Vortex Formation Research Articles

Understanding Tidal Jet Vortices Over Complex Bathymetry via Numerical Modeling and Drone Observation: Match and Mismatch in the Vortex Dynamics Under Idealized and Realistic Topographic Settings

AbstractThe formation and evolution of tidal jet vortices over complex bathymetry were investigated using numerical modeling and in situ observation. Delft3D FM simulation on an unstructured grid system, complemented by field measurements using recreational drones captured tidal dynamics in the Uldolmok Strait, known for its strong tidal currents up to 6.0 m/s and turbulent whirlpool formation. This study particularly focused on temporal changes in whirlpools near their narrowest points. Modeling across the entire strait showed current velocity fields consistent with field observations, revealing significant temporal and spatial variability influenced by strait geometry and bathymetry. Whirlpools induced by tides were identified by setting a swirl strength threshold, with their centroids and equivalent spherical diameters pinpointed. It was observed that larger whirlpools, upon reaching critical size, were entrained and shifted with the tidal jet at about half its maximum velocity, while smaller vortices separated from the nearshore boundary layer remained nearly stationary. Focusing on the initiation of whirlpools and their relations with the coastline and bathymetry, a targeted field survey using a recreational drone measured surface flow fields in detail near the strait's narrowing region. During the ebb phase, shallow regions exhibited numerous smaller eddies due to increased energy dissipation, showing a dual power‐law scaling in the size distribution of eddies, contrasting with the single scaling exponent observed during the flood phase. The study underscored the role of coastline and bathymetry in developing whirlpools and shaping their dynamics, providing insights into complex tidal interactions in the natural coast.

Effects of cavitation number and pitching frequency on hysteresis characteristics of a pitching hydrofoil

In this study, the effect of cavitation number σ and pitching frequency f* on hysteresis characteristics of a pitching hydrofoil, has been investigated. The angle of attack α changed from 5° to 15°, then from 15° to 5° at each pitching period. A pitching 2D(Two-dimensional) Clark-y hydrofoil is analyzed with high-speed video recording for the cavitation pattern. The hysteresis phenomenon is observed in increasing and decreasing of α, and the hysteresis effects changed with σ and f*. The cavitating flow around the pitching hydrofoil during different conditions are simulated by revised k-ω SST(Shear Stress Transfer) turbulence model and Merkle cavitation model. The calculation results of hysteresis characteristic parameters showed that the decrease of σ leads to the increase of hysteresis effect. As σ decreased, the evolution of cavity vortex is more complex. Especially in the downstroke, there are complex phenomena such as vortex decomposition and merging, which leads to the intensification of hydrodynamic hysteresis effect. There is a nonlinear relationship between the hysteresis characteristic parameters and f*. As f* increases, its influence on the cavitation flow in the downstroke becomes more and more serious. Besides, the evolution form of cavitation vortices also changes, which leads to the change of hysteresis characteristics.

Research on thermohydraulic performance of the petal-type vortex generator inserted tube heat exchanger

The petal-type vortex generator inserted tube was proposed in this paper to explore higher heat transfer performance. The k-ω model was selected and a good agreement can be obtained. Basically, the influences of the interval distance t, the angle α and the pitch P were meticulously examined within a Reynolds number spectrum ranging from 5000 to 15,000. The analysis of the internal flow dynamics revealed that the petal-type vortex generator effectively transformed the longitudinal velocity of the fluid into radial velocity, leading to the formation of vortices within the tube. The petal-shaped vortex generators led a portion of the fluid toward the tube surface, facilitating boundary layer weakening and redevelopment near the wall, while also allowing another portion of the fluid to pass through the slits, which enhanced the generation of vortices and significantly improved heat transfer performance. The numerical results indicated that the tube equipped with petal-type vortex generator insert achieved a 196–347 % increase in the Nusselt number (Nu) and a 244–1149 % increase in the friction factor (f), relative to a smooth tube. The maximum performance evaluation criterion (PEC) obtained in this study reached 2.01.

FLOW ANALYSIS IN A ROLLER DRILL BIT DURING DRILLING USING WATER-BASED AND HYDROCARBON-BASED MUD

Drilling is the main type of increase in hydrocarbon production. Bits of various types are used as a rock-destroying tool during drilling. When drilling any wells for oil and gas, drilling fluids are used as a working fluid. The flow of these types of liquids differs from the flow of water, which is an incompressible medium. The purpose of this work is to study the flow of the Newtonian fluid of water and two types of water-based drilling fluids, which is described by the power-law model of a non-Newtonian fluid and the hydrocarbon-based fluid of the Herschel-Bulkley type. In the work, the construction of the geometric model of the square bit was carried out, and the estimated unstructured grid of the liquid volume filling the internal area of the bit and the space behind the bit was constructed. Calculations of the three-dimensional flow of water, drilling fluids on water and hydrocarbon bases were carried out using the open platform OpenFOAM. It was found that during the flow of liquids described by non-Newtonian models, the kinematic viscosity of the liquid changes depending on the velocities and shear stresses. Another important factor in the use of non-Newtonian fluids when drilling wells is the reduction of hydraulic losses during their flow. This is achieved due to the presence of a certain structure of the liquid, non- zero values of shear stresses, lubricating properties even with their viscosity, which is ten times higher than the viscosity of water. Visualization of the flow of three types of fluids: Newtonian, non-Newtonian power-law and non-Newtonian Herschel-Bulkley type is presented. The use of non- Newtonian fluids makes it possible to reduce the formation of vortices and, as a result, also affects the amount of hydraulic losses in the direction of their reduction.

Energy Transport and Conversion Above a Bright Discrete Auroral Arc.

Magnetically connected observations of particle distributions and luminosity from the Reimei spacecraft are used to examine energy transport and conversion occurring above a discrete auroral arc. By combining imaging and in situ measurements it is shown how transverse electromagnetic and kinetic energy fluxes measured along the spacecraft trajectory converge across geomagnetic field-lines into the acceleration region. It is shown how cross-field energy transport is facilitated by the formation of vortices along the length of the arc. From an integration over the vertical extent of the acceleration region it is shown that the transverse and field-aligned flow of energy into the arc locally supports the dissipation needed to power the electron acceleration observed. Estimates of gradients in electromagnetic and kinetic energy flows show how field-aligned electron energization in the acceleration region is supported by the divergence of Poynting flux along and across the background magnetic field.

S‐2DV: A New Reduced Model Generating Submesoscale‐Like Flows

AbstractOceanic mesoscale flows are characterized by an inverse kinetic energy cascade and the subsequent formation of large coherent vortices, and these flow features are captured well by the quasi‐geostrophic (QG) model. Oceanic submesoscale flow dynamics are however significantly different from those of mesoscales. The increase in unbalanced energy levels and the Rossby number at submesoscales results in cyclone‐anticyclone asymmetry in vorticity structures, forward kinetic energy cascades, and enhanced small‐scale dissipation. In this paper, we develop a reduced single‐equation model that can generate submesoscale‐like flows in two dimensions. We start from the two‐dimensional barotropic QG equation and add an external random vorticity field, to mimic the effect of unbalanced flow components. Thereafter, we add a vorticity‐squared term, to generate asymmetry in the vorticity structures. By varying the strength of these two terms, we observe that the model can generate submesoscale‐like flows that compare qualitatively well with realistic flows generated by complex ocean models. The reduced model is seen to be capable of generating flows that are intermittent in nature, are characterized by a forward energy flux, and are composed of small‐scale flow structures along with enhanced energy dissipation. We further demonstrate the practical utility of the model by applying it to a passive tracer dispersion and a plankton patchiness problem, these being applications that require submesoscale‐like flows. Our investigation points out that the new model could serve as a convenient platform for various applications that require submesoscale‐like flows, such as testing and developing different kinds of parameterizations.

Vertical bending and aerodynamic performance in flying snake-inspired aerial undulation

This paper presents a numerical investigation into the aerodynamic characteristics and fluid dynamics of a flying snake-like model employing vertical bending locomotion during aerial undulation in steady gliding. In addition to its typical horizontal undulation, the modeled kinematics incorporates vertical undulations and dorsal-to-ventral bending movements while in motion. Using a computational approach with an incompressible flow solver based on the immersed-boundary method, this study employs topological local mesh refinement mesh blocks to ensure the high resolution of the grid around the moving body. Initially, we applied a vertical wave undulation to a snake model undulating horizontally, investigating the effects of vertical wave amplitudes (ψm). The vortex dynamics analysis unveiled alterations in leading-edge vortices formation within the midplane due to changes in the effective angle of attack resulting from vertical bending, directly influencing lift generation. Our findings highlighted peak lift production atψm=2.5∘and the highest lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) atψm=5∘, with aerodynamic performance declining beyond this threshold. Subsequently, we studied the effects of the dorsal-ventral bending amplitude (ψDV), showing that the tail-up/down body posture can result in different fore-aft body interactions. Compared to the baseline configuration, the lift generation is observed to increase by 17.3% atψDV= 5°, while a preferable L/D is found atψDV= -5°. This study explains the flow dynamics associated with vertical bending and uncovers fundamental mechanisms governing body-body interaction, contributing to the enhancement of lift production and efficiency of aerial undulation in snake-inspired gliding.

Utilizing a Transparent Model of a Semi-Direct Acting Water Solenoid Valve to Visualize Diaphragm Displacement and Apply Resulting Data for CFD Analysis

This article introduces a comprehensive methodology that combines physical prototyping and computational modeling to analyze the hydrodynamics and design of a semi-direct acting solenoid valve for water applications. A transparent, injection-molded valve model was used to experimentally measure diaphragm displacement, which exhibited linear behavior at flow rates up to 10.1 L/min. Beyond this threshold, the diaphragm reached maximum displacement, constraining flow control accuracy. These experimental results informed the creation of a computational domain for detailed CFD analysis, demonstrating strong validation against experimental pressure drop data. The CFD simulations identified critical inefficiencies, such as uneven pressure distribution on the diaphragm due to inlet flow, flow imbalances, and vortex formation within the chamber and outlet channel. These issues were traced to specific design limitations. To address these design flaws, this study suggests optimizing the inlet geometry, implementing a symmetric chamber design, and modifying the outlet channel with smoother transitions to enhance flow control and improve operational efficiency.

Correlation times of velocity and kinetic helicity fluctuations in non-helical hydrodynamic turbulence

Non-helical turbulence within a linear shear flow has demonstrated efficient amplification of large-scale magnetic fields in numerical simulations, but its precise mechanism remains elusive. The incoherent $\alpha$ mechanism proposes that a zero-mean fluctuating transport coefficient $\alpha$ (linked to kinetic helicity) in the shear flow is a candidate driver. Previous renovating-flow models have proposed that the correlation time of helicity fluctuations must be sufficiently extended to overcome turbulent magnetic diffusivity, yet only empirical validation of this concept has been obtained. In this study, we conduct direct numerical simulations of weakly compressible non-helical hydrodynamic turbulence. We scrutinize the correlation times of velocity and kinetic helicity fluctuations in distinct flow configurations, including rotation, shearing and Keplerian flows, as well as the shearing burgulence counterpart. Our findings indicate that rotation contributes to a prolonged correlation time of helicity compared with velocity, particularly notable in auto-correlations of both volume-averaged quantities and individual Fourier modes due to the formation of large-scale vortices. In contrast, moderate shear strength does not exhibit significant scale separation, with shear flows elongating vortices in the shear direction. Shearing burgulence, characterized by shorter helicity correlation times, appears less conducive to hosting the incoherent $\alpha$ effect. Notably, at modest shear rates, only Keplerian flows exhibit sufficiently coherent helicity fluctuations, in contrast to shearing flows. However, the relative strength of helicity fluctuations compared with turbulent diffusivity is significantly lower, raising doubts about the viability of the incoherent $\alpha$ effect as a potential dynamo driver in the subsonic flows examined in this study.

Simulation of Ground Power Unit-3 Stirling Engine With Air as Working Fluid

Abstract The immediate need to mitigate climate change presents a chance to move civilization in the direction of a more sustainable future. A Stirling engine has multifuel capabilities such as biomass, solar thermal, and waste heat and hence can contribute significantly to the energy mix of fuel sources. The most common working fluids for Stirling engines are hydrogen, helium, and air, with air being the least expensive and safest. Studies analyzing Stirling engine performance with 3D CFD are limited, and even fewer use air as the working fluid. This research presents a novel 3D CFD analysis of the Ground Power Unit-3 (GPU-3) Stirling engine with air as the working fluid using ansys fluent. The fluid domain was modeled in SolidWorks and one-eighth of the geometry was used for simulation with realizable enhanced wall treatment (EWT) k–ε as an eddy viscosity model. On average, there was a reduction in power output by 50% when air was used as working fluid against helium as working fluid. Engine's power output decreases as the engine's speed increases. The impinging effect contributes to vortex formation and temperature variation within the engine components was nonsinusoidal, this is in line with similar studies performed on GPU-3 Stirling engine.

Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition of external flow at high Reynolds number

Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition(SPOD) has been recently used to capture temporal and spatial characteristics of complex flows. Applying SPOD analysis to such flow fields can deepen the understanding of flow mechanism. To further study the external flow at high Reynolds numbers, large eddy simulation(LES) is applied to acquire the flow field data while SPOD is utilized to extract important flow structures. The considered external flow includes incompressible flow around the cylinder and transonic shock oscillation. For the flow around the cylinder, flow field under three different Reynolds numbers is studied. Power spectral density(PSD) results of lift coefficient show that the vortex shedding frequency of low Reynolds number is St=0.24, which of moderate Reynolds number is St=0.203, and St=0.27 for high Reynolds number flow. The increment of Reynolds number will lead to early instability of shear layer on the cylindrical surface. The modal results of SPOD and dynamic mode decomposition(DMD) at different Reynolds numbers show two antisymmetric structures at shedding vortex frequencies, indicating the resemblance in the process of vortex formation. For the shock wave/boundary layer interaction(SBLI) of transonic Royal Aircraft Establishment(RAE) 2822 airfoil, flow field under M∞=0.729, Rec=1.94×107 is studied. The results show that the occurrence of unsteadiness is closely related to the normal shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction happening on the upper surface of the airfoil. Modal results of SPOD near the characteristic frequency show strong discontinuity near the shock wave.

Numerical analysis and optimization of natural convection heat transfer in inclined square cavities with sinusoidal heating elements

Abstract This study presents a numerical analysis of natural convection heat transfer within inclined square cavities featuring sinusoidal heating elements. The analysis, conducted using a finite volume approach implemented in ANSYS 16.0, aims to estimate flow and heat regimes under steady-state conditions. Grid-independent analyses were performed to ensure numerical accuracy. The vertical walls of the enclosure were maintained at a cold temperature, while the other two walls were perfectly insulated. Key parameters investigated include Rayleigh numbers (104, 105, 106), corrugation numbers (3, 5, and 7), amplitude values (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5), and enclosure inclination angles (δ = 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°). The sinusoidal element’s diameter to enclosure length ratio was set at 0.4, and fluid properties were assumed constant with a Prandtl number of 7.0. Results were illustrated using isothermal and flow lines, with heat transfer discussed in terms of local and average Nusselt numbers. Findings indicate that at Ra = 106, local Nusselt numbers exhibited a sinusoidal distribution influenced by corrugation and amplitude, with a 50% increase in local Nusselt number as amplitude increased from 0.1 to 0.5. Average Nusselt number enhancements were observed with higher corrugation numbers and wave amplitudes, while the number and size of eddies were sensitive to Rayleigh numbers. Enclosure inclination significantly affected the formation of vortices, particularly at angles of 60° and 75°.

Energy Saving for Impinging Jet Ventilation System by Employing Various Supply Duct Locations and Return Grill Elevation

The study of energy savings in ventilation systems within buildings is crucial. Impinging jet ventilation (IJV) systems have garnered significant interest from researchers. The identification of the appropriate location for the IJV reveals a gap in the existing literature. This research was conducted to address the existing gap by examining the impact of IJV location on energy savings and thermal comfort. A comprehensive three-dimensional CFD model is examined to accurately simulate the real environment of an office room (3 × 3 × 2.9 m3) during cooling mode, without the application of symmetrical plans. Four locations have been selected: two at the corners and two along the midwalls, designated for fixed-person positions. The return vent height is analyzed utilizing seven measurements: 2.9, 2.6, 2.3, 1.7, 1.1, 0.8, and 0.5 m. The RNG k–ε turbulence model is implemented alongside enhanced wall treatment. The findings indicated that the optimal range for the return vent height is between 1.7 and 0.8 m. It is advisable to utilize the IJV midwall 1 location, positioned behind the seated individual and away from the exterior hot wall. It is characterized by low vortex formation in the local working zone that contributes to a more comfortable sensation while providing recognized energy-saving potential.

Study on the Influence of Wind Load on the Safety of Magnetic Adsorption Wall-Climbing Inspection Robot for Gantry Crane

The maintenance of the surface of steel structures is crucial for ensuring the quality of shipbuilding cranes. Various types of wall-climbing robots have been proposed for inspecting diverse structures, including ships and offshore installations. Given that these robots often operate in outdoor environments, their performance is significantly influenced by wind conditions. Consequently, understanding the impact of wind loads on these robots is essential for developing structurally sound designs. In this study, SolidWorks software was utilized to model both the wall-climbing robot and crane, while numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the aerodynamic performance of the magnetic wall-climbing inspection robot under wind load. Subsequently, a MATLAB program was developed to simulate both the time history and spectrum of wind speed affecting the wall-climbing inspection robot. The resulting wind speed time-history curve was analyzed using a time-history analysis method to simulate wind pressure effects. Finally, modal analysis was performed to determine the natural frequency and vibration modes of the frame in order to ensure dynamic stability for the robot. The analysis revealed that wind pressure predominantly concentrates on the front section of the vehicle body, with significant eddy currents observed on its windward side, leeward side, and top surface. Following optimization efforts on the robot’s structure resulted in a reduction in vortex formation; consequently, compared to pre-optimization conditions during pulsating wind simulations, there was a 99.19% decrease in induced vibration displacement within the optimized inspection robot body. Modal analysis indicated substantial differences between the first six non-rigid natural frequencies of this vehicle body and those associated with its servo motor frequencies—indicating no risk of resonance occurring. This study employs finite element analysis techniques to assess stability under varying wind loads while verifying structural safety for this wall-climbing inspection robot.

Local precursors to anomalous dissipation in Navier-Stokes turbulence: Burgers vortex-type models and simulation analysis

Anomalous dissipation is a mechanism to dissipate kinetic energy which is established by a sufficiently spatially rough velocity field. It implies that the rescaled mean kinetic energy dissipation rate becomes constant with respect to Reynolds number Re, the dimensionless parameter that characterizes the strength of turbulence, given that Re≫1. The present study aims at bridging this statistical behavior of high-Reynolds-number turbulence to one specific structural building block of fluid turbulence—local vortex stretching configurations which take in the simplest case the form of Burgers's classical vortex stretching model from 1948. We discuss the anomalous dissipation in the framework of Duchon and Robert for this analytical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, apply the same analysis subsequently to a generalized model of randomly oriented Burgers vortices by Kambe and Hatakeyama, and analyze finally direct numerical simulation data of three-dimensional homogeneous, isotropic box turbulence in this respect. We identify local high-vorticity events in fully developed Navier-Stokes turbulence that approximate the analytical models of strong vortex stretching well. They correspond to precursors of enhanced anomalous dissipation. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Magnetohydrodynamic Enhancement of Biofuel Cell Performance.

Biofuel cells have become an interesting alternative for the design of sustainable energy conversion systems with multiple applications ranging from biosensing and bioelectronics to autonomously moving devices. However, as an electrochemical system, their performance is intimately related to mass transport conditions. In this work, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect is studied as an easy and straightforward alternative to enhance the performance of a biofuel cell based on the enzymes glucose oxidase (GOx) and bilirubin oxidase (BOD). The synergetic effect between the electric and ionic currents, produced by the enzymatic redox reactions, and a magnetic field orthogonal to the surface of the electrodes, leads to the formation of localized magnetohydrodynamic vortexes. Such an integrated convective regime generates an increase of the bioelectrocatalytic current and its concomitant power output in the presence of the external magnetic field. In addition, by fine-tuning the spatial arrangement of the anode and cathode, it is possible to benefit from the sum of anodic and cathodic MHD vortexes, leading to an enhanced power output of up to 300%.

Numerical simulations of the effects of KC number and entrapped water on the subsea cover hydrodynamic characteristics

ABSTRACT The entrapped water in subsea structures with openings significantly influences hydrodynamic forces and structural stability. This study utilises Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations with the k − ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model to investigate oscillatory flows around a subsea cover under varying conditions, including different levels of entrapped water (obtained by different opening dimensions) and KC numbers. Numerical simulations are validated through experimental data from oscillatory flows over a subsea cover on a plate. The study examines lift and in-line force coefficients to assess the impact of opening dimensions and KC numbers on hydrodynamic forces. Findings show that opening size primarily affects the lift coefficient due to changes in the behaviour of entrapped water. The influence of entrapped water decreases as both the KC number and opening size increase. A 30% opening yields the smallest lift-to-in-line ratio ( C Lrms / C Drms ) and reduced C Lrms and C Lstd values. Additionally, the flow fields around the cover are also discussed. Smaller openings reduce the amplitude of velocity, vorticity, and pressure inside the cover. Openings mitigate vortex formation and shedding caused by jets between the structure and the wall. The results also reveal a phase shift in lift coefficients for different opening sizes. These findings provide critical insights for the hydrodynamic behaviour and design of similar subsea structures.

Impact of Surface Turbulent Fluxes on the Formation of Roll Vortices in a Mediterranean Windstorm

AbstractRoll vortices can have a significant influence on the exchanges of momentum, sensible heat and moisture throughout the boundary layer. They have been shown to reinforce air‐sea interactions under strong wind conditions. This raises the question of how air‐sea exchanges can, in turn, affect the roll vortices. However, representing surface turbulent fluxes during extreme wind conditions is a major challenge in numerical weather prediction and can lead to large uncertainties in surface wind speed. The sensitivity of rolls to different representations of surface fluxes is investigated using large eddy simulations. The study focuses on Mediterranean windstorm Adrian, where rolls are responsible for the transport of strong winds to the surface. Considering the effects of sea spray increases surface heat fluxes and significantly influences the roll morphology. The rolls become narrower and extend over a greater height, while the downward transport of momentum is intensified and results in higher wind speed near the surface. Roll vortices vanish within a few minutes in the absence of momentum fluxes, which maintain the wind shear necessary for their organization. They also quickly weaken without sensible heat fluxes, which sustain the near‐neutral stratification required for their development. In contrast, latent heat fluxes play a minor role. These findings emphasize the necessity of precisely representing the processes occurring at the air‐sea interface, which do not only affect the thermodynamic surface conditions but also the vertical transport of momentum within the windstorm.

Optimizing vortex-induced vibration suppression in π-shaped girders using wind tunnel testing and CFD analysis

This investigation meticulously explores the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) characteristics in Π-shaped girders within long-span cable-stayed bridges, presenting novel VIV mitigation techniques. Employing detailed wind tunnel evaluations of a 1:50 scale model alongside computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses to model the two-dimensional flow around the girder, this study reveals the formation and shedding of vortices behind the railings and main steel girder, which significantly contribute to VIV in such structures. The introduction of horizontal splitter plates, one m in width, in conjunction with two-m-wide V-shaped guide vanes, was found to substantially reduce the VIV amplitude of the Π-shaped girder, minimizing vortex generation on the deck’s sides and dramatically reducing the maximum vertical VIV amplitude from 208.75 mm to only 5.56 mm. CFD simulations confirm the effectiveness of these measures in suppressing Karman vortex street formation, thereby significantly improving downstream airflow characteristics. These findings offer pivotal insights for the advancement of bridge design and the proactive management of VIV, showcasing the potential of integrated aerodynamic modifications to enhance structural resilience and performance.

Thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of microencapsulated phase change materials slurry flow in wavy microchannels

Microencapsulated phase change material slurry (MPCS) is a novel cooling fluid with promising performance. This study numerically investigates heat transfer and flow characteristics of MPCS within wavy microchannels. MPCS is modeled as a homogeneous, Newtonian fluid. Five wavy geometries were examined across a Reynolds number range of 50 to 250 (laminar flow regime), varying in amplitude and wavelength. The model results show that with increase in Reynolds number and decrease in the amplitude and radius of curvature of wavy microchannels, the pressure drop and Nusselt number also increase. Furthermore, the results reveal that Dean vortices intensify with increasing wave amplitude and Reynolds number. Conversely, these vortices weaken as channel wavelength and radius of curvature increase. The formation of Dean vortices enhances fluid mixing and consequently improves the thermal performance of the slurry. The study concludes that in wavy microchannels employing MPCS, increasing the Reynolds number, increasing the channel amplitude with respect to wavelength, and decreasing the radius of curvature improves the overall performance. Also, the results reveal that in higher Reynolds numbers, the radius of curvature is the most effective parameter on the overall performance of wavy microchannels.