Plural Research Articles

L’empire du mensonge d’Aminata Sow Fall : terroir de prospection éthique et esthétique

This paper points out the place given to the creative act as a space for the transfer of the ancestral values and the change of the mind, in the work of Aminata Sow Fall. It will take into consideration that brings the Senegalese writer closer to the expression of emotion, her bergsonian concept of open soul, but also her vindication for the respectability of the most disadvantaged. This paper tries to explore the way with which the writing plural forms supports the ethics of Aminata Sow Fall

Acknowledging the plural Weberian rationalities in clinical embryology: When moral values, habits, and/or affection prevail beyond efficiency

This paper addresses the plural forms of reasoning used by clinical embryologists when deciding the fate of the human embryos they create and manipulate in the laboratory setting through assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Our analysis draws on empirical material from in-depth interviews with 20 clinical embryologists working at public and private fertility units/clinics in Portugal. Within a bureaucratic organisation based on a high level of professional specialisation, embryologists display multiple perspectives on the criteria they use to evaluate and classify the embryo’s quality, potential and viability. Taxonomies, international guidelines and statistical data are largely used by embryologists to qualify the embryos, basing their action on an instrumental rationality (efficient means and calculated ends recognized inductively). However, beyond technical-scientific facts and theories as intellectual tools for action, some of them also mobilize alternative ethical rationalities. Namely, value-rational action based on moral valuations and legitimate rules/ends, affectual rationality governed by emotions, affects and feeling states (such as empathy with the beneficiaries), and traditional rationality based on habits and routines (embryologist’s feeling gained by experience) intervene too. Therefore, Weber’s distinctive ideal-types and theoretical contributions, namely his foundational four types of social action are relevant for rethinking professional practices within ART, especially clinical embryology.

PREFERRED WORD CHOICE: VARIATION OF TRANSLATIONS IN SUNDANESE QUR’ANIC TRANSLATION AND TAFSIR

Translating the Qur’an into other languages is an urgent task following the spread of Islam not only to Arabic-speaking countries but also all over the world including Indonesia. The purpose of this article is to examine the process of the Qur’anic translation in the Sundanese Qur’anic translation and tafsir. This article investigates various preferred words choices by ulama in four Sundanese Translation and Tafsir namely: Qur’an Miwah Terjemah Dina Basa Sunda (QMTDBS, hereafter) published by the team members of West Java Ministry of Religious Affairs in 2005; 2) Tafsir Al Qur’an Basa Sunda (TQBS, hereafter), also published by West Java Ministry of Religious Affairs in 1981, 3) Tafsir Ayat Suci Lenyepaneun (TASL, hereafter); and 4) Roudhatul Irfan (RI, hereafter) written by K.H. Ahmad Sanoesi. Special attention is directed to investigating three aspects namely: 1) The procedure of using plural forms; 2) The usage of language levels; and 3) The preference of word choices for the translation of the same Arabic word. This research employs a qualitative method with content analysis of the text of Sundanese tafsir from different eras to accommodate the use of the Sundanese language in the changing society. The philological analysis also utilizes to scrutinize different word–by–word translations in these three texts. This research shows that: (1) There are differences in using plural forms from the source language into the targeted language in these Sundanese tafsir. For QMTDBS, they mostly eschewed the plural structure systematized in the Sundanese language. To our analysis, the shifting usage of the first aspect (1-plural) related to formulating the simple translation (uncomplicated) by eliminating one of the plural forms. The second aspect (2- language level) from coarse/refined to more refine language is associated with the changing society in Sundanese. The Qur’an which is positioned as sacred text represented high society and therefore uses more refined language. The third category (3) of various dictions usage is connected to territorial and context conventions which certainly influence the meaning-making of the translation process. Some Sundanese-translated words may not represent the equivalent meaning of the source language and it becomes one of the limitations in the translation process.

Ako or Takwa la Katiba? A Description of Verb-to-Noun Derivation in Bantu Languages: The Case of Kiswahili

This paper describes verb-to-noun derivation in Kiswahili, a process in which nouns are formed from verbs. It places the derivational process squarely on the question of whether it is ‘tako’ or ‘takwa’, with their plural forms ‘matako’ or ‘matakwa’. The guiding question for this description is “how come the verb ‘taka’ changes to ‘takwa’ as opposed to ‘tako’ while similar verbs change to nouns by -o suffixation?” Data were collected through observation, document review, and interviews. The findings justify the theoretical statement that derivation is less productive. Hence, applying a particular rule too broadly to other entities is relatively hard. In this view, derivation by -o suffixation, as well as by other processes, is limited to some verbs. Since derivation is less productive, Kiswahili has many verb-to-noun derivational processes as presented in this paper under four categories, namely verb-to-noun derivation Type 1 (suffixation of vowels -i, -o, -u, and -e), Type 2 (noun class prefixes), Type 3 (infinitive ku-) and Type 4 (miscellaneous nouns). Hence, the paper concludes that ‘tako la katiba’ with its plural ‘matako ya katiba’ is inappropriate, whereas ‘takwa la katiba’ with its plural ‘matakwa ya katiba’ is appropriate in Kiswahili. Keywords: Tako, takwa, verb-to-noun derivation, Kiswahili

MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION; A PLURALISTIC APPROACH IN PREVENTING PRIMORDIALISM IN MADRASAH

The purpose of this research is to find out the process of multicultural education that occurs at MA Ihyaul Ulum Dukun Gresik as a pluralistic form of preventing primordialism from entering the world of education. This study used a qualitative approach with a case study type at MA Ihyaul Ulum Dukun Gresik Regency. The data collection technique was through observation, in-depth interviews with 4 informants, namely the head of the madrasah, homeroom teacher for class IX, teacher of aqidah akhlaq subjects, and teacher of Civics. as well as documentation. The data analysis technique uses the Miles and Huberman Interactive Model with data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification activities. Data validity with source and technique triangulation process. The results of this study indicate the concept of multicultural education carried out by MA Ihyaul Ulum Dukun Gresik as a form of plurality in preventing primordialism in the madrasah environment, namely with the concept of heterogeneous classes, class principles designed "everyone has rights" and establishing ukhuwah interactions. This research will certainly have implications for the development of multicultural educational actions for adolescent students who tend to be sensitive to their thoughts and feelings in the various stimuli presented by the teacher. This research will also open up the potential of multicultural students by upholding high values of moderation and plurality.

RELIGIOUS PLURALISM IN LABUHAN PARANGKUSUMO TRADITION: COMMUNICATING LOCAL JAVANESE WISDOM AND THE MORAL MESSAGE OF THE QUR’AN

This article discusses the religious pluralism contained in the procession of the Labuhan Parangkusumo tradition. The problem underlying this study is that Indonesia, rich in culture, tradition, and religion, is prone to conflict and violence due to a lack of public understanding of the value of pluralism. This study used the living Qur'an approach with a descriptive-qualitative method. Data collection techniques were obtained from informants conveying the Labuhan Parangkusumo tradition as primary data and supported by some secondary data in the form of literature and sources from other media related to the Labuhan Parangkusumo tradition. In the end, this research shows a form of religious pluralism in the traditional harbor prayer procession that involves all religions. As well as there are signs of religious pluralism in QS. Al-Kafirun (109): 6, which talks about religious tolerance

Conditions for the Borrowing of Irregular Plurals in an Intense Language Contact Situation

This article is devoted to borrowing in Frisian of Dutch irregular plurals formed by suffixation and stem vowel lengthening; e.g. dak [dak] ‘roof’ - daken [da:k?/da:kn?] ‘roofs’ instead of Frisian dak [dak] - dakken [dakn?]. Irregular plural formation is unproductive in Dutch and uncommon in Frisian (except in a couple of historical borrowings). Although the appearance of irregular Dutch plurals in Frisian had not previously been described or investigated, we hypothesize their existence in spoken Frisian, based on analogical cases. However, they would not be borrowed without any limitations as various factors would affect their borrowability; e.g. words frequency, phonotactic constraints or paradigm alternation. This study is based on approximately 175 interview recordings. The participants were asked to name different objects shown to them during the interview picture task. The results confirm both the (quite frequent) use of Dutch irregular plurals in Frisian and the involvement of different (morphological) factors in the borrowing processes. Accordingly, borrowing of such plurals is not only a lexical matter, but also a grammatical one. Phonotactic factors do not appear to play any significant role, but paradigm alternation seems to be decisive in whether a plural can successfully be borrowed or not.

Special features of case marking forms in the first printed New Testament in the Udmurt language

Introduction. This article considers the nominal case markers in the first printed New Testament in the Udmurt language. These manuscripts are known as the first sources for studying the process of the case system formation, as well as the morphology of the Udmurt language as a whole. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted on the basis of the corpus of the texts published in 1847, which comprise Gospels of Matthew and Mark translated in the Glazov and Sarapul dialects of the Udmurt language. The analysis was carried out by comparing the linguistic material of the written sources with the data of the Standard Udmurt language and its dialects. Results and Discussion. During the study, three main features were identified in the case indicators of monuments: a) formation of accusative plural forms in the simple declension in all sources with the help of the marker -ызъ; b) use of the forms with the initial и in the first books instead of ы-forms in Standard Udmurt in the instrumental, inessive, elative and prolative cases; c) the presence of the marker -энъ in the text of the New Testament in the Sarapul dialect, alongside with the common suffix -ынъ, which serves as the means for building nominal plural forms in the instrumental case. In addition, the manuscripts in the Glazov dialect demonstrate forms of secondary local cases, as well as instances of using egressive forms in the function of elative. Conclusion. Analysis of the case markers in the first Udmurt New Testament demonstrated special features of different nature, which can be explained by orthography as well as dialectal features of the studied sources.

How many churches burned in the Kyiv fire of 1017?

The article examines sources’ reports of a large-scale fire in Kyiv in 1017. The two parallel texts are: the German Latin chronicle by Thietmar of Merseburg (composed in 1018) and the Primary Chronicle of Rus (composed in around 1116), which relied on early Kyivan annals. Thietmar wrote about the fire that damaged the “monasterium sancte Sophiae”. The Primary Chronicle reported of the fire of one church or several churches without specifying them. The main focus of the article is on the textual analysis of two versions of the short account of the event in the copies of the Primary Chronicle. One of the versions implies that it was the fire of one church only. According to another version there were many churches that suffered from the fire. Remarkably, the textual difference between the variants is only two letters – the plural form ending of the verb (“погорѣша цр҃кви” versus “погорѣ цр҃кви”). The dilemma of determining the original variant correlates with the ambiguity of Thietmar’s words, which could denote the fire of either one building or several. The chronicler used the word “monasterium” which could denote both “monastery” (as a complex of church buildings) and “cathedral”. The article provides a comprehensive textual and philological analysis of the variant readings of the Primary Chronicle. At the same time, the authors did not resort to hypothetical reconstructions of the text but proceeded from those readings that are attested by the preserved manuscripts. The analysis revealed the advantages and disadvantages of two textual scenarios, which provided for the originality of one or another version of the fire of 1017. Based on the available copies of the Primary Chronicle, it appeared impossible to unambiguously choose between the variants. This led to modeling two historical scenarios of the event. However, as it was demonstrated recently, the German chronicler meant the Tithe Church (possibly, with a surrounding buildings) by St. Sophia monastery or cathedral. The palace complex centered around the first stone church of Kyiv included other buildings used for ecclesiastical needs. This can explain the ambiguous terminology of the Kyivan and German chronicles. Therefore, as it turned out, regardless of the textual choice, both competing readings can be interpreted in the same sense. Thietmar and the Primary Chronicle unanimously reported about the fire of the Tithe Church.

Evaluation of Indexation Consistency in Publisher Subject Metadata

This work aims at evaluating the indexing of subject metadata published on the MercadoEditorial.org platform. The goal: to verify if the indexing is consistent. First, analysis was done of the tools available on the platform for assigning keywords, and, afterwards, publishers on the platform were documented and verified by running intrinsic evaluation for interconsistency. This was all done to compare the indexing of one work by four authors. The authors were Ciranda Cultural, IBEP, Excelsior Editora, and Via Leitura. The chosen book was “The Alienist” by Machado de Assis, a classic in Brazilian literature. The result of the indexing analysis was that publishers gave keywords such as title, author’s name, characters’ names, names of other books, and excessively used and repeated words. The last category was further broken down being with or without accentuation, being in the singular or plural form. Other terms were assigned that were related to university entrance exams. Thus, it can be concluded that an absence of vocabulary control can make retrieval of a work difficult, simply by assigning terms that inadequately define the subject of the book, and by lacking semantic, syntactic, and morphological standardization among the terms.

National law and legal pluralism

The subject of the article is correspondence and competition legal monism and legal pluralism. The purpose of the study is to confirm or refute the author's hypothesis that a peculiar dialectic of legal monism and legal pluralism is inherent in domestic law.The methodology. The methods of various sciences related to the study of social and legal pluralism are combined. In particular, the system approach, dialectical method, methods of formal logic, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods, theoretical-sociological and theoretical-cultural analysis are used.The main results, scopresue of application. Within the framework of various social sciences, types of legal understanding, both a monistic view of law and various opinions about its plurality are presented (natural and positive law; the law of various states; domestic and international law; official and unofficial law).Domestic law in developed countriesis unified, but it is a complex unity consisting of various subsystems (levels). The question of whether these subsystems can not only correspond to each other and complement each other, but also compete with each other, be used by various entities within the framework of choosing the optimal regime of legal regulation has always been ambiguousfor lawyers.Discussions about legal monism and legal pluralism contribute to the development of theoretical knowledge about law. Situations of more or less pronounced legal plurality undoubtedly influence the specifics of all the main types of legal activity: from legal education and criticism of law to law enforcement. For the latter, the problem of compatibility of the principles of legality, formal equality and various forms of legal plurality has always been one of the most important.Conclusions. The main manifestations of weak legal pluralism in modern domestic law can be considered as: (1) identification of subsystems of the law of the subjects of the federation and municipalities; (2) recognition of partial legal autonomy of various non-public organizations and autonomous communities (mainly in the field of private law). Each of these manifestations is considered separately. The problem of constitutionalization of legal pluralism is also touched upon. It is shown that a peculiar dialectic of legal monism and legal pluralism isinherent in domestic law.

ქართველურ ენათა ლინგვისტური ანოტაცია: I. სახელები (პრობლემები და მათი გადაჭრის გზები)

The international standards of morphemic analysis of texts have outlined completely new prospects of research for the languages with rich morphological structurebecause typological linguistics systematizes and classifies language facts and phenomena based on the structural content and the number of structural markers. The unity of these markers is relevant for the definition of the essence of language as such, the very phenomenon of language. Morphologically, of great interest with regard to any language are the noun and the verb, because they are structural units of ample syntagmatic data. This proves the importance of the outcomes of morphemic analysis, as well as the vast grammatical capacity of these parts of speech. Kartvelian languages embrace the empirical material of four languages (Georgian, Megrelian, Laz and Svan) with diverse and multifunctional morphemic data. Their systemic research is urgent, important and vital for the definition of the typology of Kartvelian languages as well as for the general typological research. Modern challenges have created the need for the new,reliable and knowledge-based research product that will meet contemporary international standards. Linguistic morphological analysis is carried out based on the synchronic data. Due to the morphonological changes peculiar of nominal stems, we should take into account the diachronic-etymological factors in order to identify the original forms and meanings of words. The problems of linguistic annotation of the nominal parts of speech in Kartvelian languages are analyzed based on the grammatical categories of case and number:The issues of segmentation and qualification of the nominal parts of speech with postpositions are discussed with reference to all the four Kartvelian languages.In Megrelian and Laz, especially in Megrelian, the definition-identification of the nominal stem is specific with regard to the following:a. The former genitive cases (secondary cases).b. Due to the phonetic insertion in the singular and plural forms (the insertion that separates consonants or vowels).c. Due to the phonetic transformation of the stem and the case-marker.d. Due to the changes in some case-markers caused by phonetic rules.In Megrelian anthroponyms (maiden names) a gender suffix -ხე /xe/ is usually found.It is traditionally considered that Svan nouns are more complex than Svan verbs. This opinion is based on the existence of two/three stems in the Svan declension system and the existence of double declension paradigm. The empirical material is diverse, taking into account the dialectal data as well. Out of Kartvelian languages, only Svan has the so-called “prepositional-postpositional“ cases. Such forms express semantic nuances, and, in this, they are close to double local cases found in the highland dialects of the Svan language. The lexical-grammatical patterns denoting names of clans-families are also extremely diverse in the Svan langauge.In the process of annotation (segmentation-marking) of the nominal lexemes, alongside with formal data, we should take into account the semantic peculiarities. Besides, description-qualification of the formal mechanisms of nominal parts of speech will be complete and accurateonly if it reflects the outcomes of the phonetic transformation of forms. Annotation, including morphological annotation, is conventional (achieved on the basis of agreement). However, the theoretical foundation should be consistent, especially in condition of diverse opinions.

A Comparative Study on the Use of First-Person Pronouns in Ten International Diplomatic Speeches

This paper explores how world leaders use first-person pronouns in diplomatic speeches as a case study on how stance is communicated in high-stakes situations. The dataset comprises ten speeches to security and the economy given by heads of state/governments to their counterparts at international conferences/summits. The data were analysed from a quantitative/corpus-linguistic perspective using AntConc (Anthony, 2021) to summarise general patterns of personal pronoun use and then from a qualitative/discourse-analytical perspective, identifying specifically related examples for more detailed interpretation in context. The contextual features considered for the critical discourse analysis were gender, ideology, and the political systems of the speaker’s country. The results showed that most lead favoured the plural first-person pronoun “we” over the singular “I”. This was especially marked for the Middle Eastern leaders in the sample. The plural form was used for two main functions: (i) audience-inclusivity, referring to the audience of delegates/attendees, and (ii) audience-exclusivity, referring to the nation represented by the speaker. The distribution of these functions in the individual speeches varied greatly, ranging from extreme inclusive use (85%; Temer [Brazil]) to extreme exclusive use (65%; Putin [Russia]); this was largely predictable based on the speaker’s role at the event (e.g., facilitator vs dissenter from a consensus view) and the level of perceived national power. “I” was found to be used mostly at the beginning of the speeches to extend gratitude to the organisers. However, it was often deployed to increase the speaker’s self-dedication throughout an address. Similarly, whereas deployed throughout the speeches to establish a sense of communal rapport between the audience and the speaker. The evidence does not suggest any major differences in the usage of first-person pronouns based on gender, as shown by similarities in the speeches of German Chancellor Merkel and Bangladeshi Prime Minister Hasina.

KONSEP MAQOMAT DAN AKHWAL

Maqamat is the plural form of the word maqam, which literally means rank or degree. In English, maqamat is referred to as stations or stages. Meanwhile, according to the terms of the science of Sufism, maqamat is the position of a servant before Allah, which is obtained through worship, mujahadat and other things, spiritual training and (relationship) that is not broken with Allah SWT. According to Al-Thusi's view, namely: "Ahwal is a state of the heart that always makes remembrance, and it is not seen from the methodology of mujahadah and exercises as previously mentioned. Ahwal is like: feeling watched by Allah SWT, feeling close to Allah SWT, feeling of love, fear, hope, longing, calm, confident and others". The types of Maqamat are divided into 9, among others: Al-Taubah, AlIstiqomah, Al-Wara', Al-Zuhd, Al-Faqr, Al-Shabr, Al-Tawakkal, Al-Rida, and Al -Mahabbah. While the types of Ahwal are divided into 8, namely: AlMuhasabah & al-Muroqobah (alert & introspective), Al-'Isyq (longing), Al-Uns (intimate), Thuma'ninah, Musyahadah, Yaqin, Mahabbah, Raja' and Khauf.

Religions in Shakespeare’s Writings, Edited by David V. Urban

Shakespeare’s engagement with the issue of religion is complex. There can never be an overarching system of religious belief extracted from his writings; instead, there are religions, as demonstrated by vigorous scholarship in recent decades, among which the present collection is a very good example. Fifteen essays appearing first in the journal Religions in 2018 and 2019 are reprinted, preceded by an introduction by the editor. Together they present a complex overview of Shakespeare’s creative use of religious references that can best be summarised, as in the collection’s title, with the plural form ‘religions’. Leading the essays is John D. Cox’s richly informed review of current studies in this field, unveiling a sizeable proportion of scholarly attention paid to tensions between religions in Shakespeare, a point also highlighted in David V. Urban’s introduction. Indeed, Shakespeare’s use of religious elements often results in a paradox. To begin with, certain ambiguities in the plays allow contestations between different religions. Grace Tiffany explores how Shakespeare reforms pagan images and ideas and makes them attain Christian (Calvinist in particular) meanings. As Tiffany argues, Shakespeare’s evocations of Diana, the pagan goddess of virginity, present the playwright favouring marital blessings over celibacy. Marriage takes on different meanings in Benjamin Lockerd’s article, which locates the contestation of religions in Hamlet as between the heretical beliefs of the Albigensians and orthodox Christianity. The Albigensians believe the human flesh to be evil because it belongs to the physical world created by an evil god; therefore, marriage and procreation should be avoided as they bring more sinners to the world. Lockerd argues that such is the message Hamlet hints at when expressing disgust at his bodily existence and when telling Ophelia ‘we will have no more marriage’ (3.1.147). Yet, in the end, the Danish prince claims his love towards Ophelia and asks for pardon before the duel, signalling his possible acceptance of Christian love and forgiveness. Lockerd’s reading further consolidates Hamlet as a hesitant and unsure prince. Equally hesitant is Othello, who shifts back and forth between his Muslim origin and Christian identities, as disclosed in Debra Johanyak’s article. Johanyak argues that Othello’s resorts to punishments on the adulteress resemble those in the Sharia practice. Slapping Desdemona in public can be seen as a symbolic action of 100 lashes on adulterers in the Qur’an, and the final killing of her comes from the desire to restore honour to his name. Yet, Johanyak also shows that Othello does not take action without inner struggles. Also very useful is Johanyak’s account of possible sources of Muslim knowledge accessible to Shakespeare.

Turning aligned interests into higher chain performance in franchising

Purpose This study aims to study research on franchise chain performance that has focused on franchisors’ efforts to align their interests with those of franchisees to address partner uncertainty. In contrast, the question of what a franchisor should do to address another type of uncertainty and task uncertainty remains understudied. The authors suggest a franchisor’s coordination as a key means of alleviating task uncertainty and ongoing support and plural form as two mechanisms of coordination. The authors also posit that aligned interests between the franchisor and the franchisee improve, whereas one-sided interest impedes, chain performance. Furthermore, providing greater ongoing support or deploying plural form amplifies the positive effect of aligned interests on chain performance. Design/methodology/approach The authors relied on secondary data to test the hypotheses. The authors collected data for analysis from Bond’s franchisee guide and Nation’s Restaurant News restaurant database. They also tested the framework by analyzing 17-year, panel data of 71 restaurant chains operating in the USA and Canada using system generalized method of moments. Findings Results show that aligning interests does improve chain performance, but that the positive effect is amplified when aligned interests are matched with a chain’s provision of ongoing support or use of plural form. Originality/value The authors explicate why it is not enough to address the misaligned interests or lack of coordination alone; a chain manager needs to address both of these problems together. In addition, the authors explicate how two franchisee coordination mechanisms – ongoing support and plural form – help a chain augment the beneficial effect of aligning interests on chain performance. Without solving the twin problems of misaligned interests and coordination simultaneously, a chain is unlikely to achieve its full performance potential.

Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History

This paper investigates the typology and history of plural words in the Austronesian family, by using a sample of 128 languages representing both genealogical and geographical diversity. I first consider the definition of plural words, which are grammatical words indicating nominal plurality at the phrasal level. I then present the distribution of plural words in the sample and examine their history. Several findings can be drawn from the data. First, plural words are the most common type of plural markers in the Austronesian family, attested in more than half of the sample languages. Second, languages with plural words exhibit an uneven distribution: they are typically found in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, and across the Pacific islands, particularly in New Ireland and Vanuatu, but virtually absent in western Indonesia. This uneven geographical distribution also correlates with a skewed genealogical distribution. Third, as for the diachronic developments of plural words, the previously reconstructed proto plural word *maŋa is only reflected to a limited extent, almost exclusively in the Philippine languages. More commonly, plural words reflect the grammaticalization of third-person plural pronouns, a path found for nearly half of the plural words.

Speaking the City, Disrupting Its Discourses: How Poets like Suhaiymah Manzoor-Khan and Leeds Young Authors Are Reclaiming Britain’s Multicultural Cities

The spoken word and slam poetry of Suhaiymah Manzoor-Khan and Leeds Young Authors, performed live and broadcasted online, is redefining who shapes and constitutes the British city—here Leeds—and its literature today. This poetry constitutes a new lyric, intersubjective and plural form that directly expresses real life experience. The transnational influence of hip-hop and slam as powerful minority art forms has combined with the reach and interactive potential of the internet to expand the scope of poetry as a mode of expression for minority subjects today, decentring top-down discourses on British cities (largely based on London) literature, culture and society.

Human Intelligence and Exceptionalism Revisited by a Philosopher: 100 Years After 'Intelligence and its Measurement'

100 years ago, the editors of the Journal of Educational Psychology conducted one of the most famous studies of experts' conceptions of human intelligence. Reason enough to prompt the question where we stand today with conceptualizing 'intelligence'. In this paper, I provide a synopsis of the latest research on human intelligence(s). I embrace the notion of intelligence as a non-unitary faculty with pluralistic forms. Even though I do not provide a definition of 'intelligence' of my own, I provide good reasons for this reluctance. Nonetheless, I specify the term as complex, gradual, embedded, multidirectional, and dynamic. Furthermore, I argue for the special status of musical, not linguistic, intelligence.

A corpus-assisted ecolinguistic analysis of the representations of tree/s and forest/s in US discourse from 1820-2019

This study presents a corpus-assisted ecolinguistic analysis of the evolving discursive representations of tree/s and forest/s in US American discourse from 1820-2019 in the approximately 475-million word Corpus of Historical American English (Davies, 2010). To explore these entities and their depictions in prevailing discourse, this study performs a diachronic collocation analysis of adjectives occurring with the terms across the span of the corpus. The analysis identified the 100 most frequent adjective collocates appearing with the singular and plural forms of tree/s and forest/s and calculated Kendall's tau correlation coefficient scores using decade-by-decade per million use rates in order to empirically assess the strength of trends in language use. The findings indicate a divergence in broadly positive and negative representations over the time span as adjectives construing poor health and lack of vitality are rising while adjectives conveying positive attributes of size, beauty, and wellbeing are declining. In addition, adjectives reflecting experiential engagement with tree/s and forest/s have progressively been replaced by a discourse of scientific identification and governmental dominion.