Four-wheel Vehicle Research Articles

Instantaneous Center of Rotation Tracking Control of Four-Wheel Independent Steering Vehicles Under Large-Curvature Turning Conditions

Instantaneous Center of Rotation Tracking Control of Four-Wheel Independent Steering Vehicles Under Large-Curvature Turning Conditions

Whole body vibration and rider comfort determination of an electric two-wheeler test rig

Background Two-wheeled vehicles are the major mode of transportation in India. Such vehicles are exposed to excessive vibration on the road when compared to four-wheeled vehicles. However, the research on the reduction of whole body vibration in the case of two-wheelers is not explored in detail. The present study predicts rider comfort in the case of an electric two-wheeler as per ISO 2631-1, by obtaining the finding the weighted acceleration at the strategic locations of vibration at the test rig. Methods An electric two-wheeler test rig is used in the study. The values of acceleration from the test rig in running conditions are obtained by using NI LabVIEW 2019. The drive cycle of the electric vehicle (EV) test rig is controlled by Sync sols’ EV lab software. Obtaining the weighted root mean square (RMS) acceleration from running the test setup, it is compared with the ISO 2631-1 standard to obtain the rider comfort. Results Loading area, traction motor, base mount, and suspension were found to be the strategic points of vibration. Frequency weighted RMS acceleration of 0.3 to 0.4 m/s2 obtained at these points are prone to cause discomfort for the rider. Vehicle speed, road profile, and duration of exposure were found to be important parameters affecting the rider’s comfort. A maximum of 4.6 m/s2 amplitude was observed. The loading area, which corresponds to a rider’s seat in actual vehicle, is important and reduction of these vibrations make the ride comfortable for the rider. Suspension and base mount of the test rig are found to be uncomfortable observing the weighted RMS acceleration. Conclusions A suitable damping technique design is very much essential in reducing these vibrations and improve the rider comfort, as many more non-deterministic vibrations are prone to cause dis-comfort in case of actual on road riding conditions.

Validation of a new road and contact model for vehicle–soft soil terrain interaction through an elaborate modelling of the FED-Alpha vehicle

Employing multibody dynamic simulations with semi-empirical tyre models is widely recognised as a cost-effective approach. A recent development introduces a novel road and tyre–soil contact model that is not only swift and memory-efficient but also addresses limitations in classical semi-empirical models. This study conducts a thorough validation of the new road and contact model by creating a detailed multibody model of the four-wheeled vehicle, Fuel Efficiency Demonstrator – Alpha, integral to NATO’s Next-Generation reference mobility model. The comprehensive model encompasses the chassis, suspension, tyres, engine, transmission and various other components. Through simulations of various driving scenarios, accounting for complex terrain geometries, spatially varying soil properties and multi-pass phenomena, the model’s performance is evaluated. The simulation results are compared with physical measurements, providing a detailed assessment of the tyre–soil model’s predictive accuracy for wheeled vehicle mobility on deformable terrains.

PENERAPAN SANKSI PIDANA TERHADAP PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA PENIPUAN DENGAN MODUS MENGGADAIKAN KENDARAAN RODA EMPAT

ABSTRACT The perpetrators of crimes vary from ordinary people to law enforcement officers who are the main actors in a crime. One of the crimes or crimes that often occur in society is the crime of fraud. One example of a criminal act of fraud using the mode of pawning a four-wheeled vehicle is in Decision Number: 127/Pid.B/2022/PN Gns with the defendant I Gusti Ngurah Toni Efendi, son of I Gusti Komang Suardika and the victim Sukari and the scene of the incident in Kampung Rukti Endah Dusun III Seputih Raman District, Central Lampung Regency. The research method uses a normative and empirical juridical approach. Normative and empirical data sources. Data collection through library research and field research. The data analysis used is qualitative juridical. Based on the results of the research, it is known that the factors that cause perpetrators to commit criminal acts of fraud by pawning four-wheeled vehicles are the factors that cause perpetrators to commit criminal acts of fraud by pawning four-wheeled vehicles is the factor of meeting their daily living needs, they have no other way except criminal acts of fraud. by pawning four-wheeled vehicles even though the legal risks are serious.

REKAYASA SISTEM INFORMASI FASILITAS PARKIR BERLANGGANAN DI KAMPUS SUDIRMAN UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA BERBASIS ANDROID

Parking facilities have become a crucial component in this era of mobility. The increasing number of vehicles each year has led to a growing demand for parking spaces. Parking facilities must meet several criteria, such as guaranteed security, adequate land, and good management to ensure drivers feel comfortable leaving their vehicles. The Sudirman Campus of Udayana University has adequate parking space at various corners of the campus for both two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. However, the availability of adequate parking facilities is not proportional to good management and security supervision. This often leads to various problems, ranging from overload to security issues. Therefore, an integrated parking management system is needed to ensure that the use of parking spaces at the Sudirman Campus is more orderly, targeted, and secure. In this study, the author designs an integrated parking management system for the Sudirman Campus that utilizes technology. This system has two main components: an Android-based parking facility information system and a prototype automatic gate. The Android application is built using the Flutter framework and utilizes QR Code technology, which is a development of Barcode. Meanwhile, the automatic gate prototype is built based on the Internet of Things and serves as a trial before the actual design of the automatic gate.

Two Adaptive Sliding Mode Control Algorithms for Vehicle Stability Enhancement

This paper discusses two adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) algorithms for enhancing vehicle stability through direct yaw moment control (DYC). DYC is based on a logic process derived from the understeering and oversteering behavior of a cornering vehicle. Furthermore, to achieve DYC in a four-wheeled passenger vehicle, the reference yaw moment computed by the proposed algorihms is converted into a braking pressure that is to be applied to the four wheels. The objective is to minimize the yaw rate error and constrain the sideslip angle to an acceptable range. According to Lyapunov theory, complete stability analysis guarantees the closed-loop stability and robustness of a control system. Simulation results were used to compare the two ASMC algorithms, and both algorithms showed high performance even under critical operating conditions.

Parking Space Demand Study for Dondo Market, Tojo Una-Una District

The current parking space at Dondo Market is not effective because it still uses the road shoulder and is not well organised. When the market is busy, the parking area is full of two- and four-wheeled vehicles, spilling over onto the road, causing congestion and disturbing road users. Therefore, an analysis is needed to determine the ideal parking space requirements. The purpose of this study is to provide recommendations for parking space requirements and design its layout, as well as analyse traffic performance on Jl. Tj. Keramat before and after the parking facility. The results show that the market manager should provide potential land for off street parking. There is vacant land to the right and left of the market with a total area of 6,985 m2 which exceeds the current parking demand. If needed, there is still vacant land owned by the community around the market that can be developed as an additional parking area.

Cooperative energy optimal control involving optimization of longitudinal motion, powertrain, and air conditioning systems

This paper is concerned with the optimal control strategies for the longitudinal control, powertrain, and air conditioning (A/C) system of connected four-wheel hub-drive electric vehicles (EVs). A hierarchical control framework is developed to enhance the energy economy of the vehicle. Real-time connected information is utilized in the upper layer to determine the travel mode. Then, a multi-objective motion planning system (MOMPS) is proposed to plan the optimal acceleration trajectory. In the lower layer, an offline global optimization approach is employed to find the torque combinations that minimize the total power loss. The proposed A/C controller operates based on the bi-level model predictive control (Bi-level MPC) algorithm. A novel prediction model is developed to enable the A/C system to decrease energy consumption by leveraging the speed of the vehicle. The performance of the MOMPS is evaluated using urban test road data, demonstrating that the MOMPS can balance multiple objectives compared to global dynamic programing (Global DP) and the intelligent driver model (IDM). In addition, the proposed torque distribution strategy results in a 4.98% energy-savings rate through comparison with the even torque distribution strategy. Moreover, the A/C controller proposed in this paper can optimize energy consumption by 13.57% compared to a baseline strategy that maintains a constant setting.

Injury risks for different road users in Nepal: a secondary analysis of routinely collected crash data

Background Road traffic injuries are the 12th leading cause of mortality globally. Nepal, one of the least developed countries in the world, has a rapidly rising rate of road traffic-related morbidity and mortality. There is incomplete reporting of traffic crashes in Nepal in the last three World Health Organization global status reports on road safety. Together with poor-quality coding of crashes, essential information to inform prevention interventions or make international comparisons is lacking. Objectives The study aimed to critically analyse routinely collected traffic police data in Makwanpur district, Nepal, to identify the road user groups most likely to be involved and injured in traffic crashes in this part of the country. Design Secondary data analysis. Setting Makwanpur district, Nepal. Data sources Road traffic crash records from the District Traffic Police Office, Makwanpur, over 2 years (April 2017–March 2018 and May 2019–April 2020). Data were extracted from paper-based records onto an electronic database, and the data were analysed descriptively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 24.0 (IBM Corporation, USA). Results There were 291 crashes recorded in 2017–8 and 435 crashes in 2019–20. Two-wheeled vehicles (motorcycles/scooters) were the most frequently involved in police-reported crashes (35.5%). For most crashes (419/726, 58%), no cause was documented in the police record. Road users involved in crashes were mostly riders or passengers of motorised two-/three-wheelers (33.4%), four-wheeled vehicles (19.9%) or buses (16.7%). Of fatal injuries, 31.2% were riders or passengers of motorised two-/three-wheelers, and 24.8% were pedestrians. Limitations The data used represent crashes reported to the traffic police and therefore underestimate the true number of crashes and injuries. At the end of the second period of study, local movement restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown limited the traffic on the roads, resulting in fewer crashes in March and April 2020. In most crash records, there were missing data, limiting the ability to determine contributory factors with confidence. Conclusion This study contributes to the evidence gap by describing crashes and mortality data by vehicle type and road user category. The findings suggest that the number and rates of crashes may be increasing over time. Action to improve the quality and completeness of data routinely collected by the traffic police is needed; a piloted web-based Road Accident Information Management System has the potential to support improved routine data collection. Future work The data indicate crashes occurring in one district over 2 years. To better understand the apparent increase in crashes, an analysis over a longer period, and over multiple districts, would be necessary. Funding This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Global Health Research programme as award number 16/137/49.

Implementation Of Medan Mayor Regulation Number 26 Of 2024 Concerning Guidance For Implementing Subscription Parking Services On The Road Side From A State Constitutional Law Perspective

One of the public policies in the form of regional head regulations of the Regent/Mayor is the Medan City Mayor Regulation Policy (Perwal) Number 26 of 2024 concerning the Implementation of Subscription Parking on Public Roadsides. The regulation implements a roadside subscription parking system in the capital city of North Sumatra Province by subscription starting July 1, 2024. The amount of the subscription parking fee is IDR 90,000/year for two-wheeled vehicles, IDR 130,000/year for four-wheeled vehicles, and IDR 168.000,000/year for trucks/buses.This study uses the Empirical Juridical Type of legal research method, namely research that focuses on examining theory and practice in positive law. is research that places law as a social phenomenon. The data collection method used is by interview. This study refers to primary and secondary data (field and library data). The public supports the subscription parking program to maximize the acquisition of Regional Original Income (PAD) from the parking sector, but the process, substance and implementation must not violate the rights of citizens, especially if it conflicts with applicable laws and regulations.

Four-wheel steering vehicle trajectory tracking control based on PSO optimized MPC

In order to address the difficulty induced by controller parameter uncertainty in trajectory tracking control of four-wheel steering vehicles(4WS), a trajectory tracking control method for unmanned vehicles based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to improve the robustness of the controller. The approach involves the use of model predictive control (MPC) for implementing trajectory tracking control for the unmanned vehicle. Iterative optimization is conducted by utilizing the integral time absolute error (ITAE) as the objective function, which involves multiplying the time integral of lateral deviation and yaw rate deviation. This process ultimately determines the optimized MPC weight matrix parameters. Co-simulation using CarSim/Simulink reveals a remarkable reduction of 46.1% in the maximum longitudinal error, and the optimization proves effective across various vehicle speed conditions. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, with the 4WS control strategy yielding a maximum longitudinal error of 0.28 meters, affirming that the overall controller design successfully accomplishes its intended objectives.

Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Word Of Mouth Yang Dimediasi Oleh Kepercayaan Pelanggan

Cars are a means of transportation that is widely used in everyday life, but not everyone can afford a car, which is quite expensive. Therefore, companies have emerged that offer car rental services to take advantage of this opportunity. The object of this research is the Raditya Transport car rental service in Tenggarong which has become the main choice for renting four-wheeled vehicles. The aim of this research is to find out how service quality management builds Word of Mouth (WOM) among customers which is mediated by customer trust. This research data was collected through a questionnaire with a total sample of 74 respondents studied. The analytical method used in this research uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Partial Least Square (PLS). The research results show that (1) service quality has a positive effect on word of mouth at Raditya Transport, (2) trust has a positive effect on word of mouth at Raditya Transport, (3) service quality has a positive effect on trust in Raditya Transport, and (4) Service quality has a positive effect on word of mouth through trust as a mediating variable in Raditya Transport.

Rompi Pintar Pengendara Menggunakan Sensor Kemiringan Untuk Kebutuhan Keselamatan Berbasis IOT

Traffic accidents often occur in everyday life. Many factors cause traffic accidents to occur. Contributors to the high number of traffic accidents are two-wheeled drivers. So an air vest is needed that can reduce the effects of impact if an accident occurs. In this research, an air vest for two-wheeled riders will be designed. Equipped with an IoT-based tilt sensor. This research designs an IoT-based air vest for two-wheeled riders to reduce the impact effects during an accident. This vest is equipped with a tilt sensor which is similar to the function of airbags in four-wheeled vehicles. The way the vest works is that when the sensor detects a certain tilt programmed into the Arduino, the vest will inflate. The main components of this vest are the Arduino Uno ATMega 328 and the MPU-6050 gyroscope sensor. Prototype testing showed a 60% success rate with a development time of 7-10 seconds. However, hands-on testing provided satisfactory results with a 100% success rate and consistent development time of 7-10 seconds. This vest is expected to improve the safety of everyday two-wheeled riders.

Effect of Austempering Go-Kart Rear Axle on Toughness Properties and Microstructure Morphology

A Go-Kart is a four-wheeled vehicle that exhibits characteristics similar to a motorcycle. Additionally, since Go-Kartslack shock absorbers, it is crucial to use an engine that minimizes vibrations. The shaft, a typically circular rotating part, is oftenattached to elements like gears and endures continuous loads, which can lead to breakage. Shaft failures are common and often result from incidents caused by the need to use lightweight materials for faster performance. This study aims to examine the strength characteristics of the Go- Kart rear wheel shaft made from ASTM A414 Grade A steel after undergoing bending tests, impact tests, and microstructure analysis. Specifically, it investigates the effects of temperature on the toughness and curvature of the Go-Kart rear wheel shaft post-normalizing and tempering processes. Methods employed include heat treatment, three-point bending tests, Charpy impact tests, and ASTM E3-11 microstructure analysis. The highest impact value, 0.644joules/mm2, was observed in specimen B, which underwent a normalizing process at 850°C and tempering at 300°C. The lowest impact value, 0.190 joules/mm2, was found in specimen A, which underwent a normalizing process at 800°C and tempering at 250°C. The highest three-point bending strength, 2520.1 N/mm2, was also recorded in specimen B, while the lowest, 2255.4 N/mm2, was in specimen C, which underwent normalizing at 900°C and tempering at 350°C. Microstructure analysis revealed that higher temperatures during the normalizing and tempering processes result in the formation of more pearlite crystals and a denser microstructure.

Neural Observer With Lyapunov Stability Guarantee for Uncertain Nonlinear Systems.

In this article, we propose a novel nonlinear observer based on neural networks (NNs), called neural observers, for observation tasks of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems and uncertain nonlinear systems. In particular, the neural observer designed for uncertain systems is inspired by the active disturbance rejection control, which can measure the uncertainty in real time. The stability analysis (e.g., exponential convergence rate) of LTI and uncertain nonlinear systems (involving neural observers) are presented and guaranteed, where it is shown that the observation problems can be solved only using the linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Also, it is revealed that the observability and controllability of the system matrices are required to demonstrate the existence of solutions for LMIs. Finally, the effectiveness of neural observers is verified in three simulation cases, including the X-29A aircraft model, the nonlinear pendulum, and the four-wheel steering vehicle.

Road Safety Services of a Transport Service Provider: Basis for an Operational Manual

For all users of the road, road safety is crucial. Everyone is concerned about it because of the dramatic increase in the number of vehicles on the road in recent years, road safety has become even more crucial. According to a 2014 World Health Organization research, motorcycle riders account for more than half of all fatalities in traffic incidents. At 19%, pedestrians make up the second-highest percentage of road user fatalities, after four-wheeled vehicle drivers (14%), and their passengers (11%). If there are road safety services in place and followed to reduce the high risk of accidents on most Philippine highways and roads, then accidents may be prevented. Many traffic incidents that occur these days include trucks, buses, and motorcyclists. Even when they are not in the official motorcycle lanes, most motorbikes would overtake as often as possible to escape heavy traffic because these vehicles tend to travel through even the steepest parts of the road. This situation may result in a collision between a motorcycle and a high-wheeled vehicle. This study employed the descriptive developmental method of research using the questionnaire in gathering the respondents’ assessment on the road safety services of a transport safety provider.

Analysis Of The Influence Of Business Location, Business Capital and Digital Marketing On Business Income

This research was conducted in PT. Autostar Mandiri Teknotama Medan with the aim of analyzing the influence of business location, business capital and digital marketing partially and simultaneously on business income.The research population is 65 consumers who come and buy four-wheeled vehicle spare parts products from the company. The research sample uses a saturated sample so the total sample is 65 respondents. The type of data used is primary data and the data source uses secondary data. Data collection techniques use questionnaires, observation and documentation. Data analysis techniques are descriptive statistics, data quality testing, classical assumption testing, multiple regression analysis, hypothesis testing and coefficient of determination using the SPSS program. The research results show that business capital and digital marketing partially have a positive and significant effect on business income in the company, while business location does not have a significant effect on business income. Simultaneously, business location, business capital and digital income have a significant effect on business income.There is a very strong correlation between business location, business capital and digital marketing on company business income. Business income in the company can be explained by business location, business capital and digital marketing at 67.4% and the remaining 32.6% can be explained by other variables that were not studied such as distribution, price, service, marketing communications and so on.

Pengaruh Proporsi Kendaraan Terhadap Kecepatan Arus Lalu Lintas

Transportation is the movement of people or goods from one place to another using a vehicle driven by humans or machines. Along with its development, the number of vehicles in Banda Aceh is increasing. On the Tgk Chik Ditiro road, traffic jams often occur, because there are schools, offices, many traders who trade on the shoulder of the road and the sidewalk, there are several vehicles against the flow, and vehicles parked carelessly, there are delays or movement of traffic flow especially at the hour busy. Based on observations in the field, traffic flow at busy times is dominated by two wheels and four wheels, so that it affects the speed on the Tgk Chik Ditiro road in Banda Aceh City. The purpose of this research is to find out what percentage of the effect of the proportion of vehicles on road traffic flow and to get the value of the proportion of vehicles on the road. The results obtained for the highest traffic volume were obtained on Thursday 26 September 2019 at 17.00-18.00 amounting to 6669.60 pcu / hour, the value of road capacity was 4938 pcu / hour, while the level of road service with the degree of saturation obtained was 1.35 means the Jalan Tgk. Chik Ditiro Kota Banda Aceh is included in category F, where the flow is blocked, the speed is low, the volume is above capacity, and there is a delay. The results of traffic volume for 3 (three) days obtained the maximum proportion of two-wheeled vehicles on Thursday 26 September 2019 at 08.00-09.00 WIB with a value of 48.43%. For the Maximum Proportion of four-wheeled vehicles (LV) on Thursday 26 September 2019 at 17.00-18.00 WIB with a value of 74.77%. In the research, it can be seen that the dominant light vehicle growth affects these roads.

Peningkatan Kinerja Simpang Ciceri, Kota Serang dengan Model Penerapan Ruang Henti Khusus

The Ciceri intersection is in a densely populated urban area characterized by heavy traffic, particularly motorbikes. This is due to the nearby educational institutions, shops, offices, and a shopping center. The intersection faces numerous traffic conflicts, including crowded vehicle queues, irregular queuing by motorbikes, and improper lane usage by two- and four-wheeled vehicles. The phase setting of traffic signaling devices (APILL) at the Ciceri intersection has been implemented but has not solved the problem. This research aims to analyze the use of RHK to improve the performance of the Ciceri intersection using the Vissim model. The method is to test or simulate various RHK models at the research location. The results obtained can be applied to the RHK at two intersection legs, namely east and west, with a box-type RHK measuring 8m long and 2 x 3.5m wide, increasing the level of Service (LOS) from E to F. The results show a reduction in queues of 5.64 m and delays of 1.52 seconds on the north leg, as well as a reduction in queues of 7.85 m and a delay of 13.48 seconds on the south leg. These results show that RHK can effectively improve the performance of intersections with high traffic volumes without the need to increase physical road capacity.

Reforming the Rules on the Division of Joint Property: A Progressive Legal Approach

According to Presidential Instruction No. 1 of 1991 concerning the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) Articles 96 and 97 on the division of joint property, each person in a marriage that dissolves due to divorce or death is entitled to half of the property that is joint property. However, the legal circumstances presented in Payakumbuh Religious Court's Decision No. 657/Pdt.G/2022/PA Pyk did not follow the KHI and gave the plaintiff (the husband) a portion of ¼ and the defendant (the wife) a share of ¾ of the joint property. Therefore, the goal of the analysis presented in this article is to respond to the judge's ratio decidendi when it comes to joint property that are unrelated to the KHI. Then, a more thorough explanation of progressive law as a method of legal change in the realm of community property is provided. The research approach employed in this paper is the normative legal method. The investigation's findings demonstrate that the judge's reasoning is predicated on the idea that the wife's inherited assets, rather than the husband's income from their marriage, constitute the joint property at issue in the proceedings. In terms of income, living expenses, or child-education expenses, the plaintiff was unable to demonstrate how much he contributed to the defendant's household during their time together. The plaintiff could not provide sufficient evidence to support his claim that he could afford to buy the property, house, and four-wheeled vehicle that are at issue. According to the judge's ruling, progressive law satisfies societal legal requirements. The judge's ruling about the contribution of joint assets served as a legal justification for not dividing joint assets in half, based on the facts of the case