Forms Of Leisure Research Articles

Features of diving headache

WHO estimates that the prevalence of headaches worldwide in the adult population is approximately 50 %. Globally, half to three­quarters of people aged 18 to 65 have complained of headaches in the past year, and more than 30 percent have suffered from migraines. At the same time, 1.7 to 4 % of the adult population suffers from head­aches that last 15 or more days a month. Undoubtedly, cephalgia constitutes a global problem.However, it is worrying that the causes of headaches are not always correctly diagnosed. The main clinical barrier pointed out by WHO is the lack of knowledge of health pro­fessionals about headache management. Thus, the broad coverage of issues related to the management of patients with cephalgia does not lose its relevance, and even more: it needs to be supplemented with current data. In particular, the mechanisms of headache can be associated with several pathophysiological processes that are triggered by the in­fluence of professional activities, specific physical activity, active leisure, or amateur sports.Recreational diving has become a popular form of active leisure for the past 20 years. It is noteworthy that headache is a common symptom in divers and, although it is usually benign, it can sometimes signal the serious consequences of high pressure. Proper diagnostic tactics require specialists to carefully collect the anamnesis and examine the patient, as well as to understand the unique physiological changes in the human body that occur under the influence of under­water environmental factors.

Kink as a Form of Leisure: Kinky Events and the People who Love Them

Abstract In recent years, there has been a popularization of non-mainstream sexual/cultural practices. The sensation of Fifty Shades of Grey has led to the general public becoming increasingly aware of the kink/BDSM lifestyle. The BDSM/kink/sado-masochist lifestyle has largely thrived under the radar of many in the general public and the subculture/lifestyle has organized and held events for decades. In this article, we discuss the various events of the kink/BDSM subculture/lifestyle and illustrate the importance of the non-play events for those in the lifestyle. The authors have fielded two ground-breaking global surveys that delve into the prevailing social institution of the kink/BDSM lifestyle, The Munch, an event in which no BDSM activities take place. The intention of this research is to show the methods that participants and organizers use in order to protect the identity of those attending non-play BDSM events that take place in the general public. The findings show that those participating in munches, a popular form of non-play events, tend to use their real names, although there is a large minority that do not. The analysis intends to give insight into those who operate below the radar of society and still have a vibrant social scene. VIU logo WLCE logo Information A publication of Vancouver Island University World Leisure Centre of Excellence © Craig Webster and Stanislav Ivanov 2020

ДОСУГ И РАЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ГОРОДСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ В КОНЦЕ XVIII-ПЕРВОЙ ЧЕТВЕРТИ XIX В.

The article is devoted to the study of leisure practices and entertainment culture of the urban population of the Russian province in the late 18th – the first quarter of the 19th centuries on the materials of the Middle Volga region. The author argues that the choice of forms of leisure was determined by the affiliation of the city dweller to a certain social, gender and age group, as well as the sociocultural community with which he identified himself. Attention is paid to both modernized and traditional forms of leisure and entertainment.

Ivan Shterev’s memoirs as a source for studying the self-identification of the population living north of the Azov Sea in the 1920s–1930s under conditions of multiculturalism

The article is devoted to the study of the informational content of the records of Ivan Shterev (1910–1989), a native of the Bulgarian village of Inzovka, located in the Northern Azov Sea (Tavria) – “The Shterev family. Autobiographical Memoirs”. Their text shows the main trends in the mutual influences of the main ethnic groups of the region. It makes it possible to study specific manifestations of an antagonistic and complementary nature in interethnic relations and the role of the Sovietization factor of the Bulgarian village in southern Ukraine in the interpenetration of cultures. The influence of the education factor on the formation of foreign and supranational identities among the Bulgarian youth of the region is established. Based on broad empirical material, the penetration of the so-called "new socialist way of life" into the traditional Bulgarian peasant environment is studied: the assimilation of national clothes, forms of leisure, a shift in the emphasis of life strategies. Particular attention is paid to the perception of "strangers" (non-Bulgarians) – the author himself, his relatives and the closest circle. The death of xenophobia and the spread of the ideas of internationalism among the Sovietized youth of the Bulgarian village are shown.

Determinantes sociais do uso de álcool na infância e adolescência em territórios rurais

Abstract This paper analyzes the social determinants of alcohol use in childhood and adolescence in rural areas. This qualitative study was carried out in a small municipality of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, with professionals from the psychosocial and intersectoral care network. Data were collected using the Empowerment Evaluation and analyzed by thematic analysis. The social determinants found show that alcohol use is a cultural aspect of the Pomeranian families and the religious rituals that mark the passage from youth to adulthood. In work-related aspects, alcohol use is a form of leisure in face of the responsibilities the youth assume in farming. Gender and violent situations also influence this factor: boys are encouraged to try alcohol, while girls are the biggest victims of physical aggression. Risk behaviors are observed in traffic accidents involving children and adolescents under alcohol the influence of alcohol. The social determinants broaden the scope of the topic, moving away from an exclusive conception of chemical and biological dependence to encompass multiple factors such as territories, cultures, work, and society.

Потребительское поведение московских подростков на рынке развлекательных услуг: опыт социологического анализа

The modern world is rapidly entering a new era of consumption. Russia, in particular, is beginning to develop as a consumer society characterized by various types, practices, images and styles of consumer behavior of various social and age groups. The relevance of the topic is related to the lack of methodological and empirical elaboration of the problem of the spread and variability of consumer practices of teenagers in the entertainment services market. The study of the opinion of teenagers regarding the peculiarities of consumption among this age group seems to us extremely important, since it is teenagers who are the most active group of consumers in the field of entertainment. The study identified the external and internal factors that influence the choice of a particular form of leisure. The external factors are objective conditions that cannot be changed. The internal factors include socio-demographic and status characteristics that determine the choice of entertainment (gender, age and economic status of the family). Teenagers can influence their parents’ purchasing decisions regarding a particular entertainment service, which certainly has an impact on the development of the entire consumer market of entertainment services in Russia and requires its active study. The study shows that adolescent consumption of entertainment services has undergone major changes over the past decade, which creates the need for a sociological understanding of this issue.

The passion and pleasure of information sharing in pottery practice

The paper reports selective findings from a broader study about information behaviour in the context of the pottery hobby as a form of serious leisure. Among all the information activities in this context, the paper focuses on the affective and emotional aspects of information sharing. The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP) is the theoretical framework of the study. The required data were collected via a purposeful and criteria-based sampling method. A sample of user-generated content (UGC) on YouTube was collected to form the dataset. The collected data were analysed through inductive content analysis to identify patterns of embedded concepts and themes in the dataset. Seven categories were identified. These categories summarise the major emotional reactions that viewers expressed and shared in their comments: (1) amazement, (2) excitement, (3) gratitude, (4) joyfulness, (5) admiration, (6) serenity, (7) inspiration. The overall ambience of the videos and commenters’ reactions were positive and joyful. The paper concludes that information sharing on a popular hobby via a publicly available platform, like YouTube, can evoke a range of positive emotions and establish social bonds. These social ties are the building blocks to form communities of interest and communities of practice to produce and share information on the chosen activity.

ЩОДО РЕКРЕАЦІЙНОГО ЛІСОКОРИСТУВАННЯ В УКРАЇНІ

The article is dedicated to the main aspects of recreational forest management in Ukraine. According to epidemiological situation in the country, one of the most important functions of the forest is recreation, because the last one, in the author's opinion, is one of the important forms of rational leisure, meaningful leisure, health and treatment, cognitive interests. The article considers the issues of general and special recreational forest use and defines the concept of "ecotourism", which means the type of tourism, that consists of travel to natural areas to satisfy cultural, environmental, educational, cognitive and other needs without anthropogenic impact (or minimal impact) on the relevant area. It is established that the constantly growing process of attracting more and more people to the cycle of recreational activities leads to the constant expansion of forest areas, to some extent covered by recreational activities. That is why an important condition for rational use, protection and management of recreational forests is their zoning. It is concluded that according to their functional features, human recreational activities in forests can be divided into the following types: medical, health, sports, tourism, cognitive, mining, emotional and motivating. And, most often, these activities are closely interrelated, or one activity stems from another. In addition, it is given the definition of "recreational forest use" - as a set of actions aimed at meeting their needs with the involvement of forest resources (recreation, tourism, sports, amateur fishing, treatment and rehabilitation, etc.).

The cultural biography, itinerary and intersections of a second-hand artefact – The case of the Knysna Half Marathon Family Champion Tankard

Second-hand cultural objects not only possess a very definite biography but also have a multi-layered history. The nature of this history and the cultural artefact’s evolving identity is determined, firstly, by its journey from first into second exchange and beyond, and, secondly, by the institutions, including second-hand or charity shops, individuals or groups who came to own it. Artefacts as well as places where they are exchanged, such as second-hand shops, can each provide a valuable lens to investigate the nature, social function, locational politics and exchange journey of these places and artefacts as a marker of memory. This is amply demonstrated by research into an obscure second-hand artefact, namely a beer tankard inscribed ‘Knysna Half Marathon Family Champ’, acquired from a charity shop. The object was initially appropriated by a South African family as a sports trophy to reward the best-performing athlete within their circle in the Knysna Half Marathon. Through their actions, the family inadvertently tied together the different geographic localities associated with the artefact (Knysna, South Africa and Sheffield, United Kingdom) to the Le Roux/Rous family in a manner not originally foreseen. The trophy was continuously and ritually awarded for 14 years before its mysterious disappearance. Following a long search, the researcher unravelled the mystery of its origins and use. Finally, the trophy was reunited with its original owners. Within this context, the tankard served as a record of one family’s engagement with a form of purposive leisure and their relations of love, intimacy and caring. Therefore, this article seeks to map the Knysna tankard’s cultural biography, itinerary and intersection with several diverse issues such as location, charity shopping or second exchange, sports, and family.

Телесериал в Китае: генезис и развитие жанра (50–90-е гг. ХХ в.)

In this article, I analyze Chinese TV series as a phenomenon of mass culture; a market product created on the basis of a specific national cultural code under conditions of strict ideological control. The chronological framework of this study is the second half of the 20th century: from the late 1950s, when television appeared and the production of TV drama began in China, to the late 1990s, marked by the creation of a system of supervision and control of the television industry, the transformation of TV drama into a modern format television series, the formation of the major serial genres, and the growth of production and consumption of TV series. Since then, the trend that persists in the 2000s—watching a series as a widespread form of leisure—is becoming noticeable. I examine TV dramas as a product shaped by multidirectional influences. On the one hand, the television market demands that the product be spectacular and entertaining, while on the other hand, TV series are subject to close state control and regulation. The government issues licenses for TV series production, determines priority themes for new series annually, approves a brief synopsis prior to filming, censors the finished series; and establishes national television awards to stimulate the production of “correct content.” The most popular genres in the last quarter of the twentieth century are historical, moral, family, and martial arts dramas. Considering that a series is a formulaic narrative (J. Cawelti), it is these genres that seem to have the maximum number of techniques and possibilities for combining an engaging plot and broadcasting the right message. For example, family, moral series demonstrate socially approved norms of behavior. The wuxia genre represents the uniqueness of Chinese culture and creates a sense of Chineseness. Given the general attitude to history in the Chinese tradition, it is not surprising that historical series occupy a special position, being one of the most important means for the state propagation of the “etatist and paternalistic worldview.” The analyzed historical and cultural material leads me to the conclusion that whatever the viewer watches—a series about the portal travelers or a screen version of the Chinese classics—their attention is offered ideologically safe product, checked by various authorities and spreading meanings that are useful for society and the state.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ЗДОРОВ'ЯЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ПЕРСОНАЛУ В СИСТЕМІ ПУБЛІЧНОЇ СЛУЖБИ УКРАЇНИ

It was determined that today the value of health in the value system of a modern public servant is determined declaratively. Unfortunately, most employees realize the value of their health only when it is under serious threat. It was found that the health of the personnel in the field of public service depends primarily on the way of life. A healthy lifestyle is a prerequisite for the development of various aspects of the life of a public service employee, his achievement of active longevity and full performance of social functions, for active participation in work, public, family and leisure forms of life. It was found that, unfortunately, most of the time, employees lack interest in health-related activities, they are not ready for the limitations that a healthy lifestyle entails. Fulfillment of the necessary rules of a healthy life requires considerable willpower from the personnel of the public service. Therefore, it is emphasized that society and the state should form a culture of a healthy lifestyle and health- preserving behavior of employees with the help of targeted influences that can be attributed to health-preserving technologies. It was found that health-preserving technologies in the field of public administration are a system of measures to protect and strengthen the health of public service personnel, which takes into account the most important characteristics of the working environment and living conditions of the employee and the impact on his health. It was noted that one of the main goals of using health-preserving technologies in public administration is the formation of a culture of healthy lifestyle and health-preserving behavior of personnel. It is emphasized that this system includes: monitoring of the state of health of public service employees, which is carried out by medical workers; accounting for the characteristics of the age development of personnel; creation of an optimal psychological climate in the process of implementing health-preserving technology; the use of various types of health-preserving activities of employees, aimed at preserving and increasing reserves of health and working capacity.

Leisure and Recreation in the Socio-Cultural Memory of Urban Women in the 1950 and 1960s Based on Materials from Volgograd

The article examines everyday practices of rest and leisure among urban women living in the city of Volgograd (Stalingrad) - a city that had been completely destroyed during the war. The goal of the present study is to identify specific characteristics in the everyday practices of women. The methodology combines comparative historical, biographical and aggregate methods. Interviews conducted along the empathy method made it possible to identify the sensual and emotional sides of the respondents' lives. The research is based on ego-documents (diaries, oral history), periodicals (magazines, newspapers), and statistics. The article discusses the concepts of free time and rest as preserved in the memory of townspeople, and also private and public forms of leisure. A major finding is that women's memory and texts reveal sensory and emotional experiences that can be used for the history of everyday life. This allows for an imagination of everyday life from a new angle. Domestic work took away the vast majority of women's free time, and given the cultural potential of the region was still underdeveloped, most city dwellers concentrated pastime activities on their homes. However, with the high workload of women at home and at work, it was leisure outside the home that remained one of the few ways for women to relax and recover from mental and physical stress. The everyday life of urban women in the 1950s and 1960s was characterized by a division of leisure in private and public forms.

‘We tried to get rid of the stereotype’: media representations of multicultural festivals in Glasgow, Scotland

ABSTRACT Multicultural festivals are more than a form of leisure and entertainment for the general public – they are often used as tools to educate the wider population about the culture of ethnic minority groups, promoting understanding and increasing tolerance of diversity. It has been argued that the ways in which multicultural events are represented in the media may help to resist and/or overcome negative stereotypes. Media narratives both construct and represent society, and in so doing they play a powerful role in shaping societal perceptions. Here we focus on in-depth case studies of two multicultural festivals held in Glasgow, Scotland. We ask: how do media narratives around these events convey and communicate the meanings and values of the ethnic minority communities? We investigate whether the media coverage usefully counters negative stereotypes and assess its potential to transform individuals and society. We conclude the ability of the media to be a platform for disseminating positive messaging and educating their readers is limited. Through the event narratives the media portray a version of Glasgow itself, essentially revealing the city in terms of its people and its place rather than using the festivals as an opportunity to facilitate meaningful conversations about cultural diversity.

The role of cultural and leisure activities in the formation of a healthy lifestyle of student youth

The main condition as well as the constituent element of a person interest of a modern human is the health because a part absence of health is a hindrance for realization of dreams of a person. A question of a person’s health namely young person has the important meaning. The medical and biological or hygiene factors are important as well as we change our relation to our health. It is proved that a person’s health is the whole systematic phenomenon; nature of this phenomenon is conditioned both natural external factors and internal factors which determine psycological relation of person to himself or to herself as well as to environment where this person realizes own life.
 The advantage of forming adequate relation to a student’s health is determined that fact that it is the one of the most important factors ar creating healthy generation. The National Directive of education development of Ukraine determines “…learning person of responsible relation to own health and health of other persons as the highest social and individual value”. It is possible to change a relation of student to own health when understanding this student the values as well as priorities of saving physical and psychological health with the help of education.
 The use of free time is especially problematic for many students. Free time attracts students by irregularities, independent choice of different occupations, the opportunity to combine different activities: entertainment, creative. However, the powerful pedagogical potential of free time for a significant number of students remains unconscious, unrealized. Free time is perceived as a time of entertainment.
 Young people perceive, and therefore choose, different activities for recreation, depending on the type of needs of recreational facilities, which determine the form of leisure. All these classes indicate the achieved level of culture of individual leisure. Culture of leisure is, first of all, the inner culture of a person, which presupposes the presence of certain personal qualities that allow to spend free time meaningfully and usefully. Mental abilities, character, organization, need, interest, skills, tastes, life purpose, desire - all this is a personal, individual-subjective aspect of leisure culture. There is a direct relationship between a person's spiritual wealth and the content of his leisure time.
 At the same time, the culture of spending free time is the result of the efforts of the individual himself, his desire to turn leisure into a means, to acquire not only new impressions, but also knowledge, skills, abilities. The knowledge and skills that students acquire in their free time are implemented in the educational, scientific and social activities of the institution where they study. A higher pedagogical educational institution is a special educational institution because it trains teachers who will nurture the nation, the population of the country. Remember that a student has the right to his her personal free time.
 Therefore, the requirement to train a teacher who is aware of his responsibility to the child's personality and is ready to help him in self-determination, self-development and self-realization increases. Thus, the formation of the personality of the student, the future specialist, is a continuous process. It contains both the learning process and leisure time.
 It should be borne in mind that in the first place, together with a set of professional knowledge - a set of professional abilities of the individual, as well as the level of development of the general culture of the future specialist. Therefore, in higher pedagogical educational institutions to obtain positive results of the educational process it is necessary to create certain conditions for the organization of leisure activities of students.
 That’s why the social bringing up is the important element on various levels of social life. The social bringing up can effectively form for young generation mental values and ideals as well as individual vision of a world together with behavioral stereotypes and certain actions.

The Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors on the Forms of Leisure for the Students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports.

The study investigates the influences of gender, area of origin and age stage variables and also of the interaction between them, on the free time behavior of the students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports from Galati. The questionnaire applied in the academic year 2019–2020 had 85 items and was structured on 4 factors: leisure budget, leisure limiting factors, preferred leisure activities, and leisure sports activities. The multivariate/MANOVA analysis showed statistically significant data for some of the analyzed items, with values of F associated with thresholds p < 0.05. The results support longer screen time for urban areas and for those <25 years and time limitation for the favorite activities of students >25 years, while reading had higher stress scores for men and students <25 years. Men tended to limit their free time working overtime and women limited their free time due to housework. Students from rural areas and men >25 years were more stressed by socializing on the internet and shopping. Financial limitations for preferred activities were higher for women and students <25 years—women read more and visited their friends more often while men had higher scores in relation to involvement in physical activities throughout the week, an aspect also reported for those <25 years. Students >25 years spent more time with their family, while those <25 years socialized more on the internet and had better scores when going out with friends. Those in urban areas did more jogging, men had better scores in relation to playing sports games, higher indicators for the satisfaction generated by sports activity, and women preferred jogging and cycling/rollerblading. Sports games and different types of fitness were the most common variants practiced at the level of the studied group. Conclusion: There was no dominant orientation of the investigated group towards forms of passive leisure and there were no cases of sedentariness, even if the use of technologies (video games, socializing on the Internet and TV) were forms of leisure often used by students.

Blurring the Boundaries between Leisure and Work: Professionals as Devotees in the Mind-Sport Bridge

Bridge is a partnership card game that has increasingly professionalized in recent years, particularly at ‘elite’ level. ‘Elite’ bridge players participate in a unique leisure world which hitherto has been understood as a form of serious leisure. However, due to professionalization there is the possibility to work as a professional bridge player thus blurring the boundaries between leisure and work. The paper is based on the lived experiences of professional bridge players and how they understand the, often ongoing, transition from playing bridge as a hobby to playing bridge for a job. Being a professional bridge player raises issues about moral evaluations of work, a work ethic and concerns over what a ‘proper job’ is. This paper explores these dynamics in relation to Stebbins concept of ‘devotee work’ and ideas of liminality, unpacking the tensions and ambiguities involved through the perspective of 52 elite bridge players. Findings from the qualitative interviews illustrate how playing bridge professionally is often experienced as being hugely positive, because of being paid to do something one is devoted to, but ambivalences and anxieties also emerge. In addition, the paper draws on the reflections of one author who is a bridge player and blurs the boundaries between work and leisure through the academic study of bridge. The findings show the contested nature of bridge as a profession set within broader notions of work, with positive and negative perceptions of the blurring of work-leisure boundaries.

Impact of Lockdown on Dietary and Lifestyle Pattern of Adolescents

Background of the Study: As the Corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic is still ongoing; it has created profound impact socially, physically and emotionally on families across the globe. With confinement laws and regulations still being enforced, healthcare system is deteriorating, Economics are setting down and school closer are being extended. Unfortunately, this also led to increase vulnerability of food insecurity especially among the urban poor and increased risk of overweight and obesity in higher income classes [2]. The lock down restrictions is leading to severe repercussions on individuals; daily routine and lifestyle behaviour including food access and consumption, outdoor activities, travel, school related functions, and access to many forms of leisure and exercise [3]. Particularly alarming are the implication of the lockdown on irregular eating habits, excessive snacking, lack of physical activity, high calorie intake and increased risk of obesity [4]. The aim of this study was to assess changes in lifestyle behaviour of adolescents during the country-wide lockdown. Materials &amp; Methods: A descriptive study design was adopted. Snowball sampling technique was used to gather data from 108 adolescents in between the age group of 11 years to 19 years. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for the collection of data from the participants through an online survey. Results: Finding reveals that 26.85% of adolescents had good impact (Healthy dietary pattern), 51.85% had average impact (Moderate changes) and 21.29% had poor impact (Drastic changes) on dietary pattern. Related to lifestyle pattern results also revealed that 39.81% of adolescents had good impact (Healthy lifestyle), 51.85% had average impact ((Moderate changes)) and none of them had poor impact (Drastic changes) on lifestyle pattern. Conclusion: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has become a major public health concern and has changed the daily lives of citizens across the globe. Healthy eating and good life style pattern are key for health and well-being, especially when the immune system is challenged. The present study revealed a substantial increase in unhealthy dietary and lifestyle pattern among adolescents during COVID-19 lockdown.

대학생 피클볼 동호회의 여가문화 탐구

The purpose of this study is to explore the leisure culture of the pickleball club as part of the leisure culture exploration of university student pickleball club members. For this study, 10 university students who are participating in the pickleball club were chosen as research participants, and research was conducted based on the qualitative case study method. In-depth interviews and online data were used to collect research data. First, it has been shown that research participants participate in pickleball clubs in a way of self-expression and share information with participants through promotion through social media. Second, research participants have been shown to share the pioneering role of pickleball in Korea. Research participants believed that playing a pioneering role in promoting pickleball and expanding the base was as important as participation in the game, which was classified as a feature not found much in existing clubs. It has been shown to be a special culture of university pickleball clubs. In conclusion, university student pickleball club members are participating in the form of serious leisure, focusing on the promotion of pickleball itself amid active participation.

On the Qualitative Improvement of the Wildlife Protection Legislation

The Russian Federation is inhabited by about 150 thousand species of animals and this figure accounts for 9% of the world’s fauna. Guided by the logic of the utilitarian economic and legal approach called rational use of natural resources, this number includes a set of living organisms of all types of wild animals that permanently or temporarily inhabit the territory of the Russian Federation and are in a state of natural freedom, as well as related to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Russia, which are only part of the subject of the emerging complex branch of faunal law, together with wild animals in captivity, service animals, domestic animals, agricultural animals, and living organisms obtained as a result of the use of genetic engineering technologies. Higher mammals are sentient beings, that is, they are capable of experiencing suffering, pain, emotions, and the development of intelligence is confirmed by solving the most complex natural problems and puzzles, which allows us to consider them as individuals of non-human nature and non-human origin, and therefore it is incorrect to associate some of the objects of the animal world belonging to higher mammals with objects of property rights, that is, things. Commercial, amateur and sports hunting are types of hunting in Russia, carried out by trapping or shooting, expressed in the killing of hunting resources, that is, objects of the animal world that can be used for hunting. Hunting in the domestic legislation is a form of leisure, recreation and economic activity that ignores the natural rights of higher animals, including the right to life. A characteristic feature of the Law "On Responsible Treatment of Animals" is that its norms and principles for the treatment of animals do not apply to objects of the animal world, marine and aquatic mammals, animals classified as hunting resources, agricultural animals, living organisms created as a result of genetic engineering activities, which significantly reduces its humanistic significance.

Структурные основания взаимодействий в онлайн-играх

The article examines the structural foundations of interactions between gamers in online games on the example of the youth segment of Russian audience of computer games. The analysis of the main elements of in-game mechanics structuring the communicative interactions of gamers in online games is carried out on the basis of the B. Latour’s actor-network theory, allowing us to consider the game as an actor of socio-technical interactions. According to the results of the author’s research conducted in 2019–2020 by means of online questionnaires, the mechanisms of long-term and short-term association of players in online games are highlighted and the structural bases of their interaction are characterized: the dominant and secondary motives of group formation in video games, the factors of prolongation of contacts between players. It was revealed that gamers give preference to short-term gaming teams with a free exit. A long-term play group is recruited from people who know each other, with whom they maintain contacts in everyday life while playing is perceived as a form of joint leisure. It is shown that an online game creates a field for active construction of new social connections between the members of the gaming community. The potential of the possibilities of including game mechanics and “non-human” actors in new forms of gamification of education is outlined.