Founding Congress Research Articles

Establishment of «Belaya Rus» party in light of the new trends in development of the political system in Belarus

On March 18, 2023, the founding congress of the Belarusian Party "Belaya Rus" was held. After the referendum in February 2022 and amendments to the Constitution, this is another major event in the political history of Belarus. The authors consider prerequisites and features of the reform of political party system in Belarus, possible consequences and risks associated with its implementation.

К вопросу о размежевании неонароднической среды и образовании народно-социалистической партии

The article is devoted to the origins of the Popular Socialist Party, which is a question that has not been given a clear answer by modern historiography yet. It considers events and discussions during the founding congress of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (December 25, 1905 – January 2, 1906), where the final separation between Neo-Populists took place. The author identifies and analyses the main contradictions between the left-wing and right-wing Neo-Populists related to the party program and its tactics, which became especially acute during the congress. Main differences in the attitudes towards the illegal methods of political struggle that were accepted by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and rejected by the future Popular Socialists are pointed out. The author also analyses their program differences regarding the solution of the agrarian question in Russia: socialization among the Socialist-Revolutionaries and nationalization among the moderate Populists. The socio-psychological factors that hindered any constructive dialogue between the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Russkoe bogatstvo group are revealed. The grounds for classifying the moderate Populists in the early 20th century as part of the Socialist Revolutionary community and the arguments in favor of the independent formation of the Popular Socialist Party are presented.

Die Illusion vom Frieden: Die Zweite Internationale wider den Krieg, 1889–1919

Die Illusion vom Frieden: Die Zweite Internationale wider den Krieg, 1889–1919

The dog that did not bark: the army and the emergency in India

ABSTRACTIn June 1975, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed Emergency rule, capping off a decade long process of the ‘deinstitutionalisation’ of the founding Congress party, increased social mobilisation, and political instability – factors generally considered conducive to military intervention in politics. Organisational factors encouraging military praetorianism, such as military involvement in internal security missions and the growth of ‘rival’ paramilitary institutions, accompanied this process of political decay. But the Indian military did not exploit this window of opportunity. This article offers an institutionalist explanation of the military’s political restraint based on two factors. First, institutionalised mechanisms of civilian control, forged during the critical juncture following independence, insulated the military from politics and the politicians from the military despite the weakening of the political system under which these were created. Second, military internalisation of the norm civilian supremacy, continually reinforced via professional socialisation processes, acted as an internal barrier to military role expansion.

Democracy in the Russian Far East during the Revolution of 1905–1907

The First Russian Revolution demonstrated that there was considerable interest in democracy in the Transbaikal, Amur, and Maritime Regions in 1905–1907, which was widely shared across the empire and in East Asia. Democracy was understood as economic welfare, social justice, civil liberties, popular representation, decentralization, and national self-determination. Like elsewhere in the empire, protests started with economic demands, but many trade and professional political unions, strike committees, and soviets developed political programs. In Vladivostok, unrests among soldiers and sailors erupted into major riots with numerous casualties in October 1905, despite the attempts of Military Doctor Mikhail Aleksandrovich Kudrzhinskii and other intellectuals to make the movement peaceful. In Blagoveshchensk, the Amur Cossack teacher Mikhail Nikitich Astaf’ev joined a group of intellectuals who attempted to turn the municipal duma into a provisional government. In Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, Doctor Nikolai Vasil’evich Kirilov presided over the founding congress of the Ussuri Peasant Union, which discussed the introduction of rural revolutionary self-government. In Chita, Social Democrats under Anton Antonovich Kostiushko-Voliuzhanich took over much of the Transbaikal Railway. Tsyben Zhamtsarano and other Buryat intellectuals assembled for congresses demanding indigenous self-government. The recognition of these territories as the Russian Far East had already begun, but the loosely united Transbaikal, Maritime, and Amur Regions remained part of Siberia or North Asia for contemporary observers. The unity of Siberia from the Urals to the Pacific was reinforced by Siberian Regionalism which attracted the support of regional liberals and moderate socialists and consolidated through joint activities of Siberian deputies.

Headache. Current status of research and treatment

The starting point for German headache research and clinical education was the engagement of D. Soyka in the 1970s, which enabled the foundation of the German Headache Society (DMKG) on 28 June 1979 and, some years later, the founding congress of the International Headache Society (IHS) in Munich 1982. As a result of these activities, in 1988 the first international classification of headache disorders was published. This classification was one of the major milestones in the development of basic as well as clinical headache research. In the following years, epidemiological studies all over the world showed a 1-year prevalence for headache of approximately 60%, making headaches one of the most frequent medical complaints. Basic research showed an involvement of serotonergic mechanisms in migraine pain and triptans were one of the first drugs designed to influence these mechanisms. Functional brain imaging studies in migraine patients further showed a cyclic modulation of the activity of brainstem areas independent of the current pain state. Various research groups were involved in the clarification of the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine and cluster headache. A specific development in the German headache scene is the establishment of integrated headache centers and reflects the primarily multimodal treatment approach in Germany which contrasts with the settings in other countries. These successful developments are increasingly being undermined by the fact that the low financial support of headache research, for example, by the German science council is causing a decreasing interest in headache research, with the consequence that the clinical education of students as well as young medical doctors shows increasing deficits. The consequence for the future will be a deficit in the clinical care of the population.

La presencia de César Comas y Agustí Prió en el congreso fundacional de la Sociedad Alemana de Radiología

In 1905, both of the men who introduced radiology to Spain took part in the founding Congress of the German Radiology Society. Among many of the most important researchers in the world in the area of radiology, they gave two lectures on the diagnosis of renal lithiasis and the treatment of cancer with X-rays.

THE BAPTIST WORLD CONGRESS OF 1905 AND THE EMERGENCE OF BLACK AMERICAN BAPTISTS ON THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE

Black Baptists have been fully involved in the Baptist World Alliance from the founding Congress in 1905. This paper looks at the significant contribution they made there.

Sports in China's Internationalization and National Representation: China's Participation in 1932, 1936 and 1948 Olympic Games

At the dinner that concluded the founding congress of the modern Olympic movement in 1894, the movement founder Pierre de Coubertin expressed high expectations for the twentieth century internationalism that would be realized through his games. However, his new century would be a century of nationalisms which would have a strong impact on the Olympic movement. Even the Olympics, which were designed to express and celebrate internationalism, originated in the modern urge to nationalism. On November 16, 1894, Coubertin told a gathering of founding Olympic congress that “as you toil on behalf of sport, rest assured that you are working on behalf of your native country!” Coubertin's motives to found the modern Olympic Games thus “were a mixture of nationalism and internationalism.” Coubertin became convinced that “patriotism and internationalism were not only not incompatible, but required each other.” In fact, individual states' responses to the Games and people's evident emotion whenever their national flag is raised and their national anthem played to honor a winner, continue to represent classic nationalism.

Matthias Föcher: Ein christlicher Gewerkschafter in der Einheitsgewerkschaft

There are only a few of biographies about christian trade unionists in Germany. The following “short biography” about Matthias Focher shall give the impetus to further research about these trade unionists. He was one of the important christian trade unionist after the Second World War, who built up the unified trade union (Einheitsgewerkschaft) – DGB – together with Hans Bockler. Born in Koln 1886 and from the beginning of his work, he was a member of the catholic labour movement and till 1933 he was a secretary in the board of the christian metalworkers trade union. After the World War he was a “fighter” for the unified trade union even against his own party the CDU. At the founding congress of the DGB 1949 in Munich he was elect as vice chairman onto the board of the DGB. From 1949 till 1956 he was the vice chairman and even representative of that trade unionists, who where also member of the CDU.

The World Association for Psychosocial Rehabilitation

The World Association for Psychosocial Rehabilitation (WAPR) could be considered as a newcomer among scientific societies in the mental health field, because it was established in 1986 in France, when about 100 professionals from 35 countries met at its founding congress. That congress was preceded by an extensive international planning process, which began with the First World Congress on Rehabilitation for the Mentally Ill in Helsinki, in 1970. Subsequent meetings of key professionals and agency representatives from various countries, mainly supported by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Office, resulted in the formation, in 1980, of a promoting group which planned, through its international secretariat, the foundation of the WAPR. Therefore, close links with the mental health programme of the WHO have been maintained by the WAPR since its beginnings.

‘Out of the trade union ghetto and into real life!’ —Ver.di founding congress, Berlin, 16-21 March 2001

‘Out of the trade union ghetto and into real life!’ —Ver.di founding congress, Berlin, 16-21 March 2001

Helmut Weese--an attempt at an appreciation of his importance for German-language anesthesia

In addition to the two surgeons Hans Killian and Helmut Schmidt the pharmacologist Hellmut Weese was elected honorary member of the German Association of Anaesthesiology at the organisation's founding congress in 1953. Especially the younger colleagues are quite unfamiliar with his name, although a "Hellmut Weese commemorative" lecture is annually held at our national association's gathering. While it is widely known that his name is intimately connected with the introduction of evipan anaesthesia during the early thirties, only few people know about his extensive research on the therapy of shock that lead to the development of the plasma-expanding substance "Periston"". Moreover, his pharmacological investigations on sympathomimetic amines and long-term studies on cardiac glycosides which he published in a well recognised monograph in 1936 have fallen into oblivion. Since he had not collaborated with Nazi regime he was able to start teaching at the University of Cologne again in the fall of 1945. One year later he became head of the Department of Pharmacology at the Medical Academy of Düsseldorf. There he started--together with colleagues of similar ideas and opinions--holding lectures on clinical anaesthesia at the beginning of the winter term 1948/49. People who attended his lectures later claimed that these were the "best lesson ever". At the same time the call for specialists for anaesthesiology that was commonly heard in Anglo-American countries could not be ignored in Germany any longer. Weese, who was already an honorary member of the International Anesthesia Research Society at the Association's congress in New York in 1938, realised the lack of trained physicians. Thus he fought enthusiastically for the idea of producing specialists and as a member of a committee for questions concerning anaesthesia played in important part in founding the "Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Anästhesiologie". He lived to see the association's name being changed to "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anaesthesiologie" in 1953 but died before the textbook of anaesthesia (Die Narkose) he had written together with Hans Killian was published in 1954. The following text reports on Weese's medical career and on some of his most important contributions to the knowledge of anaesthesia.

Means testing of older people firmly rejected.

A retired nurse who joined the NITS at its founding told Congress of her sense of betrayal at the means testing of care for elderly people.

Our Way to Social Democracy

I began to write these notes back in April as theses for a political report to the first (founding) congress of the Social Democrats of the Russian Federation.

The Ukrainian movement forperestroika—‘Rukh’: A sociological survey

ON 8-10 SEPTEMBER 1989 the founding congress of the Popular Movement of the Ukraine for Perestroika ('rukh' is the Ukrainian for 'movement') was held. I conducted a sociological survey among delegates to the congress and have compared the results with data about attitudes towards Rukh from a general population survey conducted in September 1989, by the Central Ukrainian branch of the All-Union Centre for Public Opinion Research, headed by N. N. Churilov.

Evolution

Journal of Evolutionary BiologyVolume 1, Issue 3 p. 185-194 Free Access Evolution Plenary address given by the President of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology, on the occasion of the Society's founding congress, 26 August 1987, in Basel Arthur Cain, Arthur Cain Dept. of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool, L69 3B112, GBSearch for more papers by this author Arthur Cain, Arthur Cain Dept. of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool, L69 3B112, GBSearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1988 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1998.1030185.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume1, Issue3May 1988Pages 185-194 RelatedInformation

The German Revolution and the Debate on Soviet Power-Documents: 1918-1919 Preparing the Founding Congress

The German Revolution and the Debate on Soviet Power-Documents: 1918-1919 Preparing the Founding Congress

Psycho Social Rehabilitation International Founding Congress 15 - 18 October 1986, Lyon/Vienne, France

(1987). Psycho Social Rehabilitation International Founding Congress 15 - 18 October 1986, Lyon/Vienne, France. World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 18-21.

The Economic Imperatives in the Soviet Education Reform of 1984

The quotation might be from the UK Green Paper of 1985 but it is from an authoritative comment in the Soviet Party journal on the equivalent in the USSR [1]. Draft Guidelines for Reform of the General and Vocational School [2] were published on 4 January 1984 and a definitive document came out on 14 April: in the intervening 14 weeks of public debate a claimed 1.2 million proposals were submitted. John Dunstan's comparison of the two documents-the equivalent of our Green and White Papers -indicates that only some 70 amendments were introduced to the Soviet draft and that 'only 30% of these changes could be described as supplementary or innovative' [3]. None of the criticisms, such as they were published, questioned the fundamental economic imperative of the reform-the aspect on which the corresponding UK draft was widely opposed-although many of the contributors to the Soviet debate sought higher priorities for other social objectives. One general and one specific factor underlie the Anglo-Soviet difference. The general characteristic is the planned nature of the economy which invites measurement-though not exclusively-by effects on economic development and growth. The combination in the USSR of 'state socialism' and the 'command economy' ensure the paramouncy of the Party's objectives, among which figure Marx and Engels on 'polytechnical education'. For the near future, a specific motivation to provide the education which can contribute qualitatively to production is the reversal of a decline in Soviet national output when the quantative supply of new manpower to the economy has ceased. The term 'polytechnical education' is due to Engels as early as 1845, but it was amplified (in a formulation which Soviet educationalists often cite) by Marx in his instructions to the founding Congress of the First International (Geneva, 1866); it acquaints with the basic principles of all production processes and at the same time gives the child or adolescent skill in handling the simplest tools of all branches of industry. It had to 'win its place' after the socialist revolution according to its advancement of the economy or technology. When the Russian Revolution was an accomplished fact, Lenin personally appointed to the staff of the newly-created State Planning Committee an economist specialising in what would today be called 'the economics of human resources'. Stanislav Gustavovich Strumilin (1877-1974) had made his reputation with Bogatstvo i trud (Wealth and Labour) in 1905 and on nomination to Gosplan in 1921 he set about pioneering a methodology whereby an economic criterion could be applied to justify investment in education. It was he who first formulated the technique of assessing the wage increments associated with 181