mechanical properties required for flying motion. These features are unattainable using conventional FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) or FT-VCD methods with a spatial resolution of ∼10 mm2.

Diagnosis of common intraosseous lesions of the dentomaxillofacial region by chemometry-assisted FT-IR spectroscopy in dental tissue samples

PurposesThis study aimed to determine the differential diagnosis of three intraosseous lesions (odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), central giant cell granuloma (CGCG), and dentigerous cyst (DC)) of the dentomaxillofacial region with very similar radiological and clinical features by using chemometrics assisted FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy in tissue samples. MethodsTissue samples (exposed to formaldehyde for a similar time) of 20-micron thickness belonging to 19 intraosseous lesions diagnosed histopathologically were obtained from the pathology laboratory. The samples were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopic method using the 400–4000 cm−1 wavenumber range, and the obtained spectra of the samples were evaluated using the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) algorithm. ResultsThe intraosseous lesions with different histopathological diagnoses were accurately and precisely clustered with different FT-IR bands corresponding to the main molecular vibrations, especially the phosphodiester region, of the tissue components using the proposed model with 3 latent variables. ConclusionsThe model showed high sensitivity and specificity. The present study is the first to report the elucidation of clear spectral differences between similar lesions in the maxillofacial region. In the future, the FT-IR method may be used in the non-destructive classification of similar lesions in the maxillofacial region as an alternative to histopathological evaluation.

Efek Penambahan Antioksidan dan Demulsifier Secara Polimerisasi Pada Proses Penimbunan Diesel Fuel

B30 is an environmentally friendly fuel used for diesel engines. B30 is very easily contaminated with water sourced from the production process and raw materials from the B30. This water content causes corrosion and has an impact on landfilling. A demulsifier is a way to break down the B30 and water emulsion. In this study, the demulsifier used was acrylate-based and mixed with polar and non-polar solvents. The addition of a demulsifier with a volume of 2 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL in the stockpiling process with variations of 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours obtained an effect on the volume of water, where the volume of water increases with longer storage time. But the effectiveness of the demulsifier can be evaluated by potentiometrically measuring the water content and FTIR. The demulsifier that was made was also added with an antioxidant in the form of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) with a concentration of 0.5 M and obtained more separate water layers than without the addition of TBHQ. To obtain the water content value after adding TBHQ, the coulometric and Fourier Transform Infra Red methods were used, which yielded higher results when compared to the absence of TBHQ. So that antioxidants and dimulsifiers have a positive effect on the process of storing diesel fuel.

Insights into the mechanisms of L. salivarius CECT5713 resistance to freeze-dried storage

Ligilactobacillus salivarius is a lactic acid bacterium exhibiting several health benefits. However, it is sensitive to freeze-drying and storage in the dried state, thus limiting its commercial exploitation. Our objective was to identify markers of cell resistance by applying multiscale characterization to L. salivarius CECT5713 cell populations exhibiting different resistance to freeze-dried storage. Cells were produced under two different sets of production conditions differing in the culture parameters (temperature, neutralizing solution, and harvesting time) and the protective formulation composition. The culturability, membrane integrity, and cell biochemical composition assessed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) micro-spectroscopy were evaluated after freezing, freeze-drying, and subsequent storage at 37 °C. Membrane properties (fatty acid composition, membrane fluidity, and phospholipid organization), as well as matrix physical properties (glass transition temperature and water activity), were determined. The most resistant cells to freeze-dried storage exhibited the highest cyclic fatty acid content and the most rigid membrane. Freeze-drying and storage induced damage to membrane integrity, proteins, nucleic acids, and constituents of the peptidoglycan cell wall. From the FTIR spectra analysis, we propose the minimization of the variations of the 1058 and 1714 cm−1 vibration bands (that arise mainly from symmetric C–O–C stretching and CO stretching, respectively) induced by the freeze-drying process as a marker of storage stability. We confirmed that a matrix with a glass transition temperature at least 50 °C higher than the storage temperature is crucial for L. salivarius CECT5713 storage stability. In addition, this work explored promising FTIR methods for a better understanding of the protection mechanisms involved.

Effect of Mg doping on dielectric properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by microwave-assisted combustion route

The primary aim of this research work is to study the dielectric properties of nanoscale ZnO and Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The microwave-assisted combustion technique was used to synthesize ZnO and Mg-doped ZnO NPs (2, 4, and 6 atomic % of Mg). XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) and SEM (Scanning electron microscope) methods were used to characterize the materials. From the XRD pattern, the phase confirmation and crystallite size of ZnO and Mg-doped ZnO NPs were estimated. The study of dielectric properties such as dielectric loss and permittivity, impedance and AC conductivity were observed in the range of frequency (1–106 Hz). The permittivity of ZnO and 6% Mg-doped ZnO showed an enhanced dielectric property than other doped materials at higher frequency. The additional mobile carriers added to the material as a result of raising the percentage of doping resulted in an increase in the material's dielectric loss. The hopping and tunnelling mechanism, which may be attributed to the migration of electrons into the conductive network formed by the crystallites of 6% Mg-doped ZnO and ZnO NPs, caused progressively increase in the values of AC conductivity of doped nanoparticles as the frequency range was increased. The impedance (real and imaginary) was decreased with increase in the amount of Mg (in terms of atomic %).

Ultrasound-Promoted preparation and application of novel bifunctional core/shell Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG as a robust catalyst in the expeditious synthesis of Hantzsch esters

In this work, D-(–)-α-phenylglycine (APG)-functionalized magnetic nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG) was designed and successfully prepared in order to implement the principles of green chemistry for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline (PHQ) and 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) derivatives under ultrasonic irradiation in EtOH. After preparing of the nanocatalyst, its structure was confirmed by different spectroscopic methods or techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The performance of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomaterial, as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Hantzsch condensation, was examined under ultrasonic irradiation and various conditions. The yield of products was controlled under various conditions to reach more than 84% in just 10 min, which indicates the high performance of the nanocatalyst along with the synergistic effect of ultrasonic irradiation. The structure of the products was identified by melting point as well as FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic methods. The Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanocatalyst is easily prepared from commercially available, lower toxic and thermally stable precursors through a cost-effective, highly efficient and environmentally friendly procedure. The advantages of this method include simplicity of the operation, reaction under mild conditions, the use of an environmentally benign irradiation source, obtaining pure products with high efficiency in short reaction times without using a tedious path, which all of them address important green chemistry principles. Finally, a reasonable mechanism is proposed for the preparation of polyhydroquinoline (PHQ) and 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) derivatives in the presence of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG bifunctional magnetic nanocatalyst.

Investigation of Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and 1H qNMR Spectroscopy as Potential Methods for the Authentication of Baijiu Spirits

The baijiu spirit is often the focus of fraudulent activity due to the widely varying prices of the products. In this work, Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography (SPME GCMS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and 1H qNMR spectroscopy were evaluated as potential methods to authenticate baijiu samples. Data were collected for 30 baijiu samples produced by seven different distilleries. The data from the SPME GCMS and FTIR methods were treated by a Principal Component Analysis to identify clusters that would suggest chemical differences in the products from different distilleries. The results suggest that SPME GCMS has the potential to be a fully portable method for baijiu authentication. FTIR did not appear suitable for authentication but can be used to find the %ABV range of the sample. 1H quantitative NMR (1H qNMR) was utilized to quantify the ethanol concentrations and calculate the observable congener chemistry comprising ester, ethanol, methanol, fusel alcohol, and organic acids. Discrepancies in ethanol content were observed in three samples, and a lack of major congeners in two samples indicates the possible presence of a counterfeit product. Detailed and quantitative congener chemistry is obtainable by NMR and provides a possible fingerprint analysis for the authentication and quality control of baijiu style, producer, and the length of the ageing process.

A Guinea Fowl Eggshells Derived Calcium Oxide Catalyst for Transesterification of Coconut Oil

The exponential rise in world population, the depletion of fossil fuels resources, and the severe environmental consequence of petroleum-based fuels have initiated an enormous search for renewable fuel as a substitute for petroleum fuel. In line with that, this study reports the use of a calcium oxide catalyst derived from waste guinea fowl eggshells in the transesterification of coconut oil for biodiesel production. The calcium oxide catalyst was prepared through the calcination of the eggshell at 950 oC for three hours and then characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red FTIR and basic back titration methods. The activity of the catalyst was evaluated in the transesterification of coconut oil with methanol by varying the reaction conditions to optimize the biodiesel conversion. The catalyst’s Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis revealed a peak equivalent to the Ca-O bond at 665 cm-1, indicating eggshell conversion into CaO. This is justified by the appearance of a Ca(OH)2 peak around 3640 cm−1due to surface water attached to Ca2+. While to the basic back titration yielded a value of 2.933 mmol/g, indicating a high number of basic sites. Consequently, the activity test for the catalyst signified that one hour reaction time, 1:18 oil to methanol molar ratio, 1% catalyst loading, and 60 oC reaction temperature gave the best yield, with a conversion of 85.81%.

Improved methods for mare milk analysis: Extraction and quantification of mare milk carbohydrates and assessment of FTIR-based macronutrient quantification.

Accurately determining the macronutrient profile of mare milk is a precursor to studying how milk composition affects foals' growth and development. This study optimized and validated an extraction and quantification method for mare milk oligosaccharides, which make up a portion of the carbohydrate fraction of mare milk. Mare milk was extracted with chloroform and methanol, and oligosaccharides were selectively isolated from the carbohydrate fraction using porous-graphitized carbon solid-phase-extraction (SPE). Good recovery rates for milk oligosaccharides (between 70 and 100%) were achieved with the optimized method. This study also compared the use of Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy versus wet chemistry quantification methods for protein, fat, and lactose. The FTIR method produced statistically equivalent protein contents to the wet chemistry method, along with substantial savings in both analyst time and consumable consumption. FTIR analysis slightly underestimated the fat content of mare milk relative to the official wet chemistry method, with the difference between the methods increasing at higher fat contents. FTIR also overestimated the lactose content of mare milk and appeared to generate "lactose" values that included the milk oligosaccharides and thus represented the total carbohydrate (lactose and milk oligosaccharides) content of mare milk.

Kinetics of Tyrosinase Inhibition, Antioxidant Activity, Total Flavonoid Content and Analysis of Averrhoa bilimbi L. Extracts and its Fruit Vinegar Using FTIR and Multivariate Methods

Melanin is a natural substance responsible for human skin pigmentation. Tyrosinase is known as a key enzyme involved in melanin production; therefore, hyperactivity of this enzyme leads to hyperpigmentation in human. In current study, leaves and fruits of Averrhoa bilimbi L. were extracted with ethanol and water solvents, and its fruit vinegar was produced by fermenting fresh fruits with sugar at room temperature for 10 days. The leaf and aqueous extracts of A. bilimbi L. and its fruit vinegar were investigated for tyrosinase inhibitory activity using L-DOPA as substrates, antioxidant activity using 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay and total flavonoid content (TFC) using aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Moreover, kinetic study of anti-tyrosinase activity of A. bilimbi extracts and its fruit vinegar, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and principal component analysis (PCA) were carried out. The result indicated ethanol extracts from A. bilimbi fruits and leaves showed the highest TFC and anti-tyrosinase activity, whereas aqueous extracts of its fruits and leaves showed the highest radical scavenging activity. Interestingly, the result revealed the existence of TFC, radical scavenging activity and anti-tyrosinase activity in the vinegar sample. The anti-tyrosinase potential of the fruit and leaf ethanol extracts of A. bilimbi was identified as an uncompetitive inhibitor (Km= 0.54 and 0.51 µM, Vmax= 0.0173 and 0.0146 O.D.450/min, respectively). Positive correlation was significantly found between radical scavenging activity and TFC, between anti-tyrosinase activity and TFC, between FTIR data and TFC, and between FTIR data and anti-tyrosinase activity, (r = 0.83, 0.56, 0.66, 0.75; p-value < 0.05, respectively). Therefore, the extracts and fruit vinegar of A. bilimbi L. could be considered as natural source of an anti-tyrosinase compounds for cosmetics and healthy foods. HIGHLIGHTS The ethanol extracts and fruit vinegar showed high flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and anti-tyrosinase activity The anti-tryrosinase potential was identified as an uncompetitive inhibitor Positive correlation was significantly found between chemical and biological data FTIR, PCA and cluster analysis showed differentiation between extracts and its fruit vinegar GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Diagnostic accuracy of Vibrational spectroscopy in the diagnosis of oral potentially malignant and malignant disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Oral malignant and potentially malignant conditions affect several people worldwide each year. The early diagnoses of these conditions play an important role in prevention and recovery. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques such as Raman spectroscopy (RS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are used in the early, non-invasive, label-free diagnosis of malignant and pre-malignant conditions, and are areas of active research. However, there is no conclusive evidence suggesting the translatability of these methods into clinical practice. This systematic review and meta-analysis presents pooled evidence for RS and FTIR methods in the detection of malignant and potentially malignant conditions of the oral cavity. Electronic databases were searched for published literature on RS and FTIR in the diagnosis of oral malignant and potentially malignant conditions. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), pre-test, and post-test probability were then calculated using the random-effects model. A subgroup analysis was conducted separately for RS and FTIR methods. A total of 12 studies were included (8 of RS; 4 of FTIR) as per the eligibility criteria. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the vibrational spectroscopy methods were calculated to be 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90, 1.00) and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.98), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for the summary receiving operator characteristic curve was found to be 0.99 (0.98-1.00). Therefore, the results obtained in this study suggest that the RS and FTIR methods offer great potential to be used in the early diagnosis of oral malignant and pre-malignant conditions.

Characterization of Lantana Camara Roots (Pentacyclic Triterpenoid) and Mutagenicity Testing of Extracted Oleanolic Acid Using Salmonella Typhimurium

The objective of the present study was to isolate oleanolic acid from the roots of Lantana camara, and characterize it chemically using DSC, HPLC, and FTIR methods, and additionally carrying out a short term assay for assessment of its mutagenic potential by conducting bacterial reverse mutation test to evaluate the ability of the “Oleanolic acid (Pentacyclic Triterpenoid)” to induce point mutations in tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium in both presence and absence of exogenous metabolic activation system (S9) containing microsomal enzymes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), High Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers were used to chemically analyze the isolated molecule. Oleanolic acid was utilized to carry out Preliminary Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity study. According to the results of spectrophotometric research, oleanolic acid extracted from Lantana camara roots exhibits identical spectrum characteristics to standard oleanolic acid also the mutagenic potential of Oleanolic acid (Pentacyclic Triterpenoid). Oleanolic acid was found to be non-mutagenic in all five test strains of Salmonella typhimurium—TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, and TA1537 employing plate incorporation assays. It may be determined that oleanolic acid isolated from Lantana camara roots gives identical, identifiable signals and absorbance like previously reported reference standard based on the results of DLC, HPLC, and FTIR spectra and their interpretation and was determined that oleanolic acid purified from Lantana camara roots is non-mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium.

Quantitative Determination of Pitavastatin in Tablets Using FTIR and RP-HPLC Analysis: A Comparative Study.

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and reverse phase highperformance liquid chromatography, RP-HPLC analysis have been used for the quantitative determination of local l commercially available Pitavastatin products. The FTIR method of analysis is not widely used in pharmaceutical quality control laboratories. This technique is non-destructive, reliable, precise, and efficient, and the samples can be prepared easily. These features emphasized that the FTIR technique can be considered as a potential analytical method for quantitative analysis in pharmaceutical laboratories. It is strongly recommended that FTIR analytical method can be applied simultaneously with RP-HPLC techniques for quality control purposes of drug analysis. Both methods of analysis have shown comparable precision and good repeatability and reproducibility for analysis of Pitavastatin which can be generalized for other pharmaceutical products. In addition, FTIR is not only used for the determination of vibrational modes and structure in the fingerprint region, but it can be also generally applied in quantitative analysis for many pharmaceutical products.

Rapid and sensitive detection of esophageal cancer by FTIR spectroscopy of serum and plasma

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, as a platform technology for cancer detection, must be up to the challenge of clinical transformation. To this end, detection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was hereby explored using serum and plasma scrape-coated on barium fluoride (BaF2) disk by transmission FTIR method, and the classification model was built using six multivariate statistical analyses, including support vector machine (SVM), principal component linear discriminant analysis (PC-LDA), decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classification, ensemble algorithms (EA) and partial least squares for discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). All statistical analyses methods demonstrated that late-stage cancer could be well classified from healthy people employing either serum or plasma with different anticoagulants. Resulting PC-LDA model differentiated late-stage cancer from normal group with an accuracy of 99.26%, a sensitivity of 98.53%, and a specificity of 100%. The accuracy and sensitivity reached 97.08% and 91.43%, respectively for early-stage cancer discrimination from normal group. This pilot exploration demonstrated that transmission FTIR provided a rapid, cost effective and sensitive method for ESCC diagnosis using either serum or plasma.

Analysis of the Properties of Modified Asphalt Binder by FTIR Method.

The usage of modified asphalt binder in road pavements has been increasing in the past few decades. Therefore, quality control and understanding of modified asphalt binders have become an important issue. This study was conducted as a part of a larger study on the efficient management of these modified asphalt binders by evaluating the characteristics of asphalt binders mixed with styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), and wax-based warm-mix additives using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. For original asphalt binders modified with SBS, response wavenumbers were 700 and 966 , which means a particular wavenumber of polybutadiene and polystyrene, while in the case of binders modified with EVA, peak response wavenumbers were at 1242 and 1739 which represents a particular wavenumbers of a single stretching bond between carbon and hydrate and a double stretching bond between carbon and oxygen. Asphalt binders modified with wax-type additives showed peak response at 730 and 1540 which represents a double stretching bond of carbon and a single stretching bond between nitrogen and oxygen. It was also found that peak values increased as addition rates also increased. The results showed that the additives used in this study have particular wavenumbers that show peak responses even when mixed into asphalt binders. Using these characteristics of the additives, FTIR analysis confirms that it is possible to determine whether or not a binder has been modified.

Rapid discrimination of hepatic echinococcosis patients’ serum using vibrational spectroscopy combined with support vector machines

Echinococcosis is a severe zoonotic parasitic disease, and it is continuing to be a significant public health issue. The course of the disease is usually slow, and patients often remain asymptomatic for years. There is no standardized and widely accepted treatment, so early and accurate diagnosis is essential. Herein, this study utilized vibrational spectroscopic techniques, namely Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, to quickly and accurately distinguish hepatic echinococcosis (HE) patients’ serum from the healthy group. Serum samples were collected from HE patients as well as healthy control subjects, and then the Raman and FTIR spectra of the two groups were recorded. After a series of pre-processing, support vector machines (SVMs) were then used to establish the classification models for the two spectral data sets. The performance of each diagnostic model was evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) and hold-out validation methods, respectively. For the distinction between HE and healthy groups, these two spectroscopic techniques had achieved satisfactory classification results, and the diagnostic capabilities of the Raman technique were comparable to that of the FTIR method. The results demonstrate that vibrational spectroscopy has great potential in the rapid and accurate detection of HE and is expected to make up for the shortcomings of the existing clinical diagnosis methods.

Phytochemical Screening by FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis in the Methanolic Extracts Coffee (C. Arabica. L) to Seeds and Peels (Unroasted and Roasted) Cultivars Grown in Yemen

In this study methanolic extract of one plant namely Arabic coffee, were screened for the presence of analysis Constituents and tested for their of Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Infrared measurement techniques of methanolic extracts of Coffee (C. arabica. L) Seeds and peels (unroasted and roasted) include the following functional groups: Phenolic (O-H), Aliphatic- (CH), nitro compounds (CN), Aromatics (C = C) and Aliphatic (C-O). The FTIR method was performed on a spectrophotometer system, which was used to detect the characteristic peak values and their functional groups. The results of the present study generated the FTIR spectrum profile for the medicinally important plants of Arabic coffee can be used in the industry