Subgrouping non-specific low back pain based on spinal marker trajectory data: An unsupervised machine learning approach.

BackgroundWe completed a school suspected scoliosis screening (SSS) of multi-ethnic adolescents in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, China, to examine the prevalence of suspected scoliosis in this area and associated risk factors.MethodsFrom October 2024 to April 2025, we conducted scoliosis screening (SSS) in eight districts of the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture: Zhaoni, Lintan, Luqu, Diebu, Zhouqu, Maqu, Xiahe, and Hezuo. Visual examination, the Adams forward bending test (FBT), and trunk rotation angle measurement were used to recognize suspected scoliosis. In this study, all screening-positive results are based on trunk rotation angle (ATR) ≥ 5, defined as “Suspected Scoliosis.” Demographic data were gathered, and the prevalence of suspected scoliosis was determined. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression technique was employed to identify characteristics most correlated with suspected scoliosis. The selected variables were further analyzed using multivariate logistic regression to ascertain the correlation between suspected scoliosis and the related factors.ResultsA total of 67 schools and 51,025 adolescents (24,821 males and 26,204 females) attended screening. The total prevalence of suspected scoliosis among adolescents in the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture was 2.37% (1,211 cases), with a prevalence of 2.76% in females, higher than the 1.97% seen in males (p < 0.01). LASSO regression analysis revealed a substantial association between age, height, weight, BMI, and latitude and suspected scoliosis. Following the exclusion of extraneous variables through LASSO regression, multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that age (OR = 1.054, 95% CI: 1.027–1.082), gender (OR = 1.395, 95% CI: 1.241–1.567), BMI (OR = 0.950, 95% CI: 0.927–0.974), and latitude (OR = 0.611, 95% CI: 0.531–0.703) were independently correlated with suspected scoliosis. According to ATR, severity was categorized into three grades: Grade I suspected scoliosis in 832 cases (68.71%), Grade II suspected scoliosis in 296 instances (24.44%), and Grade III suspected scoliosis in 83 cases (6.83%). The thoracic segment, thoracolumbar segment, and lumbar segment comprised 25.85, 32.04, and 42.11%, respectively. No significant variations were seen in the distribution of suspected scoliosis severity across various segments.ConclusionThe prevalence of suspected scoliosis among multi-ethnic students in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture was 2.37%. Age, gender, BMI, and latitude were identified as factors influencing the prevalence.

A hand-held long-handled pineapple leaves pruner was designed and fabricated to reduce drudgery to the farmers cultivating pineapples. The pruner was designed considering the anthropometric data of the farmers. The pruner is light in weight, and it uses two pruning knives operated by a battery to reduce the manual force required for traditional pruning using dao (machete). Performance of the designed pruner was evaluated. Analysis showed that the designed pruner has the potential to reduce low back pain by reducing forward bending of the body, and therefore, it may reduce workers’ discomfort and increase productivity.

Automatic radiation-free evaluation of Cobb angle for spinal curvature based on fringe projection profilometry and deep learning technology.

A previous study reported an exclusive increase in positive mood states with backward-bending postures, with some changes common to both forward- and backward-bending postures, in 11 yoga beginners. To further determine any unique effects of forward- or backward-bending postures, the present trial examined six yoga postures in 64 yoga-experienced participants (mean age 22.81 ± 2.01; male-to-female ratio 24:40). We assessed mood states (Brief Mood Introspection Scale), relaxation (Relaxation State Questionnaire), and attention (Letter-Digit Substitution Test) before and after six yoga postures performed on 6 separate days in random order. There were two forward-bending postures (forward sitting, or seated forward bend, and forward standing, or hand-to-foot pose), two backward-bending postures (backward sitting, or camel pose, and backward standing, or half-wheel pose), and two control postures (control sitting, or easy pose, and control standing, or mountain pose), each done for 90 seconds. Both forward sitting/seated forward bend and forward standing/hand-to-foot increased peppy feelings and decreased drowsy feelings (p < 0.05 in all cases, repeated-measures ANOVA). Both backward sitting/camel and backward standing/half-wheel increased feeling calm and active. Forward sitting/seated forward bend increased feeling happy and content, whereas backward standing/half-wheel increased content and loving feelings. Control sitting/easy pose alone decreased feeling gloomy and drowsy and increased overall relaxation. All postures increased net attempts (suggesting enhanced attention) in the Letter-Digit Substitution Test, while forward standing/hand-to-foot alone decreased incorrect attempts (indicating enhanced accuracy). The results suggest that both forward- and backward-bending yoga postures have unique as well as common effects on mood states. Specific yoga postures may be selected to modify mood states, while research in clinical populations would support therapy applications.

BackgroundSimple range of motion measurements in individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) during forward bending provide limited information about the directional characteristics of spinal movements.PurposeTo examine the horizontal and vertical displacement trajectories of thoracolumbar regions (T12 and L2 levels) during forward bending using smartphone-based 2-dimensional video analysis, and to compare kinematics among NSCLBP subgroups classified as the flexion pattern (FP) and extension pattern (EP), and healthy controls.MethodsA total of 185 participants were recruited (58 healthy, 87 FP, 40 EP). Two markers were positioned over the spinous processes of T12 and L2. Marker trajectories were tracked using Kinovea software, and displacements along the x- (anterior-posterior) and y-axes (superior-inferior) were measured.ResultsThe EP group showed significantly greater anterior displacement at the T12 and L2 levels than the FP group, and at the L2 level than healthy controls. No significant differences were found between FP and healthy groups or in vertical displacement of the two markers.ConclusionsHorizontal displacement trajectories effectively differentiated NSCLBP subgroups, particularly identifying a distinct movement strategy in the EP group. Smartphone-based video analysis may offer a clinically useful and accessible tool for subgroup-specific assessment.

Introduction: Mobility challenges among elderly people have become a concern in the healthcare and engineering sectors. One common impairment in older age is the inability to perform forward bending movements. This difficulty affects essential daily activities such as dressing and removing wearable devices, leading to reduced independence and a lower quality of life. Nitinol (NiTiNOL) is an alloy composed of approximately 45% nickel (Ni) and 45% titanium (Ti). By manipulating the thermal environment, temperature variations occur in Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wires. SMAs are widely utilised in industry, medicine, and robotics due to their flexibility, light weight, and the ability to undergo phase transformations when subjected to thermal changes in the environment. Aim: This research aims to model and simulate a micro SMA actuator for bionic applications. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, COSMOL Multiphysics software analysed the behaviour of SMA wires. Electrical excitation was used to attain the deformation temperature of the SMA wire. The modelled SMA wire, with a diameter of 0.375 mm and length of 50 mm, was simulated at the Centre for Sensors and Control Systems Laboratory, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai. Results: The SMA microactuator exhibits notable thermal behaviour linked to phase transformations and mechanical properties. The modelled SMA spring features three turns, a diameter of 0.375 mm, and a length of 50 mm. It operates between 40°C and 65°C, with the austenite temperature at 65°C. These parameters yield an actuation force of 9.31 N and a displacement of 20.3 mm. Conclusion: The simulation results have been used to develop a soft robot for clinical purposes and bionic applications. To address such biomechanical deficits, an SMA-based actuator offers compact, quiet, and flexible motion in wearable or embedded assistive systems.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise ball gymnastics on the functional state of the respiratory system and the overall level of physical fitness in girls aged 18-19 years with grade 1 scoliosis. Material and Methods — The study included 62 female students aged 18-19 years with grade 1 scoliosis. Participants were divided into 2 groups: an experimental group (EG; n=32) that participated in exercise ball gymnastics and a control group (CG; n=30) that followed the standard university physical education program. The state of the respiratory system and level of physical fitness were assessed. Results — In the EG, vital capacity (VC) increased by 16% (P=0.048), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) increased by 38% (P&lt;0.001). Minute ventilation (MV) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) also increased by 18% and 27%, respectively (P=0.046 and P&lt;0.001), and maximum tidal volume (TVmax) increased by 27% (P&lt;0.001). In the CG, significant changes occurred in ERV, MVV, and TVmax, with increases of 23%, 16%, and 16%, respectively (P&lt;0.001, P=0.006, and P=0.005). Indicators of overall physical fitness in the EG improved significantly in all tests except forward bending. In the CG, significant improvements were observed in the 2,000-m walk (11%; P=0.032) and push-ups on knees (24%; P=0.003). Both groups showed significant improvements in standard and sharpened Romberg’s tests. Conclusion — The exercise ball gymnastics method used in this study positively influenced respiratory function indicators and physical fitness levels in students with grade 1 scoliosis, supporting its recommendation for physical education classes in individuals with this condition.

Background The lumbar multifidus (LM) plays a key role in static and dynamic stability; however, studies of LM motor unit behavior have yet to be extensively investigated. This study aimed to assess the test-retest reliability of motor unit behavior measurements using electromyography decomposition (dEMG) and to investigate the motor unit behavior under different speeds and loads in asymptomatic participants. Methods In this experimental repeated-measures design, 29 male and female asymptomatic participants were recruited. Motor unit behavior was measured during two sets of 60-second active trunk flexion exercises using dEMG under two speeds (15 and 25 repetitions/minute) and two loads (5% and 10% body weight). The action potential amplitude and motor unit firing rate were derived. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to determine within-session test-retest reliability, and a two-factor repeated-measure ANOVA was used to determine the effects of load and speed. Results Findings demonstrated acceptable within-session test-retest reliability (ICC > 0.70) for most parameters. Significantly greater peak and average amplitudes and average firing rates were seen with an increase in speed, while greater average amplitudes and firing rates were seen with an increase in load. Conclusion These findings support the use of measures of LM motor unit behavior. Exercises at greater speeds and loads increase LM firing rates and amplitudes. A better understanding of LM motor unit behavior may aid our understanding of rehabilitation protocols for low back pain.

The study aims to describe and evaluate coaching and upbringing practices for youth freestyle wrestling and grappling in terms of rapid digitalization, changing dietary patterns, and increased competitive load. A combined program (technical-tactical work, general physical preparedness, psychological support, brief parental education) was implemented at the “Salus” Club (Karaganda) in 2023–2024 for athletes aged 9–16 (N = 60). The assessment covered control tests (strength endurance, speed-power, flexibility), technical points at competitions, absenteeism, and injuries. Descriptive statistics and pre-/post- comparisons were applied. After 9–12 months, mean improvement in pull-ups increased to 49%, Cooper test distance to 250 m, forward bend flexibility to 15 cm; average technical points per tournament increased from 6 to 13, while absenteeism decreased from 30 to 20%. Steady improvements were supported by calibrated digital tools (video feedback, home video review), rational nutrition, and a clear motivational framework. A comprehensive model combining traditional elements with modern tools is effective for enhancing both athletic and educational outcomes in adolescents.

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and its associated factors among multi-ethnic schoolchildren in Southwestern China.MethodsA cross-sectional school-based study was conducted involving 22,814 students aged 10–18 years. Screening comprised the Adams forward bend test; positives underwent radiographic confirmation (Cobb angle ≥10°). Demographic and behavioral data were collected via questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent associated factors.ResultsThe screening positive rate was 3.83%, and the confirmed AIS prevalence rate was 1.37%. While no significant ethnic difference existed in screening positive rates (p = 0.078), the confirmed prevalence rates differed (p = 0.029), being relatively higher in Yi (1.52%) and GeLao (1.54%) adolescents. Girls showed a significantly higher screening positive rate than boys (4.64% vs. 3.12%, p < 0.001), but no statistically significant gender difference was found in the confirmed prevalence rates (p = 0.157). Notably, the positive predictive value was higher in boys (40.90%) than girls (31.72%). Multivariate analysis revealed several factors independently associated with AIS, including abnormal BMI, lack of desk/chair adjustment, poor sleep posture, physical inactivity, improper reading/writing posture, excessive electronic device use, insufficient outdoor activity, inadequate sleep, and frequent sweet consumption.ConclusionThe AIS prevalence in this multi-ethnic region aligns with global figures. School screening coupled with health interventions targeting modifiable associated factors is essential for AIS prevention and control. Comprehensive health promotion and early intervention targeting the identified significant factors should be an important future direction for AIS prevention.

Introduction: Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities. It is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21.Objectives: The study aim is to evaluate motor fitness and its relationship to BMI in children with Down syndrome and moderate intellectual disabilities, compared to their typically devel-oping peers.Material and Methods: The study involved 40 children aged 7 to 8 years, including 20 with Down syndrome and 20 typically developing peers. The following research tools/tests were used: Eurofit Special, Single-Leg Stance, Timed Up &amp; Go, and Box and Block. Additionally, to assess hand-eye coordination, children were asked to throw a bean bag into a hula hoop from a distance of 1.5 meters. The results were analysed using the chi-square test, Student’s t-test for independent samples, the Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson’s linear correlation coeffi-cient, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Results: Children from the study group performed worse in motor skills tests than children from the control group, with the exception of the Seated Forward Bend test. No statistically significant relationships were found between the Eurofit Special test results and BMI (p&gt;0.05).Conclusions: Flexibility is the only trait that does not differentiate 7-8-year-old children with Down syndrome from their typically developing peers. BMI should not be considered a de-terminant of motor fitness in children with Down syndrome and co-occurring intellectual dis-ability.

This paper presents a study on the possible application of the Aramis optical 3D measuring system for analysing dynamic deformations of the human body in motion. A methodology for the use of Aramis in the field of dynamic anthropometry is presented for the first time in this study. Five body movements were analysed on three female test subjects. Based on the surface deformation results, a set of ten characteristic body measurements, relevant for garment design and construction, were identified, analysed and compared to reference values obtained using laser 3D body scanning technology. Changes in measurement dimensions during particular movements were determined in relation to initial measurements in a static standing position, where the greatest body measure deformation recorded was a 37% increase in back width during arm-forward movement and a 23% elongation of the posterior lower body length during forward bending. A comparative analysis of the results indicated a high level of precision of measurements obtained using the Aramis system, which achieved mean absolute errors of less than 3 mm and relative errors of less than 3%, thus emphasising the ability to monitor and analyse surface deformations of the body throughout entire movements and not just in final body positions, as is the case with the use of 3D body scanning technology. The proposed measurement methodology from this study offers valuable data for the development of garment model design, material selection and clothing pattern construction according to the requirements of dynamic anthropometry.

Introduction: Scoliosis is a structural deformity of the spine whose prevalence may be influenced by socioeconomic factors and physical activity levels. Previous evidence suggests that physical inactivity could be a risk factor in adolescents.Objective: To analyze and quantify the prevalence of scoliosis in students aged 12–16 years from public and private schools in Santiago, Chile, and to explore its association with physical activity levels. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 81 adolescents (48.1% male; 51.9% female). The mean age was 15.28 ± 0.85 years, with an average height of 163.8 ± 6.9 cm and mean weight of 66.0 ± 12.2 kg. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and four evaluation tools were used: Adams Forward Bend Test, scoliometer, Spine Screen mobile application, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).Results: A positive Adams Test was found in 43.2% of participants, while 14.8% showed out-of-range alterations in Spine Screen. According to IPAQ, 25.9% reported low physical activity, 51.9% moderate, and 22.2% high. A significant association was found between lower physical activity and scoliosis presence (p = 0.025 in Adams Test; p = 0.020 in Spine Screen). Furthermore, scoliosis prevalence was higher in public school students (54.3%) compared to private school students (34.8%) (p = 0.043). Conclusions: These findings suggest that lower levels of physical activity are associated with a higher prevalence of scoliosis in adolescents, particularly in public school settings. The results highlight the need for preventive strategies to promote structured physical activity in school environments with limited access.

HighlightsWhat are the main findings?Scoliosis was present in 35.7% of female university students: 26.2% had functional scoliosis and 9.5% had structural scoliosis.Functional scoliosis was associated with habitual sitting posture, leg-length discrepancy, and age, whereas structural scoliosis was associated with habitual sitting posture, family history, and back pain.What is the implication of the main finding?Screening should differentiate functional from structural scoliosis and include routine assessment of posture and leg-length discrepancy.Targeted ergonomic education and early physiotherapy may help correct reversible postural curves in functional scoliosis and support symptom management in individuals with structural scoliosis.Background/Objectives: Although screening for scoliosis is common among adolescents, little is known about its subtypes and their correlations in young adults. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and classification of scoliosis (functional vs. structural) among female university students in Saudi Arabia and to examine associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 263 female students at Taibah University. Screening was performed using Adam’s forward bending test and a scoliometer. Data on age, body mass index, academic year, hand dominance, habitual sitting posture, backpack carriage method, leg-length discrepancy, painful conditions, and family history of scoliosis were collected. The association between scoliosis subtypes and contributing factors was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Spearman’s correlation. Results: Scoliosis was identified in 94 students (prevalence, 35.7%). Of these, 26.2% had functional scoliosis, whereas 9.5% had structural scoliosis. Functional scoliosis was significantly associated with sitting posture, leg-length discrepancy, and age (p < 0.05), whereas structural scoliosis was associated with family history, habitual sitting posture, and painful conditions (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The high prevalence and differing profiles of scoliosis subtypes underscore the need for routine postural screening in universities. Early identification and ergonomic education may help in selecting appropriate targeted interventions for individuals with functional or structural scoliosis.

Posterior instrumentation is used to treat severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with a Cobb angle greater than 40 degrees. Clinical studies indicate that AIS patients may develop adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) post-surgery. However, there is limited research on the biomechanical effects on adjacent segments after surgery, and straightforward methods for creating finite element (FE) models that reflect vertebral deformation are lacking. Therefore, this study aims to use biplanar X-ray images to establish a case-specific, parameterized FE model reflecting coronal plane vertebral deformation and employ FE analysis to compare pre- and postoperative changes in the range of motion (ROM), endplate stress, and intervertebral disk stress of adjacent segments. We developed an FE model from biplanar X-ray images of a patient with AIS, using ANSYS software to establish pre- and postoperative models. The shape of the preoperative model was validated using computed tomography (CT) reconstruction. A flexion moment was applied to C7 of the spine model to achieve the same forward bending angle in the pre- and postoperative models. This study successfully developed a case-specific parameterized FE model based on X-ray images. The differences between Cobb angle and thoracolumbar kyphosis angle measurements in X-ray images and CT reconstructions were 6.5 and 5.4 mm. This FE model was used to analyze biomechanical effects on motion segments adjacent to the fixation site, revealing a decrease in maximum endplate and disk stress in the cranial segment and an increase in stress in the caudal segment.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the clothing pressure of adult women’s full-body swimsuits based on body type, swimming posture, and fabric material. By using the CLO 3D virtual fitting system, we conducted both qualitative and quantitative analyses to assess pressure distribution across four major body regions during five swim-related movements. Five female body types—hourglass, apple, rectangle, triangle, and inverted triangle—and five movements—overhead arm raise, forward bend, T-pose, flutter kick, and cobra pose—were analyzed. The swimsuits used two fabric types—nylon 80% + spandex 20% blend fabric and polyester 80% + spandex 20% blend fabric; garment pressure was measured at the chest, back, waist, and abdomen. The findings showed that CLO 3D had limitations in precisely distinguishing the characteristics of nylon and polyester, specifically in terms of clothing pressure and overall comfort. Significant variations in clothing pressure across different body parts were observed depending on swimming movement and body type. According to body type, the highest pressure was on the abdomen for the apple shape and the chest for inverted triangle shape. Regarding movement, the highest pressure was on the abdomen during the forward bend and chest during the cobra pose, indicating possible discomfort in those areas. Moreover, while the CLO 3D system effectively analyzes garment pressure in relatively static conditions of the wearer, it has limitations in assessing underwater environments and wearers’ dynamic states. This study recommends configuring the underwater environment, establishing a database of swimsuit fabric properties in a wet state, incorporating movements, and automatic correction of discrepancies between measured compressive force data and CLO 3D output. The findings provide a data-driven design direction to enhance wearability and functionality in swimsuit development, while presenting new possibilities for CLO 3D-based sportswear research without the need to use traditional human-wear trials.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a systemic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by a three-dimensional curvature of the spine. It often progresses silently during puberty and can have significant physical and psychological consequences for affected adolescents. Early detection through school-based screening is vital for timely intervention, yet region-specific epidemiological data from northern coastal China remain limited. This school-based cross-sectional study screened 57,393 students from grades 3 to 9 in Qingdao City between 2022 and 2024. Standardized assessments included postural observation, the Adams forward bending test, angle of trunk rotation (ATR) measurement, and plantar scanning for foot deformities. Students with ATR ≥ 5° were referred for radiographic evaluation, and scoliosis was confirmed by Cobb angle > 10° on standing full-spine X-rays. A modest but consistent decline in postural abnormality prevalence was observed over three years, with Adams test positivity decreasing from 4.5 to 4.3%. Peak ATR positivity occurred in students aged 11-13, particularly age 12. Female sex and right-sided rib hump were significantly associated with higher ATR and scoliosis severity. Among 370 students undergoing radiographs, ATR showed a strong correlation with Cobb angle (R = 0.65, p < 0.001). The majority had Cobb angles of 10-20°, with severe curves (> 20°) predominantly observed in older female students. This study highlights the stable yet concerning prevalence of scoliosis in coastal northern China and validates the utility of a stepwise screening approach centered on ATR. Age, sex, and rib hump laterality are key risk indicators. Findings support targeted early screening and intervention strategies tailored to high-risk adolescent groups.

ObjectivesOccupational physical activity (OPA) during pregnancy has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, but crude exposure assessment remains an issue in causal inference. We aimed to develop a quantitative trimester-specific job exposure matrix (JEM) for standing, walking, and forward bending among pregnant workers.MethodsAccelerometer measurements from 403 female workers across 109 DISCO-08 job codes were obtained in Denmark between January 2023 and June 2024. Full workdays were measured during two weeks among pregnant workers and one week among non-pregnant workers. We used linear mixed-effects models to estimate exposure levels of occupational standing, walking, and forward bending for all 1171 DISCO-08 codes, including age, trimester, and expert ratings as fixed effects, and job codes and workers as random effects.ResultsThe between-job variances relative to total variances were 56% for standing, 51% for walking, and 45% for forward bending. The fixed effect trimester reduced standing time by 0.38 hours during the 3rd trimester compared to non-pregnant participants, whereas no differences were observed for walking or forward bending. Based on the trimester-specific JEM for occupational standing time, bakers had the highest exposure (range from non-pregnant to 3rd trimester, 5.41–5.03 hours/workday). For walking and forward bending, the highest exposed jobs from the pregnancy-specific JEM were waiters (1.76 hours/workday) and livestock/dairy producers (1.24 hours/workday), respectively.ConclusionsThe JEM enhances independent objective exposure assessment in epidemiological studies of OPA and pregnancy outcomes and may advance guidelines and potentially prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.

The study examined the impact of a sports gymnastics curriculum on the development of students' motor abilities. Special attention was given to the effects of specific gymnastics exercises and techniques designed to develop repetitive, static, and explosive strength, as well as flexibility. The sample consisted of 50 male students, divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group, in addition to the standard curriculum, performed additional specific exercises for developing motor skills. Results indicated significant improvement in the experimental group, particularly in the variables Pull-ups (p = 0.001) and Deep forward bend (p = 0.002), with a large effect size (Cohen’s d &gt; 0.8). However, differences for the variables Leg lifting (p = 0.063) and Squat (p = 0.061) did not reach statistical significance at the 5% level, although a 10% difference suggested a moderate effect (Cohen’s d &gt; 0.5), indicating moderate progress. The effects of the gymnastics programme were positive in both groups, with the experimental group showing additional progress in motor skills due to targeted exercises. Although differences in specific motor skills between the experimental and control groups were observed, the results indicate that the gymnastics programme itself has a positive impact on motor abilities, even without additional specific exercises. The gymnastics curriculum is effective for improving students' motor abilities, with targeted specific exercises providing further advancement.