Forms Of Mimicry Research Articles

Mimikri Pribumi dan Kolonial Belanda dalam Novel "Student Hidjo" karya Mas Marco Kartodikromo: Kajian Postkolonialisme

This article will describe how the form of mimicry or imitation was done by the natives to the Dutch and the Dutch to the natives in the novel Student Hidjo by Mas Marco Kartodikromo. The purpose of this study was to determine the intrinsic elements and forms of mimicry or imitation of the characters in the novel. The method used is descriptive with a qualitative form. The approach used in this study is a postcolonial approach. Based on the analysis, several forms of mimicry or imitation were found in the Student Hidjo novel, including; mimicry of the use of language, mimicry of equipment for human life, mimicry of customs, and mimicry of science.

Almost Alive: Robots and Androids

Life-likeness is a property that can be used both to deceive people that a robot is more intelligent than it is or to facilitate the natural communication with humans. Over the years, different criteria have guided the design of intelligent systems, ranging from attempts to produce human-like language to trying to make a robot look like an actual human. We outline some relevant historical developments that all rely on different forms of mimicry of human life or intelligence. Many such approaches have been to some extent successful. However, we want to argue that there are ways to exploit aspects of life-likeness without deception. A life-like robot has advantages in communicating with humans, not because we believe it to be alive, but rather because we react instinctively to certain aspects of life-like behavior as this can make a robot easier to understand and allows us to better predict its actions. Although there may be reasons for trying to design robots that look exactly like humans for specific research purposes, we argue that it is subtle behavioral cues that are important for understandable robots rather than life-likeness in itself. To this end, we are developing a humanoid robot that will be able to show human-like movements while still looking decidedly robotic, thus exploiting the our ability to understand the behaviors of other people based on their movements.

Navigating from live to virtual social interactions: looking at but not manipulating smartphones provokes a spontaneous mimicry response in the observers

By gathering data on people during their ordinary daily activities, we tested if looking at, but not manipulating, smartphones led to a mimicry response in the observer. Manipulating and looking at the device (experimental condition), more than its mere manipulation (control condition), was critical to elicit a mimicry response in the observer. Sex, age and relationship quality between the experimenter and the observer had no effect on the smartphone mimicry response that tended to decrease during social meals. Due to the role of food as a tool in increasing social affiliation, it is possible that during communal eating, people engage in other forms of mimicry involving facial expressions and postures rather than the use of objects. Understanding the ethological mechanisms of the use of smartphones at everyday-social scale could unveil the processes at the basis of the widespread/increasing use of these devices at a large scale.

Aggressive mimicry in a coral reef fish: The prey's view.

Since all forms of mimicry are based on perceptual deception, the sensory ecology of the intended receiver is of paramount importance to test the necessary precondition for mimicry to occur, that is, model‐mimic misidentification, and to gain insight in the origin and evolutionary trajectory of the signals. Here we test the potential for aggressive mimicry by a group of coral reef fishes, the color polymorphic Hypoplectrus hamlets, from the point of view of their most common prey, small epibenthic gobies and mysid shrimp. We build visual models based on the visual pigments and spatial resolution of the prey, the underwater light spectrum and color reflectances of putative models and their hamlet mimics. Our results are consistent with one mimic‐model relationship between the butter hamlet H. unicolor and its model the butterflyfish Chaetodon capistratus but do not support a second proposed mimic‐model pair between the black hamlet H. nigricans and the dusky damselfish Stegastes adustus. We discuss our results in the context of color morphs divergence in the Hypoplectrus species radiation and suggest that aggressive mimicry in H. unicolor might have originated in the context of protective (Batesian) mimicry by the hamlet from its fish predators rather than aggressive mimicry driven by its prey.

RESISTENSI TOKOH AKU TERHADAP KOLONIALISME DI MUSIRAWAS DALAM NOVEL KEPUNAN KARYA BENNY ARNAS

This study aimed to reveal the forms of resistance to colonialism of character "I" in Musirawas in Kepunan novel by Benny Arnas. The theory used in this study is postcolonial theory. Data analysis was carried out by identifying forms of resistance identified by "I" character in Kepunan novel. The researcher described information about the resistance of the forms of mimicry, hybridity, diaspora, and ambivalence through evidences in the form of quotations. I addition, the researcher interpreted the resistance done by "I" character to the Dutch colonial government in Musirawas in the field of education. The result indicated that "I" character had a critical attitude towards discrimination of the Dutch colonial government in the field of education. "I" character had a critical attitude, that was, her awareness of having the same rights as the Dutch colonial. "I" character was against the Dutch colonial government in terms of intellectuality that needed to be honored. Intellectuality helped "I" character to gain the independence from the Dutch colony.

Emerging Power Liminality in Peacebuilding: Turkey’s Mimicry of the Liberal Peace

ABSTRACT International peacebuilding is no longer dominated by Western actors and their liberal peace framework, neither there is a full-fledged alternative formulated by emerging peacebuilding actors. In this paper, I first establish the relationship between the liminality of emerging powers and their mimicry of the liberal peace. Secondly, I distinguish three forms of mimicry in peacebuilding that stem from emerging power liminality: a discursive mimicry, a complete mimicry and a substantive mimicry. In the case of the discursive mimicry, there is a liberal peacebuilding discourse which is rarely substantiated with policies. The complete mimicry is when both the liberal discourse and the policies are mimicked, and the substantive mimicry is a genuine adaptation of the liberal peacebuilding by the emerging power. The case of Turkish peacebuilding is analysed to illustrate the tripartite distinction. I demonstrate that Turkey mimics solely the discourse of the democratic peace thesis, while there is a complete mimicry of the Western model in security sector reform. However, the Turkish civil society peacebuilding and Turkey’s approach to economic development substantively mimic their liberal peace counterparts. This article contributes to the critical literature on liberal peacebuilding by identifying the different forms of emerging actors’ mimicry of the liberal peace.

The Mechanism for Mimicry: Instant Biosemiotic Selection or Gradual Darwinian Fine-Tuning Selection?

Biological mimicry is regarded by many as a textbook illustration of Darwin’s idea of evolution by random mutation followed by differential selection of reproductively fit specimens, resulting in gradual phenotypic change in a population. In this paper, I argue that some cases of so-called mimicry are probably merely look-a-likes and do not gain an advantage due to their similarity in appearance to something else. In cases where a similar appearance does provide a benefit, I argue that it is possible that these forms of mimicry were created in a single generation. An interpretive response to an appearance as a sign can make a new structure perform drastically differently in an environment. In such cases, Darwin’s natural selection mechanism only helps to explain gradual the spread of these new forms, not the creation of them. I argue that biosemiosis should be regarded as a much more powerful mechanism for affecting evolutionary trajectories than the gradualist view allows. I focus on two cases of butterfly mimicry: the Viceroy (Nymphalidae: Limenitis archippus) and Monarch (Nymphalidae: Danaus plexippus) butterflies, supposed Mullerian mimics, and deadleaf mimic butterflies (Kallima).

Deimatism: a neglected component of antipredator defence.

Deimatic or 'startle' displays cause a receiver to recoil reflexively in response to a sudden change in sensory input. Deimatism is sometimes implicitly treated as a form of aposematism (unprofitability associated with a signal). However, the fundamental difference is, in order to provide protection, deimatism does not require a predator to have any learned or innate aversion. Instead, deimatism can confer a survival advantage by exploiting existing neural mechanisms in a way that releases a reflexive response in the predator. We discuss the differences among deimatism, aposematism, and forms of mimicry, and their ecological and evolutionary implications. We highlight outstanding questions critical to progress in understanding deimatism.

Phylogenetic relationships of the Helmeted Woodpecker (Dryocopus galeatus): A case of interspecific mimicry?

Examples of phenotypic convergence in plumage coloration have been reported in a wide diversity of avian taxonomic groups, yet the underlying evolutionary mechanisms driving this phenomenon have received little scientific inquiry. We document a striking new case of plumage convergence in the Helmeted Woodpecker (Dryocopus galeatus) and explore the possibility of visual mimicry among Atlantic Forest woodpeckers. Our multilocus phylogenetic analyses unequivocally place D. galeatus within Celeus, indicating that the former has subsequently converged in appearance upon the distantly related and syntopic Dryocopus lineatus, to which it bears a remarkable resemblance in plumage coloration and pattern. Although details of the Helmeted Woodpecker's ecology and natural history are only now beginning to emerge, its smaller size and submissive behavior are consistent with predictions derived from evolutionary game-theory models and the hypothesis of interspecific social-dominance mimicry (ISDM). Moreover, estimates of avian visual acuity suggest that size-related mimetic deception is plausible at distances ecologically relevant to Celeus and Dryocopus foraging behavior. In light of our results, we recommend taxonomic transfer of D. galeatus to Celeus and emphasize the need for detailed behavioral studies that examine the social costs and benefits of plumage convergence to explicitly test for ISDM and other forms of mimicry in these Atlantic Forest woodpecker communities. Future field studies examining potential cases of competitive mimicry should also take into account the mimic's acoustic behavior, particularly in the presence of putative model species and other heterospecific competitors, as any discontinuity between morphological and behavioral mimicry would likely preclude the possibility of deception.

The Hairy–Downy Game: A model of interspecific social dominance mimicry

The evolution of many forms of mimicry are well understood, but the evolution of mimicry in the absence of aposematic models or third party participants remains poorly understood. This paper presents a model of the evolution of interspecific social dominance mimicry (ISDM), that does not rely on third-party observers, in the context of the Hairy–Downy game. Members of a socially dominant species contest a resource by playing the hawk–dove game. Nonmimic members of a subordinate species surrender the resource whenever encountering a member of the dominant species, and split the resource whenever interacting among themselves. Mimicry allows members of the subordinate species to pose as members of the dominant species who play dove, splitting the resource when facing other dominant doves while continuing to surrender the resource to dominant hawks. We characterize the evolutionary dynamics and equilibrium behavior of this game, developing conditions under which evolution will select for mimicry, and under which the subordinate species will consist (almost or even literally) entirely of mimics.

Reading the South Atlantic: Chile, South Africa, the Cold War, and Mark Behr's The Smell of Apples

This article focuses on the often-ignored figure of the Chilean general at the heart of Mark Behr's (in)famous post-apartheid novel The Smell of Apples (1995). It asks the question: What can a Latin American general mean to the protagonist of the novel and to South Africa more generally? Analysing the forms of mimicry and doubling at play in the text, it argues that the Chilean general serves as an uncanny double whose representation helps to reveal the psychological mechanisms of acknowledgement and repression that underpinned Afrikaner support for apartheid's military regime. It further argues that Behr's concomitant use of Pinochet's Chile as an uncanny double for apartheid South Africa points to Cold War anti-communist military and political networks – routed through the United States but also existing bi-laterally between Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and South Africa – that allowed for the circulation of both technologies and cultures of state-sponsored terror, and which later opened into shared modes of democratic transformation. The article ultimately poses Behr's text as a call for further readings of the South Atlantic as a zone of transit and transfer between Southern Africa and South America.

First record of potential Batesian mimicry in an elasmobranch: juvenile zebra sharks mimic banded sea snakes?

Various forms of mimicry have been recorded in a large number of marine fishes; however, there have been no records of mimicry for any elasmobranch species. We propose that the distinctly banded neonates of the zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum) are Batesian mimics of banded sea snakes (Elapidae). Observations of banded juveniles of S. fasciatum swimming close to the surface strongly resemble banded sea snakes in colour and body form as well as the undulatory swimming movements. Sea snakes are venomous and are known to defend themselves against predators. Although several shark species prey on them, most species appear to avoid sea snakes as prey items. Juvenile S. fasciatum possess a very long, single-lobed caudal fin that remarkably resembles the broad, paddle-like tail of sea snakes. This may be an adaptation enabling this species to mimic sea snakes, at least in the earliest life stages. There is a need for empirical testing of the hypothesis that juvenile S. fasciatum is a true example of Batesian mimicry, but here we provide evidence that suggests this may be the first example of mimicry in an elasmobranch species.

Masters of Disguise

The article discusses the unique insights into evolution provided by the many forms of animal mimicry, including chemical and acoustic varieties. According to the author, scientists originally considered mimicry to consist only of visual camouflage techniques. He notes the discovery of other forms of mimicry, such as chemical and acoustic mimicry in insects. An overview of animals that use various forms of mimicry is presented, including the large blue butterfly Maculinea arion, the edible tiger moth Bertholdia trigona, and the octopus Thaumoctopous mimicus that has the ability to mimic the shape of surrounding marine creatures. Also presented is how mimicry provides biologists with an ideal system for studying evolution.

A parasite in wolf's clothing: hawk mimicry reduces mobbing of cuckoos by hosts

The reciprocal interactions between brood parasites and their hosts provide models for studying coevolution. For example, where hosts have evolved egg or chick discrimination, brood parasites have evolved mimicry of host eggs or chicks. Here, we suggest that there is another form of mimicry by cuckoos. A previous study has shown that naive small birds, with no evolutionary history of brood parasitism, are as afraid of adult common cuckoos Cuculus canorus as of sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus because of their physical resemblance. However, it has yet to be shown whether host species regard cuckoos as hawk like, or how hawk resemblance might benefit the cuckoo. We provide the first evidence that hawk resemblance involving barred underparts is an adaptive brood parasitic trait. We show by plumage manipulations of taxidermic models that reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) hosts are more reluctant to approach and mob common cuckoos with barred rather than unbarred underparts. Our results indicate that reed warblers are more aggressive toward cuckoos that appear less hawk like and that hence, hawk resemblance facilitates access to host nests. Therefore, we suggest that cuckoos employ 2 forms of mimicry: To enhance parasitic laying, cuckoo adults are Batesian mimics of hawks, appearing dangerous to adult host survival, when in fact they could be safely attacked. At later stages, cuckoo eggs and chicks are aggressive mimics, appearing harmless but in fact dangerous to host reproduction. These strategies are each countered by host discrimination, providing the means for distinct coevolutionary arms races at successive stages of the host nesting cycle. Key words: brood parasitism, coevolution, cuckoo, dove, mimicry, sparrowhawk. [Behav Ecol]

The evolution of Müllerian mimicry

It is now 130 years since Fritz Müller proposed an evolutionary explanation for the close similarity of co-existing unpalatable prey species, a phenomenon now known as Müllerian mimicry. Müller’s hypothesis was that unpalatable species evolve a similar appearance to reduce the mortality involved in training predators to avoid them, and he backed up his arguments with a mathematical model in which predators attack a fixed number (n) of each distinct unpalatable type in a given season before avoiding them. Here, I review what has since been discovered about Müllerian mimicry and consider in particular its relationship to other forms of mimicry. Müller’s specific model of associative learning involving a “fixed n” in a given season has not been supported, and several experiments now suggest that two distinct unpalatable prey types may be just as easy to learn to avoid as one. Nevertheless, Müller’s general insight that novel unpalatable forms have higher mortality than common unpalatable forms as a result of predation has been well supported by field experiments. From its inception, there has been a heated debate over the nature of the relationship between Müllerian co-mimics that differ in their level of defence. There is now a growing awareness that this relationship can be mediated by many factors, including synergistic effects between co-mimics that differ in their mode of defence, rates of generalisation among warning signals and concomitant changes in prey density as mimicry evolves. I highlight areas for future enquiry, including the possibility of Müllerian mimicry systems based on profitability rather than unprofitability and the co-evolution of defence.

The evolution of learning.

Most processes or forms of learning have been treated almost as special creations, each as an independent process unrelated to others. This review offers an evolutionary cladogram linking nearly one hundred forms of learning and showing the paths through which they evolved. Many processes have multiple forms. There are at least five imprinting processes, eleven varieties of Pavlovian conditioning, ten of instrumental conditioning, and eight forms of mimicry and imitation. Song learning evolved independently in at least six groups of animals, and movement imitation in three (great apes, cetaceans and psittacine birds). The cladogram also involves at least eight new processes: abstract concept formation, percussive mimicry, cross-modal imitation, apo-conditioning, hybrid conditioning, proto-pantomime, prosodic mimicry, and image-mediated learning. At least eight of the processes evolved from more than one source. Multiple sources are of course consistent with modern evolutionary theory, as seen in some obligate symbionts, and gene-swapping organisms. Song learning is believed to have evolved from two processes: auditory imprinting and skill learning. Many single words evolved from three sources: vocal mimicry, discrimination learning, and abstract concept formation.

An Investigation into the Validity of. Müllerian and other forms of Mimicry, with special reference to the Islands of Bourbon, Mauritius, and Ceylon

An Investigation into the Validity of. Müllerian and other forms of Mimicry, with special reference to the Islands of Bourbon, Mauritius, and Ceylon

Mimicry versus Hybridity

BEFORE attempting to combat the old theory under which Mr. Murray has taken refuge, in opposition to the theory propounded by Mr. Bates, I must first make a few remarks upon the different forms of mimicry to which the Lepidoptera are subject.