Form Of Hate Speech Research Articles

Perkembangan Delik Penodaan Agama Di Indonesia: Perspektif Historis Konstitusional

The blasphemy offense in Indonesia is a strategic offense to be discussed in detail, historically and constitutionally. In this case religion is protected by the state, and religion is a guideline in society, nation and state, so that the existence of religion becomes the spirit of the formation of this country. Religious life cannot be separated from the discussion of religious freedom which is part of human rights. Freedom of religion in Indonesia is based on the First Precept of Belief in the One Supreme God, where freedom is freedom based on the values of religion that live in Indonesia. One's religious freedom will be face to face with the religious rights of others, so it requires rules to maintain common order. These religions include Islam, Christianity, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism which have been mentioned in the explanation of the Presidential Decree Law No. 1/1965 on the abuse/blasphemy of religion, and submits Article 156a to be part of Article 156 of The Criminal Code. The research uses normative legal research methods with historical and case approaches. The essence of the blasphemy regulation is to regulate harmonious religious life. This article will discuss the state's protection of religion and religious life from a historical-constitutional perspective as well as cases of blasphemy against religion that have occurred. By knowing some of the cases that occurred, both blasphemy against religion in the form of hate speech and the destruction of houses of worship, it will be easy to analyze the causal factors and solutions that must be carried out by both the government and the community

HATE SPEECH ON ROCKY GERUNG OFFICIAL YOUTUBE CHANNEL AGAINST PRESIDENT JOKO WIDODO: A PRAGMATIC STUDY

This study aims to reveal two things, namely the forms of hate speech on the Rocky Gerung Official youtube channel against President Joko Widodo and the forms of illocutionary speech acts in hate speech on the Rocky Gerung Official youtube channel against President Joko Widodo. This type of research is qualitative research with a pragmatic approach. The method used in this study, namely the method of listening to the technique of documentation and note-taking techniques. The data sources for this research are videos on the Rocky Gerung Official youtube channel in 2021-2022. The population of this research is the entire speech containing hate speech on the Rocky Gerung youtube channel. Sampling was done purposively. The data analysis of this research was done descriptively. The results of this study indicate that on the Rocky Gerung Official youtube channel there are six forms of hate speech against President Joko Widodo, namely insults, defamation, unpleasant acts, provocation, incitement, and spreading of false news and there are four forms of illocutionary speech acts in hate speech. Towards President Joko Widodo in the form of assertive, expressive, commissive, and declarative with each function, namely, stating, informing, promising, angry, feeling funny, and giving names

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Hate Speech Detection Using a Data Augmentation Approach

Online harassment in the form of hate speech has been on the rise in recent years. Addressing the issue requires a combination of content moderation by people, aided by automatic detection methods. As content moderation is itself harmful to the people doing it, we desire to reduce the burden by improving the automatic detection of hate speech. Hate speech presents a challenge as it is directed at different target groups using a completely different vocabulary. Further the authors of the hate speech are incentivized to disguise their behavior to avoid being removed from a platform. This makes it difficult to develop a comprehensive data set for training and evaluating hate speech detection models because the examples that represent one hate speech domain do not typically represent others, even within the same language or culture. We propose an unsupervised domain adaptation approach to augment labeled data for hate speech detection. We evaluate the approach with three different models (character CNNs, BiLSTMs and BERT) on three different collections. We show our approach improves Area under the Precision/Recall curve by as much as 42% and recall by as much as 278%, with no loss (and in some cases a significant gain) in precision.

Targeting Targeted Harassment: Problems with Criminalization and Platform Liability

While there are plenty of ways to tackle content-related harms in the online environment, the phenomenon of targeted harassment of individuals presents particular regulatory challenges. Re-gulatory means that may be justified and effective against clearly illegal content (e.g., child sexual abuse material or certain forms of hate speech) may unduly restrict freedom of expression and/or be inefficient in relation to targeted harassment. In this paper, I explore why this subcategory of harmful online speech may be especially difficult to prevent through the traditional means of criminal law and rules governing liability for third party content. Although these challenges are considerable, I identify approaches that may help to counter targeted harassment or to reduce its harms.

Hatenography: An Analysis of Hate Speech on Facebook in 2019 Indonesian Presidential Campaign

This article discusses hate speech on Facebook from two groups of supporters for the presidential candidates in the 2019 Presidential Election in Indonesia. The study used a virtual ethnography approach to analyze cultural groups or communities through their conversations on the Facebook platform. Data collection was conducted by observing and collecting words, phrases, and sentences in the Official Facebook account of two presidential candidates in the 2019 Presidential Election and statements of both presidential and vice-presidential candidates in 2019. In addition, researchers also observed three voluntary group accounts for each candidate. Therefore, the total number of accounts observed was eight. Data was analysed with Nvivo 12+ to obtain statistics on the strength of the chosen speech word and the dominant phrase or word that appears. The result shows that specific phrases or terms to intimidate each supporter of both parties in massive numbers appeared in the form of hate speech during the campaign. The purpose of the hate speech is to insult/humiliate, intimidate or accuse others of doing something inappropriate or evil (accusation which involves sarcasm and foul language directed to the opponent. Candidates also provoked each other by accusing the other party of being stupid, disgusting, pathetic, ugly, and retarded. The implication was that hate speech has disunited the public on the social media space. Accusing and attaching bad characters to other groups through hate speech has strengthened inter-group stereotypes and formed an unhealthy democratic climate. Keywords: Provocation, hate speech, verbal message, virtual ethnography, communication.

Hate Speech Detection on Twitter in Indonesia with Feature Expansion Using GloVe

Twitter is one of the popular social media to channel opinions in the form of criticism and suggestions. Criticism could be a form of hate speech if the criticism implies attacking something (an individual, race, or group). With the limit of 280 characters in a tweet, there is often a vocabulary mismatch due to abbreviations which can be solved with word embedding. This study utilizes feature expansion to reduce vocabulary mismatches in hate speech on Twitter containing Indonesian language by using Global Vectors (GloVe). Feature selection related to the best model is carried out using the Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms. The results show that the Random Forest model with 5.000 features and a combination of TF-IDF and Tweet corpus built with GloVe produce the best accuracy rate between the other models with an average of 88,59% accuracy score, which is 1,25% higher than the predetermined Baseline. The number of features used is proven to improve the performance of the system.

An Analysis of Hate Speech Against K-Pop Idols and Their Fans on Instagram and Twitter from The Perspective of Pragmatics

Pragmatics is as a study of meaning conveyed by speakers or researchers and interpreted by listeners or readers. Social media itself is a means of communication that is easily accessed by anyone. Social media itself is a means of communication that is easily accessed by anyone. Everyone is free to reveal anything through their social media accounts. This study aims to describe the forms of hate speech including its illocutionary form found on Instagram and Twitter pages. Hate speech is contradicted to the concept of politeness in a language which is an indicator of linguistic elegance. Instagram and twitter are a social chain that aims to help account owners to share or upload photos to other users. This research used descriptive qualitative. Qualitative methodologies refer to research produces which produce descriptive data: people’s own written or spoken words and behaviours. The data were analysed by using interactive model Technique of Miles, Huberman and Saldana. The object of this study includes comments containing hate speech found on Instagram and Twitter pages. Based on the results of observations on Twitter and Instagram pages, it was found that some of the following data include hate speech aimed at several K-Pop idols and illocutionary comments. The results of the study indicate that 41 comments were indicated as hate speech in the form of insults, 4 comments on defamation, 6 comments on blasphemy, and 2 comments on provocation. Meanwhile, in regards to illocutionary comments, there are 12 assertive utterances, 3 directive utterances, 3 expressive utterances, and 3 declarative utterances.

PERBEDAAN KECENDRUNGAN MELAKUKAN UJARAN KEBENCIAN (HATE SPEECH) ANTARA LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN

Along with the times, especially in the era of the development of information and communication technology. The development of information technology is very sophisticated, fast and easy so that it becomes a lifestyle for people around the world, including Indonesia. The public is free to express their opinions, either through oral, written, print or electronic media (online). Often the delivery of opinions or opinions freely is misused by some people to express their opinions in an uncultured and unethical manner which will bring legal consequences for the perpetrators, one of which is expressing displeasure or making hate speech. Hate speech is an act of communication carried out by an individual or group in the form of provocation, incitement, or insult to another individual or group in terms of various aspects such as race, skin color, gender, disability, sexual orientation, nationality, religion. , and others. This hate speech crime can be carried out through various media, including in campaign speeches, social media networks, public presentations (demonstrations), religious lectures and other electronic media. This study aims to see how the differences in the tendency to do hate speech between men and women. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. This method is used to see and describe the tendency to do hate speech between men and women. This research was conducted on 4 teenagers (2 boys and 2 girls; average age 19 years; student status) through in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using an interactive model consisting of three steps including data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that there are differences in the forms of hate speech between men and women, where differences in women's hate speech are more provocation to everyone against people who are given hate speech than hate speech committed by men. Therefore, as good Indonesian citizens and upholding unity, in expressing opinions and criticisms, we should use wise and kind sentences, so that our opinions can be accepted and do not cause misunderstandings to other social media users. When using social media services to express opinions and criticisms, we should use wise and kind sentences, so that our opinions can be accepted and do not cause misunderstandings to other social media users. It is better in laws and regulations relating to insults and hate speech, both on social media and in public, a further article is made that explains the intent of hate speech itself, such as dirty sentences, animal names and speech without valid data. If it is used, it will be subject to the ITE article regarding hate speech itself. Counselors/BK teachers also have an important role to shape student behavior in schools so as not to do hate speech. Not only that, the creativity of a Counselor/BK teacher is also required so that all ways can be taken to avoid students being involved with hate speech behavior by providing information services and providing group guidance services. For students who have been involved with hate speech actions, coaching can be done through individual counseling, group counseling and group guidance.

Hate Speech During the Caliphate of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib and Its Relevance to Regulations in Indonesia: The Study of the Islamic Law History

This paper aims to describe the process of overcoming hate speech crimes during the caliphate of 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib in the perspective of the history of Islamic law. The important question to be answered in this paper is how did the caliph 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib contribute to handling the problem of hate speech? This paper finds three essential things. First, the death of Caliph 'Uthmān became the cause of the emergence of various slander. The main perpetrators were the Sabā’iyyah, Khawarij, and Shia groups. The form of slander is in the form of hate speech, such as insulting, defaming, inciting, spreading hoaxes which are violations of human rights and have discriminated against certain entities and individuals. Second, the policy of overcoming hate speech is pursued by a criminal and social law approach. Third, the relevance between ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib's policy and existing regulations in Indonesia lies in the form of actions, punishments, and protection of human rights from discrimination.

Assessing the Extent and Types of Hate Speech in Fringe Communities: A Case Study of Alt-Right Communities on 8chan, 4chan, and Reddit

Recent right-wing extremist terrorists were active in online fringe communities connected to the alt-right movement. Although these are commonly considered as distinctly hateful, racist, and misogynistic, the prevalence of hate speech in these communities has not been comprehensively investigated yet, particularly regarding more implicit and covert forms of hate. This study exploratively investigates the extent, nature, and clusters of different forms of hate speech in political fringe communities on Reddit, 4chan, and 8chan. To do so, a manual quantitative content analysis of user comments ( N = 6,000) was combined with an automated topic modeling approach. The findings of the study not only show that hate is prevalent in all three communities (24% of comments contained explicit or implicit hate speech), but also provide insights into common types of hate speech expression, targets, and differences between the studied communities.

The Violations of Politeness Principle in Hate Speech by Haters to Barbie Kumalasari as the Actress of Indonesia in YouTube Comments

YouTube is a video sharing website that is growing rapidly among the public. Children to adults love to watch YouTube. They can freely search for any videos they want. Comment pages are also available for those who want to provide responses to the video. Sometimes comments from netizens are not only positive but can also be negative. Negative comments are given in the form of hate speech. In understanding of the hate speech an understanding of the context is needed. Pragmatics is a language science that talks about context. Context is very closely related to politeness. The hate speech is utterances that violate the rules of politeness. The using of hate speech by the Barbie Kumalasari’s haters proved to violate of politeness principle. The purpose of this study was to describe the form of violation of politeness principle carried out by the Barbie Kumalasari haters. Data was obtained from comments of YouTube channel netizens on the Rumpi No Secret program which featured Barbie Kumalasari as a guest star. This research is qualitative research that use pragmatic discourse analysis. There are several forms the violations of politeness principle performed by the haters of Barbie Kumalasari including: approbation maxim and agreement maxim.

The Violations of Politeness Principle In Hate Speech By Haters To Barbie Kumalasari As The Actrees of Indonesia In Youtube Comments

YouTube is a video sharing website that is growing rapidly among the public. Children to adults love to watch YouTube. They can freely search for any videos they want. Comment pages are also available for those who want to provide responses to the video. Sometimes comments from netizens are not only positive but can also be negative. Negative comments are given in the form of hate speech. In understanding of the hate speech an understanding of the context is needed. Pragmatics is a language science that talks about context. Context is very closely related to politeness. The hate speech is utterances that violate the rules of politeness. The using of hate speech by the Barbie Kumalasari’s haters proved to violate of politeness principle. The purpose of this study was to describe the form of violation of politeness principle carried out by the Barbie Kumalasari haters. Data was obtained from comments of YouTube channel netizens on the Rumpi No Secret program which featured Barbie Kumalasari as a guest star. This research is qualitative research that use pragmatic discourse analysis. There are several forms the violations of politeness principle performed by the haters of Barbie Kumalasari including: approbation maxim and agreement maxim.

Ujaran Kebencian Warganet Pada Akun Instagram BWF (Badminton World Federation): Analisis Linguistik Forensik

<p>The use of social media is so diverse that it greatly influences the development of communication in society. Currently, netizens are looking for information quickly by using their social media, one of which is Instagram. In general, the use of the media is used to find information as well as communication that contains a lot of hate speech. So, this study aims to describe: (1) the events of implicature speech acts in netizen comments on BWF Instagram, and (2) forms of hate speech in netizen comments on BWF Instagram. The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study explain that the event of implicature speech acts with hate speech Indonesian citizens in commenting. Furthermore, the forms of hate speech in comments include illocutionary acts on the types of taboo words, including (1) cursing speech; (2) profanity speech; (3) blashphemy speech; (4) obscenety speech; (5) sexual harassment speech; (6) vulgar language speech, and (7) name-calling and insults speech. The seven utterances were made by Indonesian citizens. Furthermore, this research can be used as an alternative for students of linguistic theory, especially forensic linguistics and pragmatics.</p>

Konstitusionalitas Perbuatan Tidak Menyenangkan Sebagai Tindak Pidana Ujaran Kebencian: Analisis Surat Edaran Kapolri Nomor: Se/6/X/2015

This article aims to analyze the position of acts as a form of hate speech (haatzaai articlesen), which in fact the concept of acts has been eliminated by the Constitutional Court Decision Number 1 / PUU-XI / 2013, The problem is focused on the constitutionality of wrongdoing. fun as a form of hate speech (haatzaai articlesen). In order to approach this problem, a theoretical reference from the element theory of crime and the theory of constitutionality of norms is used. This research is a normative legal research, so that the data is collected through literature studies, both on primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. This research was analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that: (1) With the Constitutional Court Decision Number 1 / PUU-XI / 2013 which is legally binding, then every legal norm in statutory regulations made after the Constitutional Court Decision must comply with the provisions with does not bring back the existence of the phrase unpleasant actions. (2) Chief of Police Circular Number: SE / 6 / X / 2015 is not a statutory regulation (regeling), but a policy regulation (beleidsregel) which juridically results in the lack of authority to create new norms or restore the existence of norms that have been abolished by the Constitutional Court, so the concept of acts in such a Chief of Police Circular is unconstitutional.

From Insult to Hate Speech: Mapping Offensive Language in German User Comments on Immigration

In recent debates on offensive language in participatory online spaces, the term ‘hate speech’ has become especially prominent. Originating from a legal context, the term usually refers to violent threats or expressions of prejudice against particular groups on the basis of race, religion, or sexual orientation. However, due to its explicit reference to the emotion of hate, it is also used more colloquially as a general label for any kind of negative expression. This ambiguity leads to misunderstandings in discussions about hate speech and challenges its identification. To meet this challenge, this article provides a modularized framework to differentiate various forms of hate speech and offensive language. On the basis of this framework, we present a text annotation study of 5,031 user comments on the topic of immigration and refuge posted in March 2019 on three German news sites, four Facebook pages, 13 YouTube channels, and one right-wing blog. An in-depth analysis of these comments identifies various types of hate speech and offensive language targeting immigrants and refugees. By exploring typical combinations of labeled attributes, we empirically map the variety of offensive language in the subject area ranging from insults to calls for hate crimes, going beyond the common ‘hate/no-hate’ dichotomy found in similar studies. The results are discussed with a focus on the grey area between hate speech and offensive language.

STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS OF RELIGION-BASED HATE SPEECH IN SOCIAL MEDIA: A CASE STUDY OF THE DIRECTORATE INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY AT POLDA METRO JAYA

The development of communication technology continues to advance rapidly. Social media is able to present individual voices that have never been heard through mainstream media coverage before. In Indonesia, the changes in the world have become increasingly clear when the era of communication has flooded the lives of religious communities. Religious discourse in Indonesia in recent years has been colored by accusations of religious intolerance in the form of hate speech through social media. The prohibition on the construction of houses of worship, prohibition of book discussions, attacks on certain groups, heresy from certain religious groups, threatening expressions of hatred, and so on are a series of acts of religious intolerance so that the potential for social conflict appears clearly. The Police Intelligence and Security as an institution that has the obligation to carry out early detection of threats must play an active role in making prevention and anticipation efforts. This research examines the Strategic Intelligence Analysis of Religious-Based Hate Speech on Social Media by the Directorate of Intelligence and Security at Polda Metro Jaya.

Form of Hate Speech Comments on Najwa Shihab Youtube Channels in The General Election Campaign of President and Vice President of The Republic of Indonesia 2019

Emerging and spreading hate speech online was a growing phenomenon in social media on youtube. Najwa Shihab was a youtube channel that contains shows and comments on political issues in Indonesia, one of them was the 2019 presidential election campaign. The form of hate speech in comments in the Najwa Shihab Channels was forming grammatical construction and construction of the meaning of one hate speech with other utterances. The purpose of this study was to analyze the illocutionary speech acts on hate speech and to analyze hate speech based on the rule of law in Indonesia. The analysis resulted in hate speech on the Najwa Shihab youtube channel audience comments in the General Election campaign in the discourse of the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia in 2019. The approach that used in this study was a theoretical approach, namely a forensic linguistic approach by utilizing pragmatics for data analysis, and a methodological approach, namely a qualitative descriptive approach. The data on hate speech that was analyzed was a fragment of the audience's comments on two programs, namely Mata Najwa and Catatan Najwa. The results showed that there were nine forms of hate speech. Two forms of hate speech were considered to be the style of speech that was widely used by the public in delivering comments on social media. The forms of the speech were "Form of Hate Speech, Assertive Speech - Insult" and "Form of Hate Speech, Assertive Speech - Defamation". The existence of this form of speech can be a reference for the community to process opinions first before conveying it on social media. It's legally can be used as an offense in cases of hate speech.

Securitization of Islam: A Case of Muslims in Cyprus

This paper analyzes how Muslims, as a religious community in the Republic of Cyprus, became an object of discrimination. Furthermore, the paper tries to understand and describe how Muslims’ daily lives are as a minority in the country through a case study approach. The study found that Islamophobic incidents often occur in the form of hate speech and discrimination in the workplace, schools, and even government institutions. These Islamophobic behaviors are an attempt to securitize Islam on the island. Moreover, prominent figures like political and religious leaders actively contribute to the phenomena of this securitization. Although religious freedom is protected by law, the Christian Greek Cypriot is not ready to accept multiculturalism. Thus, both government and society, and the community must support each other in bringing about peace in the country

Problematising Hateful Ethno-Political Rhetoric in Facebook and Twitter during 2017 General Elections in Kenya

The purpose of this study is to examine online hate discourse; with a focus on the construction of online ethno-political rhetoric as a form of hate speech during Kenya's 2017 general election. The study employed a qualitative case study design which entailed an empirical investigation of a particular phenomenon using multiple evidence. Purposive sampling allowed the researcher to observe, collect and analyse only the specific materials that had the characteristics relevant to the objective of this study. Working within Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis (CMDA) framework, we analyse a purposively selected sample of sixteen posts from FB (ten) and Twitter (six) derived from the initial sample of 360 posts collected through online observation of Facebook groups and hashtags trending in Kenya between July and November 2017. ‘The findings point at the shifting hate speech battle fields where ethno-political extremism in form of ‘Us against Them’ discourse finds easy expression online through dehumanizing epithets and metaphors that de-personalize and de-characterize the target, bringing to salience their perceived negative attributes in order to justify prejudice against them as a tool of political mobilization. These insights are relevant in understanding hate speech in multi-ethnic cultural contexts in society generally and specifically in Kenya. The study recommends that the government of Kenya and other key stakeholders should develop a media literacy policy on the moral responsibility in embracing netiquette and responsible netizenship in online interactions.

How to Cope with Dark Participation: Moderation Practices in German Newsrooms

Comments in designated sections of newspaper websites and on social media platforms are the most prominent form of user participation in journalism, offering the opportunity to connect to the audience. Yet, rising levels of dark participation in the form of hate speech, disinformation, and strategic attempts to influence public opinion, provide new challenges for media organizations and require moderators to ensure a minimum of discursive quality. Newsrooms employ a variety of moderation strategies. Based on computer assisted telephone interviews with German journalists working for online newspapers (N = 274), we identified explanatory factors for the implementation of discursive-interactive and authoritative-interactive moderation practices. The results suggest that left-leaning media tend to engage more in authoritative-interactive as well as discursive-interactive moderation than right-leaning media. If media organizations establish a participative communicative setting, moderators engage more with the audience although the prevalence of dark participation is higher.