Four-wheel Vehicle Research Articles

Hierarchical path planner combining probabilistic roadmap and deep deterministic policy gradient for unmanned ground vehicles with non-holonomic constraints

Path planning plays a vital role in autonomous driving as it needs to guide the vehicle to achieve the target position without collision while satisfying the vehicle's non-holonomic constraints. A good path planner should be able to cope with sophisticated environments and try to make the planned path as short as possible. Traditional path planning methods when being applied on four-wheel vehicles may suffer from one of the following disadvantages including conflicting with non-holonomic constraints, far from close-optimal length solution, or easy to get stuck in specific environments. In this paper, a hierarchical path planning method for a four-wheel vehicle combining probabilistic roadmap (PRM) and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) is proposed to address existing problems. In the upper level, PRM is used to generate a guidance path quickly, which doesn't consider the vehicle's non-holonomic constraints but gives the sketch of the path that helps the vehicle to jump out of some dilemmas in specific environments while maintaining a relatively short path distance. In the lower level, reinforcement learning, specifically DDPG, is used to optimize the guidance path generated by PRM considering multiple factors including non-holonomic constraints and obstacle avoidance. The proposed method is validated in four different environments including a simple map, an easy-to-stuck specific map, a maze-like complex map and an office-like complex map. Results show that the proposed method could generate a smooth path satisfying non-holonomic constraints while demonstrating desirable obstacle avoidance performance. The planned path of the proposed method is superior to that of both traditional and state-of-the-art methods in terms of path length and smoothness, which could be 1.3–12.9 % shorter and 2.6–52.1 % smoother in different environments.

ANALISIS SPESIFIKASI TEKNIS SISTEM PENGEMUDIAN ELEKTRIK PADA KENDARAAN LISTRIK BERBASIS BATERAI KOMERSIAL POPULER

The increase in the number of motor vehicles in Indonesia has elevated the negative impact on the environment, both in terms of air pollution and global warming. According to the Ministry of Transportation (Kemhub), the number of motor vehicles in Indonesia reached 141.99 million units in 2021. The electrification of motor vehicles is one of the solutions to reduce emissions from the motor vehicle sector. This is supported by Presidential Regulation No. 55/2019 to stimulate the growth of the national battery-based electric vehicle (BEV) industry. This paper reviews battery-based electric vehicle (BEV) technology worldwide, especially four-wheeled vehicles with a high total population. The research was conducted through online surveys in 2023 using international data sources and the Association of Indonesian Automotive Industries (GAIKINDO), resulting in a database of 33 battery-based electric vehicles. From this database, it was found that the majority of electric cars purchased by the public are hatchback and sport utility vehicle (SUV) types. In terms of electric drive systems, the power capacity range of electric motors used by these vehicles is between 20 - 150 kW for hatchbacks and 100 - 406 kW for SUVs. The most commonly used electric motor type, constituting about 64%, is the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). About 70% of these vehicles use lithium-ion battery technology. The technical specifications of these popular electric cars are expected to assist stakeholders in quickly understanding the technical specifications of electric drive systems in battery-based electric vehicles, serving as a benchmark for designing electric cars suitable to meet domestic needs.

The Importance of Government Collaboration Strategies for Developing Tourism Villages in Indonesia

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to find out the existence of tourist villages that have not experienced development like other tourist village destinations that have experienced a lot of progress. Theoretical reference: Development of integrated tourist village destinations needs to be carried out through collaboration, with strong regional policies through cooperative strategies with various parties. Then the importance of collaboration is applied because according to Thomson from Wood and Gray (1991, 218): Collaboration means autonomous parties interacting through negotiations both formally and informally. Method: The type of research used in this research is a research method with a qualitative approach involving philosophical assumptions, applying a qualitative approach by collecting and analyzing various types of data, also involving collective functions so that the power of studying collectively is greater. and deeper (Creswell, 2013 :5) Results and Conclusions: The government needs to provide facilities and infrastructure that can support the achievement of safe, comfortable and healthy tourist village destinations. The development of eight tourism elements in tourist villages is quite varied and has not been packaged well. Kahayya Village has not developed like other tourist villages, because so far only the government has contributed to its development, access to land transportation is also limited, namely winding roads up hills that are not suitable for two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. Collaboration with various parties is needed so that the potential of this tourist village can be recognized, developed and attracted by visitors. The requirements to become a tourist village worth visiting are like three villages that have eight tourism elements that could be a model. To develop a tourist village into a leading destination requires a fairly large budget. Research implications: The government needs to continue to provide professional guidance and management to increase the number of visits to tourist villages, by improving eight elements starting from: attractions, accessibility, amenities, accommodation, additional services (supporting facilities), supporting policies, and the government facilitating implementation regional regulations in strategic planning priorities and multi-party collaboration. Originality/Value: The tourist village destinations, namely Kahayya, Darubiah, Bontobahari, and Tanatoa all have potential with various types of interesting tourism ranging from the natural beauty of mountains, beaches, waterfall bathing, Pinishi Boat making rituals, and preserving traditional Ammatoa culture. Villages that have not yet experienced development require strong collaboration between various parties ranging from government officials, business actors, academics, society, media, to tourists so that they can work together to support the implementation of tourist villages that are worth visiting and meet the safety and comfort criteria of tourists.

Spatial analysis of the suitability of online taxibike pickup points in Lampung University area

Background: Advancements in technology and information a have significantly impacted various aspects of human life, particularly in the realm of transportation. The emergence of a online transportation services has revolutionized commuting habits, offering convenience and accessibility to users. These services encompass two main categories: two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles, with online motorcycle taxis being the preferred choice among the public. At Lampung University, a prominent educational institution, the demand for online motorcycle taxi services is notably high due to its status as an educational hub. However, this high level of mobility has led to challenges such as haphazard parking and congestion among online motorcycle taxi drivers. Addressing these issues requires spatial analysis techniques to inform policy-making and alleviate these problems effectively. Methods: This study employs Nearest Neighbor Analysis to assess the distribution pattern of existing online motorcycle taxi pick-up points at Lampung University. Additionally, the suitability of pick-up points is evaluated based on regulatory guidelines and applicator data. Quantitative descriptive research methods are utilized to analyze the collected data and derive insights. Findings: The findings of this research indicate the suitability of online motorcycle taxi pick-up points based on regulatory guidelines and applicator data. The results are presented in the form of suitability tables and distribution maps, highlighting nine suitable locations for pick-up points. Conclusion: The distribution map reveals a random pattern in the arrangement of pick-up points, as determined by the Nearest Neighbor Analysis method. These findings provide valuable insights for stakeholders to formulate policies and strategies aimed at optimizing the management of online motorcycle taxi services at Lampung University.

ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK DAN KEBUTUHAN RUANG PARKIR SMAN 1 SUMBAWA BESAR

State High School 1 Sumbawa Besar is one of the schools located in Sumbawa Besar, NTB which has the problem of limited parking spaces that do not adequately accommodate two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles so that researchers analyze the characteristics and needs of parking spaces with the aim of obtaining the results of calculating the characteristics and needs of parking spaces. The method used is the Technical Guidelines for the Provision of Parking Space Facilities, Transportation Department 2012. Based on the research conducted, the results of the available parking space capacity at SMA N 1 Sumbawa Besar are only 114 plots of two-wheeled vehicles, while the results of the volume of analysis of parked vehicles require 122 SRP, so the researcher offers a solution in the form of parking space design of 122 SRP for two-wheeled vehicles and 6 SRP for four-wheeled vehicles that do not have parking plots.

Analisis Efisiensi dan Efektivitas Sistem Produksi dengan Metode Troubleshooting pada PT Chandra Nugerah Cemerlang

PT Chandra Nugerah Cemerlang is a company that operates in the production of motorcycle and car components. To streamline its production, PT Chandra Nugerah Cemerlang uses production factors including raw materials, labor, capital, and specific technology. The main goal is to maintain and expand market share through good production results. Based on the above background, researchers are interested in knowing the extent of efficiency and effectiveness capacity of the production factors at PT Chandra Nugerah Cemerlang, especially labor and machine factors. CNC Group operates in manufacturing and engineering, producing components and spare parts for two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles using pressing and welding processes. PT Chandra Nugrah Cemerlang has customers such as Yamaha, Suzuki, and Kawasaki. One of the production processes to be analyzed is the welding robot line at PT CNC 2, which includes 18 robot welders and 3 Otc Daihen manual welding machines. Manual welding is used to fix suboptimal results from the robot welding. PT CNC Group is also committed to improving culture, human resources, and productivity to face global competition.

Coordinated Control for the Trajectory Tracking of Four-Wheel Independent Drive–Four-Wheel Independent Steering Electric Vehicles Based on the Extension Dynamic Stability Domain

In order to achieve multi-objective chassis coordination control for 4WID-4WIS (four-wheel independent drive–four-wheel independent steering) electric vehicles, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy based on the extension dynamic stability domain. The strategy aims to improve trajectory tracking performance, handling stability, and economy. Firstly, expert PID and model predictive control (MPC) are used to achieve longitudinal speed tracking and lateral path tracking, respectively. Then, a sliding mode controller is designed to calculate the expected yaw moment based on the desired vehicle states. The extension theory is applied to construct the extension dynamic stability domain, taking into account the linear response characteristics of the vehicle. Different coordinated allocation strategies are devised within various extension domains, providing control targets for direct yaw moment control (DYC) and active rear steering (ARS). Additionally, a compound torque distribution strategy is formulated to optimize driving efficiency and tire adhesion rate, considering the vehicle’s economy and stability requirements. The optimal wheel torque is calculated based on this strategy. Simulation tests using the CarSim/Simulink co-simulation platform are conducted under slalom test and double-lane change to validate the control strategy. The test results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy not only achieves good trajectory tracking performance but also enhances handling stability and economy during driving.

Linear Actuators in a Haptic Feedback Joystick System for Electric Vehicles

Several strategies for navigation in unfamiliar environments have been explored, notably leveraging advanced sensors and control algorithms for obstacle recognition in autonomous vehicles. This study introduces a novel approach featuring a redesigned joystick equipped with stepper motors and linear drives, facilitating WiFi communication with a four-wheel omnidirectional electric vehicle. The system’s drive units integrated into the joystick and the encompassing control algorithms are thoroughly examined, including analysis of stick deflection measurement and inter-component communication within the joystick assembly. Unlike conventional setups in which the joystick is tilted by the operator, two independent linear drives are employed to generate ample tensile force, effectively “overpowering” the operator’s input. Running on a Raspberry Pi, the software utilizes Python programming to enable joystick tilt control and to transmit orientation and axis deflection data to an Arduino unit. A fundamental haptic effect is achieved by elevating the minimum pressure required to deflect the joystick rod. Test measurements encompass detection of obstacles along the primary directions perpendicular to the electric vehicle’s trajectory, determination of the maximum achievable speed, and evaluation of the joystick’s maximum operational range within an illuminated environment.

Smart Energy Public Street Lighting System

Public street lighting illuminates roadways for two, three, and four-wheeled vehicles. Most roads have street lighting for safety and aesthetics. The security feature improves nighttime driver sight. Motorists need appropriate illumination to reduce accidents and crime. Lighting design and placement affect the street’s and city’s nighttime attractiveness. Public street lighting lights utilize uncontrolled electricity, resulting in excessive expenditures. We need a design that effectively manages and uses electrical energy. The IoT-based Public Street Lighting system employing solar panels as battery chargers may be utilized for electrical energy planning. The ESP8266 module provides control, a Wi-Fi module provides Wi-Fi, the relay module provides an electric switch to turn on or off public street lighting lights using the intelligent energy public street lighting application, and solar panels charge the batteries. The system has LDR sensor monitoring, ultrasonic sensors, and a Nodemcu ESP8266 microprocessor. The light sensor module detects light intensity. The Smart Energy, Public Street Lighting app lets officers monitor the process in real time. This program will monitor public street lighting and analyze and graph the data.

ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR TERTENTU SEBELUM DAN SETELAH INSENTIF PPnBM DTP

The pandemic has stifled the national economy and urged the government to take fiscal action to save the economy. One of them is a tax incentive for four-wheeled vehicles called Pajak Penjualan atas Barang Mewah Ditanggung Pemerintah (PPnBM DTP). The research used a quantitative method in the form of a paired sample t-test to explore the effect of PPnBM DTP on vehicle sales growth and determine the relationship between PPnBM DTP and PPnBM Dalam Negeri. The data used is secondary data in the form of PPnBM values from Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Pusat and sales of car units sourced from Gaikindo by separating the vehicles to control group and treatment group. It was concluded that PPnBM DTP had an effect on the sales value of all cars that received tax reduction facilities through a significant increase in the treatment group as evidenced by the p value of 0,000. In its implementation, there are several factors that can influence the level of public consumption, including their preferences in purchasing vehicles, brand loyalty, availability of new variants, and the economic conditions of consumers themselves.

Environmentally friendly electric vehicle design

Particularly for automobiles, the global automotive industry is expanding quickly. One of the most often used forms of transportation in Indonesia is the automobile. A variety of cars, including MPVs, SUVs, City Cars, and Sedans, each with the sophistication and benefits of its own type, are being supplied by producers of four-wheeled vehicles. With a focus on sustainability and minimalism, designers create designs for city cars. This essay's goal is to examine how the environmentally friendly City Car is used in cities. The writing uses analytic techniques, design sketches, and three-dimensional visual representations.

SAVING THE USE OF ELPIGI GAS IN THE OVEN MACHINE (CALCINATION) USING THE ENERGY SAVING MODE METHOD AT PT. ABC

Energy has become a basic need and as one of the main components in the industry, one of which is the ABC factory, one of the efforts to reduce production costs without affecting the results or quality of production is by means of safe energy modes PT. ABC is a manufacturing company engaged in the machinery industry which produces catalyst products for two-wheeled vehicles and four-wheeled vehicles. Broadly speaking, there are several stages of the catalyst manufacturing process, namely the Slury material preparation stage, the process of inserting material into the catalyst on the Cyzec machine, the material gluing process on the Calcination Oven machine, the OK product stamp process, the Final Inspection process. This research was conducted on the Drying oven machine, the line that uses elpigi gas. Based on the period January - June there has been an increase in the amount of gas bills used, After using the Energy Safe Method the amount of gas used decreased by 1 cubic every day and saved expenses in the period January - April.

HUBUNGAN VOLUME KENDARAAN TERHADAP TINGKAT KEBISINGAN LALU LINTAS DI UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG

The research conducted on Jalan Taman Siswa No. 9 aims to determine the coherence between the number of two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles and the noise level on the highways around the campus. The data noise collection method uses a Sound Level Meter (SLM) with the HT-80A type and also counts the number of two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles passing by using the Traffic Counter application that has been installed in a smartphone. Noise can have an impact on human health, especially hearing problems and also cause inconvenience to both road users and residents in the vicinity. The variables that will be discussed are: volume of vehicles, especially two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles, and noise intensity. This data collection is needed to find the noise level and then compared using the standard allowable level, namely using the Decree of the State. Minister for the Environment No: Kepmen-48/MENLH/11/1996 for residential zones. Data analysis uses the Leq formula and then also uses the chi-square method to determine the relationship between the two variables. The total number of vehicles passing on the Taman Siswa road during the measurement was 23,530. In this study, the significance level used was 0.05 with the result that the p value for two-wheeled vehicles was 0.008 and for four-wheeled vehicles was 0.2. By obtaining the results of the calculation of a p value of 0.008, this shows that only two-wheeled vehicles are correlate with noise. whereas for four-wheeled vehicles with a p value of 0.2 does not show any correlation

LOWERING CUSTOMER CLAIM &; NG RATIO ON JACK BRACKET PART USING LEAN SIX SIGMA-DMAIC METHOD AT PT. XYZ

PT. XYZ is a manufacturing company that produces Sub Assembly products for two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. Broadly speaking, the stages of the Jack Bracket production process consist of five processes, namely the sharing stage in the Raw Material Line, the Stamping process in the Small Press Line, the Spot Welding Stage in the Welding Assy Line and the Checking Stage in the Final Inspection Line. This research was conducted at Line Assy Welding where the Line produces Jack Bracket parts and Line Final Inspection. Based on NG Outflow &; NG Ratio data in the period July to December 2023, 57 pcs of spot defects were obtained and the number of internal process defects was 32,325 PPM which is equivalent to sigma level 3.3. After applying the six sigma method, the number of NG Customer Claims is nil (0 pcs) and the level of product defects can be reduced to 7,500 PPM which is equivalent to sigma level 4.

Strategi Pemasaran Berbasis Kualitas Produk, Citra Merek, dan Gaya Hidup: Studi Kasus Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen Mobil Mitsubishi di Kabupaten Kudus

Rapid advancements in automotive technology have shifted consumer paradigms regarding four-wheeled motor vehicles, transforming them from mere transportation tools to lifestyle choices. This study investigates the influence of product quality, brand image, and lifestyle on consumer purchasing decisions regarding Mitsubishi automobiles in Kudus Regency. The research methodology employs an explanatory approach, amalgamating qualitative and quantitative data gathered from 125 Mitsubishi consumers.The analysis results reveal significant influences: product quality positively impacts purchase interest and decisions, brand image similarly exerts a significant positive influence on purchase interest and decisions, and lifestyle demonstrates a positive influence on purchase interest and decisions. Purchase interest also functions as a mediating variable between brand image and purchase decisions, as well as between lifestyle and purchase decisions. However, purchase interest does not mediate the relationship between product quality and purchase decisions. In conclusion, product quality, brand image, and lifestyle significantly contribute to the purchasing decisions of Mitsubishi consumers in Kudus Regency, with purchase interest acting as a mediating factor in several relationships. These findings offer crucial insights for manufacturers, marketers, and automotive industry practitioners to develop more effective marketing strategies that cater to consumer needs and attract the market.

Impact of Pulau Balang Bridge Operations on Kariangau – Penajam Ferry Service

Pulau Balang Bridge is access to the Indonesia’s Capital City of IKN and connects Balikpapan to Penajam. So far, there are several alternative transportations, from the Balikpapan area to Penajam and vice versa, one of which is using a ferry, which takes 1.5 hours and added time to the queue. Another alternative is to use a speed boat, the travel time is about 15 minutes. Speed boats are only for passenger purposes and substandard safety. Currently, the number of passengers is quite significant for the Balikpapan - Penajam Ferry Service, after the Pulau Balang Bridge operation, must significantly impact the shipping industry in the Balikpapan - Penajam area. Several alternatives for transportation to connect Balikpapan - Penajam Paser Utara, which has a high annual demand for many ships. This study aims to predict the demand for the Kariangau - Penajam Ferry Service after operating the Pulau Balang bridge and determine the optimization of ships on demand for the Kariangau - Penajam Paser Utara Ferry service after the Pulau Balang bridge operates. The method used in this study is forecasting with linear regression and descriptive or survey research. Assuming there is no Pulau Balang bridge, demand for the Kariangau – Penajam ferry service for passengers grows 2% per year, two-wheeled vehicles grow 4% per year, and four-wheeled vehicles grow 1% per year. Projections of passenger demand in 2026 and 2031 are likely to be optimistic that the demand will decrease to 77% and possibly 20% pessimistic. From the distance and time of ferry service users, 7 routes (49%) of ferry service users still use the ferry line, and 5 routes (51%) of ferry service users switch to the bridge if it is already in operation. Meanwhile, from the results of direct interviews, the demand for the Kariangau - Penajam Ferry service was 23%. They would switch, 33% of respondents would take turns using ships and bridges, 20% would still use ferries, and 24% had yet needed to choose. Currently, 19 ships are operating at the Kariangau - Penajam Ferry service. For an optimistic possibility in 2026 and 2031 the demand for ships if the Pulau Balang bridge operates is 16 ships. However, for a pessimistic possibility, the ships needed to operate are only 4 ships per day.

Whole body vibration and rider comfort determination of an electric two-wheeler test rig.

Two-wheeled vehicles are the major mode of transportation in India. Such vehicles are exposed to excessive vibration on the road when compared to four-wheeled vehicles. However, the research on the reduction of whole body vibration in the case of two-wheelers is not explored in detail. The present study predicts rider comfort in the case of an electric two-wheeler as per ISO 2631-1, by obtaining the finding the weighted acceleration at the strategic locations of vibration at the test rig. An electric two-wheeler test rig is used in the study. The values of acceleration from the test rig in running conditions are obtained by using NI LabVIEW 2019. The drive cycle of the electric vehicle (EV) test rig is controlled by Sync sols' EV lab software. Obtaining the weighted root mean square (RMS) acceleration from running the test setup, it is compared with the ISO 2631-1 standard to obtain the rider comfort. Loading area, traction motor, base mount, and suspension were found to be the strategic points of vibration. Frequency weighted RMS acceleration of 0.3 to 0.4 m/s 2 obtained at these points are prone to cause discomfort for the rider. Vehicle speed, road profile, and duration of exposure were found to be important parameters affecting the rider's comfort. A maximum of 4.6 m/s 2 amplitude was observed. The loading area, which corresponds to a rider's seat in actual vehicle, is important and reduction of these vibrations make the ride comfortable for the rider. Suspension and base mount of the test rig are found to be uncomfortable observing the weighted RMS acceleration. A suitable damping technique design is very much essential in reducing these vibrations and improve the rider comfort, as many more non-deterministic vibrations are prone to cause dis-comfort in case of actual on road riding conditions.

A system dynamics model for vehicle fleet transformation towards energy efficiency and low-carbon development: A case study of Sri Lanka and its strategies

Improving the energy efficiency of a vehicle fleet is a complex task that can be identified as having multiple variables and nonlinear feedback loops influenced by different mobility, socio-economical, and environmental factors. Due to the prevailing concerns on the fuel economy and vehicular emissions, formulating a clear policy for electric and other alternative mobility forms requires a clear decision support tool to adequately consider the complexities involved. This paper presents a novel System Dynamics (SD) approach based on the cause-and-effect analysis and feedback loop structures as a suitable tool. The proposed SD model comprises four sub-models: socio-economic, new vehicle registrations, environmental influence, and fuel economy and e-mobility policy measures. The study presents the analysis of historical data and results from the impact analysis of fuel economy policies in Sri Lanka, including the introduction of electric mobility. The authors leveraged the Vensim SD software package for modelling, expert-in-the-loop sensitivity analysis and optimization. Three strategic fuel economy and e-mobility policy intervention scenarios have been developed to estimate the forecasted fuel economy for Four-Wheeled Passenger Vehicles (FWPVs) as per strategic interventions to change the fuel type of new vehicles registered. It is shown that hybrid and electric FWPVs can improve fuel economy by between 13 and 39% by 2030.

Energy-efficient torque distribution strategy for four wheel drive electric vehicles based on Traffic zone

This paper presents a four-wheel electric vehicle control system. It incorporates a two-level control strategy for stability and optimal torque distribution to improve fuel efficiency and extend the vehicle’s operational range. The control architecture is structured hierarchically, with a higher level responsible for determining yaw moment and traction forces based on the desired vehicle dynamics. At the lower level, a multi-criteria constrained optimization method is employed, considering both vehicle stability and energy consumption. Additionally, this study takes into consideration the vehicle’s operational context, such as the specific Traffic zone, and the adhesion properties of the tires. This ensures a delicate balance between instantaneous power consumption and overall vehicle stability. The control system’s performance is tested and assessed through three distinct scenarios within the Matlab/Simulink environment. The co-simulation involves the nonlinear vehicle model simulation software, Carsim, and the results are comprehensively compared to the literature.

Comparative analysis of CO2 emissions of electric ride-hailing vehicles over conventional gasoline personal vehicles

Ride-hailing services have become popular due to their convenience, affordability, and accessibility. Increasing cost of car ownership, traffic congestion and parking shortages are fostering this global market growth. Though four-wheeler ride-hailing vehicles are fuel efficient, researchers have determined that the emission reductions from fuel efficiency alone cannot compensate for the additional emissions caused by "deadheading," the issue of driving without passengers on ride-hailing trips. We suggest that electric vehicle-based ride-hailing services have the potential to reduce utilization CO2 emissions, which are emissions released while using (driving) the vehicle. However, skeptics challenging this hypothesis cite CO2 released during electricity generation (carbon intensity) needed for recharging batteries and the inherent issue of deadheading in ride-hailing services. We compared ride-hailing vehicles to gasoline-powered passenger cars, the largest source of carbon emissions within the transportation sector. In many cases, ride-hailing vehicles are electric and have newer models, so they emit less CO2 per kilometer. We conducted a quantitative analysis, using a mathematical model to estimate the utilization of CO2 emissions for electric vehicles per ride-hailing trip kilometer, considering carbon intensity of electricity generation, electric vehicle fuel efficiency, and deadheading. We compared our results with average estimated utilization CO2 emissions to gasoline-powered passenger cars. Additionally, we performed a sensitivity analysis, which involved adjusting the input variables within plausible ranges to assess their impact on our model results. According to our analysis, despite deadheading, improved vehicle fuel efficiency and cleaner electricity generation result in lower CO2 emissions for electric ride-hailing vehicles than gasoline personal vehicles.