ABSTRACT Most activities in society are measured with respect to whether they involve a step forward. This ideal of a forward movement lingers over most accounts of the history of psychoanalysis as well. Joel Whitebook’s biography is no exception. By juxtaposing his much-acclaimed work to the ones of Wladimir Granoff and Lou Andreas- Salomé I want to discuss whether it is so that the evolvement of psychoanalysis is marked by a steady growth of knowledge. To amplify this question, a triptych is chosen as the form of presentation: Three analysts from different epochs, put side by side. Each relates differently to the fact that psychoanalysis has its point of departure in Freud’s singular experience. Accordingly, they also depart in their view on sexuality and femininity, indeed, still, a terra incognita. A key to this disaccord, however, is not the idea of psychoanalysis moving forward culminating in Whitebook’s biography. It rather prompts a reflection upon what widening understanding really amounts to, indeed a reverberating question, as it reveals itself not only in writing the history of psychoanalysis but as well with each analyst confronted by hardly explainable phenomena. Too ambitious theories may divert us from this task.

Wetting behavior of TiAl alloy on pure Nb substrates at high temperatures

Motivated by large-scale applications, there is a recent trend of research on using first-order methods for solving LP. Among them, PDLP, which is based on a primal-dual hybrid gradient (PDHG) algorithm, may be the most promising one. In this paper, we present a geometric viewpoint on the behavior of PDHG for LP. We demonstrate that PDHG iterates exhibit a spiral pattern with a closed-form solution when the variable basis remains unchanged. This spiral pattern consists of two orthogonal components: rotation and forward movement, where rotation improves primal and dual feasibility, while forward movement advances the duality gap. We also characterize the different situations in which basis change events occur. Inspired by the spiral behavior of PDHG, we design a new crossover algorithm to obtain a vertex solution from any optimal LP solution. This approach differs from traditional simplex-based crossover methods. Our numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, showcasing its potential as an alternative option for crossover. History: Accepted by Antonio Frangioni, Area Editor for Design & Analysis of Algorithms–Continuous. Funding: T. Liu is partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants NSFC-72225009, 72394360, 72394365]. H. Lu is partially supported by Air Force Office of Scientific Research [Grant FA9550-24-1-0051] and Office of Naval Research [Grant N000142412735]. Supplemental Material: The software that supports the findings of this study is available within the paper and its Supplemental Information ( https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/suppl/10.1287/ijoc . 2024.0996 ) as well as from the IJOC GitHub software repository ( https://github.com/INFORMSJoC/2024.0996 ). The complete IJOC Software and Data Repository is available at https://informsjoc.github.io/ .

Humans shift their center of mass (COM) forward before predictable backward floor tilts. This anticipatory movement is accompanied by selective activation of the gastrocnemius muscle (GC), which produces backward torque at the ankle even as the body moves forward. The control mechanism underlying this coordination between forward COM motion and GC activation remains unclear. Here we investigate whether such behavior can be explained within a predictive optimal control framework. In experiments with auditory cues, anticipatory COM shift and GC activation were observed, representing a use of a backward-acting muscle during forward movement. We then developed a musculoskeletal simulation model governed by model predictive control (MPC), which reproduced these patterns. The simulation suggests the body shifts forward by leveraging gravity, while GC activation stabilizes the ankle and prevents collapse. These findings indicate that anticipatory postural responses may result from optimizing predicted future states using internal models that incorporate gravitational dynamics for efficient motor preparation.

Quadrupedal animals like mice navigate their environments through complex coordination of neural signals and biomechanical movements, enabling stable and directed locomotion. While many computational models simplify this process by assuming left-right symmetrical body movements and focusing on straight-line paths, real animals rely heavily on asymmetrical body movements to execute turns and adjust speed effectively. This study builds upon a previously developed model of quadrupedal locomotion proposed by Molkov et al., 2024) in which forward movement of the body was driven by central neural interactions, biomechanics, and proprioceptive feedback. We extended this model to comparatively investigate possible mechanisms of steering by introducing three distinct asymmetrical strategies–body bending, lateral force application, and lateral limb shifting as well as their combinations–to explore their potential involvement in turning performance. By simulating these strategies across a walking speed range, we measured and compared their impact on turning curvature the sharpness of the turn) and limb coordination. The latter was quantified through ratios of duty factors representing the relative time that a limb spent in contact with the ground compared to its counterpart on the opposite side. Our findings reveal that each strategy excels at different speeds: body bending allows sharp turns at low speeds, lateral force is most effective at medium speeds, and lateral shifting performs best at higher speeds. Our results suggest that animals select or combine turning strategies based on their locomotor speed or adjust speed to use a specific strategy. We also show that the forelimbs consistently play a primary role in steering, while the hindlimbs adjust propulsion and stability in ways that depend on the specific turning strategy. These results provide valuable insights into how spinal circuits and mechanical asymmetries work together to produce flexible, adaptive movement patterns, offering a robust framework for understanding locomotion in both biological organisms and robotic systems designed to mimic such behaviors.

Abstract Currently, miniature linear ultrasonic motors demonstrate impressive performance. However, most designs focus solely on minimizing the stator volume while neglecting the auxiliary guiding mechanisms. Therefore, simplifying these guiding mechanisms is crucial for further miniaturization of linear ultrasonic motors. To address this challenge, a novel guide-free linear ultrasonic motor is proposed. Its design incorporates a compact hollow stator and an interlocking mechanism between the driving teeth and the mover. This approach eliminates traditional guide rails and achieves bidirectional linear motion. The motor utilizes d31-mode PZT elements to excite the first-order longitudinal and second-order bending vibration modes. The superposition of these modes generates elliptical trajectories at the driving teeth to actuate the mover via friction. Simulations and experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed motor. With dimensions of 20.2 mm × 21.7 mm × 52 mm and a weight of 52.3 g, the motor achieves maximum speeds of 156 mm/s and 146 mm/s in the forward and backward directions, respectively, at 50 Vp-p. The maximum output force reaches 280 mN in both directions. The displacement resolutions for forward and backward motion are 0.29 μm and 0.23 μm, respectively. The motor features a compact structure, low power consumption, and high consistency in bidirectional motion. Its sub-micron positioning capability is experimentally validated through chip inspection and micro-probe positioning experiments, providing a novel solution for precision motion control in continuum robots.

• Parametric numerical analysis of isolated undulating fin with prescribed deformation. • Wake structure influenced by 3D edge effects. • Influence of frequency, amplitude, and wavelength on fin performance parameters. • Limited flow perturbation associated with undulating fin propulsion. Bioinspiration offers a powerful approach for designing robotic systems capable of interacting with complex environments by emulating biological strategies. This is particularly relevant in the context of ocean exploration for the conservation of marine ecosystems. A significant portion of marine biodiversity resides near the seabed, an area difficult to explore without disturbing its delicate balance. This work presents a computational fluid dynamics analysis of the lateral fin of cuttlefish, known for its ability to swim with remarkable stability and maneuverability near the seabed. Using an overset mesh approach, a prescribed rigid-body undulatory deformation is imposed on an isolated fin model, without the body mass, resulting in self-propelled forward motion. The resulting wake exhibits complex ring-like vortex structures, shaped by the three-dimensional redistribution of flow around the fin. The impact of wave parameters on swimming performance is assessed, providing an understanding of the mechanisms underlying efficient and environmentally respectful locomotion. Parametric analysis shows that frequency influences swimming speed, while amplitude and wavelength impact on efficiency. Low cost of transport for the isolated fin is achieved at low amplitude and intermediate wavelength. Longer wavelengths increase environmental disturbance, whereas shorter ones help confine the flow, making this propulsion strategy promising for seabed exploration.

Proteins essential for signaling, morphogenesis, and migration traverse the complex intracellular landscape via vesicular trafficking, microtubule-based transport, and diffusion. However, the precise mechanisms guiding soluble proteins toward their functional destinations have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that soluble proteins are directed toward the cell's advancing edge through advection-diffusion enhanced by intracellular fluid flow. We reveal that advective transport occurs within a specialized compartment at the cell's leading edge, separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by an actin-myosin condensate barrier. The barrier limits protein mixing between the compartment and the rest of the cytoplasm, maintaining localized protein concentrations. Contraction at the barrier generates a molecularly non-specific fluid flow that drives the forward movement of treadmilling actin monomers, actin-binding proteins, adhesion molecules, and even inert proteins. Dynamic changes in the local curvature of the barrier steer the fluid flow to direct proteins toward protrusive regions of the leading edge. This advective mechanism synchronizes protein distribution with local changes in cell morphology. Outside this compartment, diffusion dominates as the principal mode of soluble protein transport. Our findings uncover previously unrecognized compartmentalization strategies that regulate soluble protein concentrations and coordinate their efficient distribution for homeostasis, protrusion, and adhesion.

The article states that swimming is a complex set of highly coordinated movements. This is locomotion, i.e. the movement of the entire body in space. Hundreds of muscles are working. This alone involves a huge number of forces interacting: thanks to the multi-jointed nature of the body's movable chains and the wealth of degrees of freedom between all parts of their chains: feet, shins, thighs, shoulders, forearms, etc. The situation is further complicated by the fact that swimming locomotion is performed in hypogravity conditions, in a high-density environment and in a horizontal position. Since the system of conditions for organising a swimmer's movements is highly specific and has a significant impact on the swimmer's body, their reflex activity is also determined. In swimming, we clearly explore the relationship between the structure and function of the body, the form and content of motor action. It is known that the efficiency of a swimmer's hydrodynamic situation is determined mainly by two major components: thrust forces and drag forces; the efficiency coefficient in the forward movements of a swimmer in competitive swimming styles is 5-7%. In essence, the effectiveness of students' movements depends on the power of their energy supply systems and the hydrodynamic characteristics of their bodies. The characteristics of hydrodynamics depend primarily on the anthropometric data of students. Among these morphofunctional characteristics, those that determine success in a particular swimming style have been identified, and their absence significantly limits athletic achievement. The following methods were used in the course of the study: theoretical analysis and generalisation of special scientific and methodological literature; the method of systematic analysis; the method of comparison and contrast.

We introduce the study of the visual perception of longitudinal travelling wave motion, which as a physical phenomenon forms the basis of acoustics and some forms of seismic transmission. A theoretical analysis of physical longitudinal wave motion reveals that it exhibits profound nonlinearities that have been almost entirely neglected by the physics community. We simulated longitudinal motion in visual form with a random-dot field in which each dot particle oscillates sinusoidally about a fixed position at the same frequency but with a phase advance proportional to its distance from the origin. The resultant longitudinal density wave is essentially sinusoidal at very low oscillation amplitudes, becoming progressively distorted as oscillation amplitude increases. Perceptually, the motion splits into a combination of forward motion of the crests and backward for the troughs, rather than a uniform travelling wave. When the maximum velocity of each dot particle equals that of the propagation, the density function approximates a narrow spike, which splits into a double spike at even greater amplitudes. Adding a single ('rigid') velocity component can eliminate either the forward or backward percept. Remarkably, the speed needed for perceptual cancellation scales with oscillation amplitude, but nonlinearly so for the forward crest motion. Longitudinal waves evoked no motion aftereffect at any amplitude unless the contrast of the forward crest motion was reduced, revealing a motion aftereffect from the now-dominant retrograde trough motion. These unexpected results underline the emergent, or higher-order, nature of the perception of longitudinal travelling wave motion.

This study quantified dentoskeletal changes, particularly mandibular autorotation, induced by molar intrusion in anterior open bite (AOB) patients. Eighteen AOB patients treated with miniscrew-assisted molar intrusion were retrospectively analyzed. Dental and skeletal changes were assessed using structural and cranial base superimpositions to isolate true autorotational effects. Statistical analysis included independent t-tests, Pearson or Spearman correlations, and linear regression. The mean total molar intrusion (TMI) was 1.45 ± 1.03 mm. This produced a true vertical displacement of the lower incisor (TVD-L1) of − 1.93 ± 1.03 mm, showing a correlation with TMI (R = − .82, p < .001). Menton moved upward (ΔHRP-Me) by − 1.62 ± 0.99 mm and was correlated with TMI (R = − .86, p < .001). The mandibular plane angle (ΔSN-MP) decreased by − 1.32 ± 1.13°, and forward movements were observed at Pogonion (ΔVRP-Pog) of 1.58 ± 1.58 mm and at the lower incisor (THD-L1) of 0.81 ± 1.13 mm; however, these changes were not correlated with TMI (p > .05). Larger ΔSN-MP values were associated with ΔVRP-Pog (R = .65, p = .004) and THD-L1(R = .49, p = .038). The predictive equations for TVD-L1 and ΔHRP-Me were TVD–L1 = − 0.970–0.665 × TMI (R² = 0.441) and ΔHRP–Me = − 0.509–0.768 × TMI (R² = 0.636). Molar intrusion effectively induces mandibular autorotation, resulting in favorable vertical corrections. While vertical changes were proportional to the amount of intrusion, horizontal movements followed a more complex pattern, depending on mandibular plane changes rather than TMI alone.

Bacterial flagella are essential for motility, but their structure and how they generate movement vary greatly. Most motile bacteria use external helical flagella, whereas spirochetes have periplasmic flagella (PFs) that distort the cell body to drive forward movement. Here, we generated sheath protein knockout mutants and used high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy to elucidate the mechanisms underlying PF assembly, curvature, and rigidity in Leptospira biflexa. The PF consists of a FlaB1-based core filament surrounded asymmetrically by sheath proteins. Weak but essential binding of FlaA2 to the core enables asymmetric localization of the coiling protein FcpA. FcpA alone can induce curvature, whereas FcpB acts as a structural wedge that reinforces PF rigidity and enables efficient swimming in liquid. Specific glycosylation of FlaB1 mediates sheath-core interactions and may guide the assembly of sheath components. We propose that sheath proteins interact transiently with the core and may be anchored to the outer membrane, allowing core rotation beneath a static sheath. These findings reveal how cooperative interactions among sheath components confer structural and mechanical specialization to spirochete flagella.

Since the first case report by Tsung-Ting Tsai, bone cement displacement (BCD) has emerged as a catastrophic complication. Factors contributing to this complication include high body mass index (BMI), intravertebral clefts, vertebral wall fractures, excessive Cobb angle correction, and bone cement leakage, among others. However, it remains unclear whether performing percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) surgery alone for preoperatively easily missed unstable spinal fractures is a potential risk factor for the occurrence of BCD. This case presents a rare case in which a three-column fracture was misdiagnosed as a simple compression fracture, leading to bone cement displacement after PVP surgery. We analyzed the causes of misdiagnosis and proposed feasible treatment strategies and preventive suggestions. An early 70s male underwent PVP for a three-column fracture was misdiagnosed as a L1 simple compression vertebral fracture. About 45 days after the surgery, he developed lower back pain along with pain in both sides of the groin areas and the front area of his thighs. X-ray imaging revealed a forward movement (anterior displacement) of the bone cement from the L1 vertebral body. The patient underwent surgery involving posterior pedicle screw fixation and bone graft fusion, covering T11–L2 vertebra. Following this surgery, the patient reported significant improvement in his symptoms. PVP for three-column spinal fractures carries a risk of BCD. Accurate identification of three-column fractures before surgery is the key to preventing displacement of BCD. For BCD patients with poor overall condition, selecting pure pedicle screw internal fixation to reconstruct spinal stability may be a potentially feasible alternative to alleviate the patients’ clinical symptoms.

Freezing of gait (FOG) is characterized by a temporary inability to initiate gait or sudden interruptions in forward movement, often triggered by narrow spaces or multitasking.1 FOG is most commonly seen in parkinsonian syndromes (including vascular parkinsonism) but may also be seen in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH).2 We describe a case of right-sided FOG following a left parietal stroke with imaging consistent with iNPH, and improvement after large-volume lumbar puncture (LP). A 62-year-old woman presented with a progressive gait decline in the last year. Three years prior, she sustained a left middle cerebral artery embolic ischemic infarct with temporal and parietal involvement, secondary to atrial fibrillation, treated with intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy of an M2 branch occlusion. In the weeks following the stroke she could perform tandem gait. Now, she had a mild expressive aphasia and slight right-sided weakness. She reported difficulty initiating steps with her right leg, described as feeling “left behind” while walking, and required a walker. She had no history of falls or urinary incontinence and denied cognitive changes, though formal cognitive testing was not performed, and no family history of gait disorders or parkinsonism. Examination revealed FOG with initiation, during forward walking, with turning, and crossing doorways, with improvement with cueing to march. MDS-UPDRS Part III score was 4 for FOG (question 3.11). No resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, supranuclear gaze palsy, dysautonomia, or other parkinsonian symptoms were noted on exam (Video 1, Segment 1). A Dopamine Transport Scan (DAT) was normal. MRI brain (Fig. 1) showed findings consistent with her prior infarction, a callosal angle of approximately 60°, an Evans index greater than 0.3, and disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH). MRI did not demonstrate disproportionate midbrain atrophy. She initially deferred LP due to anticoagulation. Trials of amantadine and carbidopa-levodopa did not improve gait. She later underwent a large-volume LP with notable improvement in gait (Video 1, Segments 2 and 3). Classically, disturbances in the frontal cortex, basal ganglia, substantia nigra, and brainstem locomotor regions, as well as impaired sensorimotor and cognitive integration, contribute to FOG.1, 3 While FOG may suggest a degenerative parkinsonian syndrome, the differential includes vascular parkinsonism, drug-induced parkinsonism, iNPH, frontal lobe tumors, and basal ganglia insults such as CO poisoning. In our patient, a normal DAT scan, absence of parkinsonian signs beyond FOG, and lack of history of exposure to dopamine-blocking agents, argue against idiopathic Parkinson's disease or atypical parkinsonism. The combination of iNPH-compatible imaging and objective improvement following LP supports iNPH as the leading etiology. The unilateral FOG may reflect reduced compensatory reserve from her prior infarct, creating relative vulnerability within the gait network. Prolonged unilateral symptoms contributed to diagnostic delay. Prior neuroimaging data revealed reduced functional connectivity along the dorsal stream of visuomotor processing,4 particularly in the superior parietal lobule,1 among freezers. Because this region was affected in our patient's stroke, disruption of posterior parietal compensatory mechanisms may have contributed to the unilateral presentation of FOG, driven by the underlying iNPH. (1) Research project: A. Conception, B. Organization, C. Execution; (2) Statistical Analysis: A. Design, B. Execution, C. Review and Critique; (3) Manuscript Preparation: A. Writing of the first draft, B. Review and Critique. J.P.: 1C, 3A, 3B. M.F.: 1A, 1B, 1C, 3B. J.M.: 1A, 1B, 1C, 3A, 3B. We sincerely thank the patient and her family for their generosity in allowing us to share this unique case. Ethical Compliance Statement: We confirm that the approval of an institutional review board was not required for this work. Informed consent was obtained from the subject described in this case report. We confirm that we have read the Journal's position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this work is consistent with those guidelines. Funding Sources and Conflict of Interest: No specific funding was received for this work. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest relevant to this work. Financial Disclosures for the Previous 12 Months: The authors declare that there are no additional disclosures to report. Author disclosures are available in the Supporting Information. Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Data S1. Coi_disclosures. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

ABSTRACTTo counteract or to retreat presents a fundamental dilemma for biological organisms when facing adverse abiotic environmental conditions. In many cases, the predominant strategy animals adopt is to retreat. However, whether counteraction is possible and how the choice between counteraction and retreat is decided are not clear. Here, we report that Drosophila melanogaster larvae can actively counter external mechanical pressure, inspired by Drosophila larval cleft-squeezing behaviour. We developed a behavioural paradigm to investigate the counteracting force of larvae in response to external pressure. Instead of retreating by crawling backward, some D. melanogaster larvae could crawl forward and act against the external physical pressure. Under externally applied forces of 25 mN, 93.9% of forward peristaltic movements increased the counteracting force, while 88.2% of backward peristaltic movements decreased it. The active nature of the counteracting force was reflected by a longer inter-wave delay, more oscillation work and a longer force wave period during consecutive forward peristaltic waves. As the external force was increased from 25 mN to 50, 75 and 100 mN, counteraction by forward peristalsis became less frequent, while retreat by backward peristalsis was more frequent. A reduction of the external pressure immediately following the counteracting forward peristalsis, which might serve as rewarding signal, reinforced the counteraction and induced more forward peristalsis. The rewarding effect of reducing external pressure by forward crawling was much greater than that produced by backward crawling. Our study sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying animal proactive responses to adverse abiotic environmental conditions.

Bulbar palsy typically causes severe dysphagia. Based on rehabilitation interventions, stellate ganglion block (SGB) might improve swallowing function by regulating sympathoexcitation and cerebral perfusion. This study explored the short- and long-term effects of SGB on swallowing function, anxiety, and cerebral blood flow in patients with bulbar palsy after ischemic stroke. This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial included 124 participants in rehabilitation departments from March 2024 to July 2025 in China. The participants were randomized 1:1 to SGB or placebo groups, and all received routine treatment for 10 consecutive days. The SGB group received SGB with lidocaine hydrochloride, whereas the placebo group received block with normal saline. The primary outcome was the clinical severity of dysphagia. The secondary outcomes were airway protection, forward and upward movement distances of the hyoid bone, accumulation of secretions, pharyngeal residue, anxiety, and mean blood flow velocity (Vm) and internal diameter of the vertebral artery. The Vm and internal diameter were additionally assessed one hour after the first SGB. Repeated measures ANOVA and generalized estimating equations were used to explore time, group, and their interaction effects. There were no significant baseline inter-group differences. After treatment, significant (P < 0.001) interaction effects were observed for dysphagia severity (η2 > 0.06), movement distances of the hyoid bone (η2 > 0.19), airway protection (β = - 0.774), pharyngeal residue (β < - 0.54), accumulation of secretions (β = - 0.371), and anxiety (η2 = 0.462). These effects remained significant at follow-up. After the first SGB, the Vm and internal diameter of the vertebral artery on the SGB side significantly increased (P < 0.001) in the SGB group, but the inter-group differences were non-significant after the intervention period. In patients with bulbar palsy after ischemic stroke who receive routine treatment, SGB is safe and can effectively improve swallowing function, airway protection, and anxiety. The effects of SGB on vertebral artery blood flow are temporary, but the functional impacts are long-term. ClinicalTrials.gov. (Unique identifier: NCT06319534, 20/03/2024).

The Forward Movement: Amplifying Black Voices on Race and Orthopaedics-Look Upstream.

Conventional pneumatic precision planters still face challenges in combining high-speed operation with accurate seed placement and embryo protection under zero-velocity seeding conditions. This study presents a dual-motor rotating–throwing seed-metering device that simultaneously overcomes these challenges. Instead of relying on conventional imprecise airflow to generate initial velocity, seeds are accelerated and released by a motor-driven spoon with precisely defined kinematic profiles. By accurately controlling seed-throwing velocity and angle, the system compensates for the forward motion of the machine to achieve zero-velocity seeding and accurate landing point control across the full speed range. The elimination of seed tubes prevents frictional embryo damage, particularly benefiting fragile seeds such as cotton or peanuts. High-speed imaging (1000 fps) verified uniform initial seed ejection conditions, stable trajectories, and landing position errors below 1.5 cm at 7–13 km/h. The proposed electromechanical approach provides accurate metering, zero-velocity seeding, and seed protection under high-speed conditions, overcoming the inherent limitations of airflow-dependent systems and offering a robust alternative for precision agriculture. Compared with conventional pneumatic meters, the proposed system reduced seed landing variation by over 50%, demonstrating superior robustness under 7–13 km/h operation.

Background: This study investigated associations between anthropometric characteristics, postural deviations, musculoskeletal and visceral symptoms, and squat movement quality to clarify how individual physical attributes and symptom profiles influence fundamental movement performance. Method(s): A cross-sectional observational study recruited adults aged 18–65 who could ambulate without pain. Anthropometric and body composition measures were collected. Standardized posture images and multi-angle squat videos were obtained, and visual classifications of posture and squat technique were conducted using predefined criteria. Descriptive statistics characterized the sample, and multivariable logistic regression with LASSO regularization examined associations between demographic, postural, and symptom variables and binary squat outcomes. Results: Two hundred participants (57.5% female; median age 26 years) were included. Males showed higher stature, lean mass, and waist circumference, whereas females exhibited higher body fat and reported more neck pain and headaches. Forward head posture was common (62%), while women demonstrated more favorable upper-body alignment. Most participants maintained neutral lumbar posture and grounded heels during squats, with sex differences in foot rotation and knee path. Higher fat mass predicted reduced squat depth (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.11, p = 0.033); heel lift and absent forward knee movement were associated with better spinal neutrality (OR = 0.07 and 0.18, both p ≤ 0.002); and low skeletal muscle mass (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79 to 0.95, p = 0.004) and heel lift (OR = 7.09, 95% CI: 1.86 to 26.2, p = 0.003) predicted suboptimal knee tracking. Only 8% achieved a fully “perfect” squat. Conclusion(s): Suboptimal squat mechanics were linked to higher fat mass, lower skeletal muscle mass, and compensatory lower-limb strategies, suggesting that squat quality reflects an interaction among body composition, posture, and motor control rather than any single demographic or anthropometric factor.

Wheat production is increasingly threatened by climate–induced stresses such as terminal heat, drought and erratic rainfall, posing serious risks to global food security. This review synthesises peer–reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 to evaluate the synergistic potential of nanotechnology in conjunction with adaptive agronomic practices to enhance a climate–resilient wheat production system. Evidence from multi–location field trials and meta–analyses indicates that improved sowing dates facilitate phenological escape from stress, while nano–enabled fertilisers, pesticides and biostimulants enhance nutrient use efficiency (NUE), enable controlled release and improve abiotic stress tolerance. Concurrently, supplemental water management strategies, like hydrogels and conservation agriculture, mitigate drought stress and enhance water use efficiency (WUE). The crop simulation models, such as decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT) and the agricultural production systems simulator (APSIM), further enable scenario analyses and site–specific managementrecommendations. Despite promising outcomes, reporting yield gains of 15–35 %, significant challenges remain regarding the long–term environmental fate of nanoparticles (NPs), the regulatory processes required for their synthesis and formulation with pesticides or other amendments, as well as the affordability of these technologies for subsistence farmers. Future research should include multi–year and multi–site testing, as well as uniform characterisation of NPs and linking them with artificial intelligence tools and remote sensing techniquesmentioned in participatory socio–economic analysis. The collective forward movement of these impacts will ensure safe scaling and adoption of nanotechnologies with adaptive agronomy to help strengthen global wheat resilience to climate variability, as well as contribute towards sustainable agriculture development.