The article analyzes currency and banknotes as instruments of forming state identity and sovereignty amid globalization. The author considers money not only as an economic tool but also as a symbolic resource reflecting the state’s autonomy. Three key factors of monetary sovereignty are specified: the existence of a national currency, the capacity for its issuance, and the prestige of the national monetary unit. Via the example of the euro, the article demonstrates how abandoning a national currency can weaken monetary sovereignty. The experience of partially recognized states is featured as well, where issuing a national currency serves as an act of self-affirmation. Special attention is given to banknotes as bearers of symbols and historical memory. The study concludes that money represent a crucial instrument for national interests expression and state identity formation.

General Background: Indonesia’s multicultural reality, characterized by diverse ethnic, religious, linguistic, and cultural identities, represents both a national asset and a challenge for sustaining social cohesion. Specific Background: Increasing intolerance, discrimination, and socio-cultural disparities indicate that diversity has not been fully optimized as a foundation for national development. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies largely examine multiculturalism in fragmented sectors without systematically linking it to the Indonesia Emas 2045 development roadmap or providing an integrative analytical framework. Aims: This study aims to analyze the role of multicultural Islamic education in strengthening national unity and to formulate a strategic framework supporting inclusive and sustainable development toward Indonesia Emas 2045. Results: The findings demonstrate that multiculturalism functions as strategic social capital by reinforcing Pancasila values, promoting tolerance through education, strengthening social cohesion, and supporting inclusive policies, with additional contributions from family roles, digital literacy, and cross-sector collaboration. Novelty: This study offers an integrative framework connecting multicultural dynamics, national identity formation, and long-term development planning within a unified roadmap aligned with Indonesia Emas 2045. Implications: The study provides a conceptual and practical basis for developing multicultural Islamic education curricula, inclusive governance strategies, and diversity-based development policies to maintain national unity and global competitiveness. Highlights• Multicultural values integrated into education address polarization and identity conflicts• Social capital derived from diversity supports inclusive development strategies• Cross-sector collaboration and digital literacy strengthen cohesive society KeywordsMulticultural Islamic Education; National Unity; Indonesia Emas 2045; Social Capital; Inclusive Development

ABSTRACT At the peak of nationalist movements in India, Hindi novels explore the veracity and meaning(s) of Gandhian concepts like swaraj and ahimsa, simultaneously pertinent to national and individual identity formation. Shekhar: Ek Jivani (1941, 44) and Tedhe Medhe Raaste (1946) reveal Gandhian philosophy as a decolonial nationalist praxis aimed at formulating an ideal individual/citizen/character. This paper analyses the conflict between desire and praxis, political goals and philosophical ideals for protagonists who were trying to find meanings and interactions of individuality and national community through polyphonic narratives that engage with both Gandhian idealism and pragmatism and their implementation in varied spaces.

The purpose of this article is to provide an integral overview of Anatolii Zavalniuk’s scientific research, as well as cultural and educational activities related to the preservation and interpretation of Ukraine’s musical heritage, in particular the legacy of Mykola Leontovych. Achieving this goal involves analysing the scholar’s folklore and monographic works, his pedagogical activities, and museum project as important components of the national cultural space. The research methodology is based on cultural, systemic, and axiological approaches and the corresponding methods of scientific cognition, such as cultural-historical, historical-chronological, systemic classification, and analysis. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the attempt to comprehensively analyse the activities of A. Zavalniuk. For the first time, his scientific and educational contributions are examined in the context of the regional scientific tradition formation and its influence on the establishment of national cultural identity in contemporary Ukrainian art discourse. Conclusions. The analysis presented in this article suggests that Anatolii Zavalniuk’s work can be viewed as a holistic phenomenon of contemporary Ukrainian musical culture, combining scientific research, pedagogy, and culture-creating aspects. His research, folklore studies, and museum initiatives show a systematic approach to preserving and promoting national musical heritage, especially related to Mykola Leontovych. It has been proven that the scholar’s work is marked by the integrity of his scientific concept, and a lasting influence on the regional and national cultural space formation. Given the significance of his achievements, the artist’s ability to embrace and synthesize a wide range of creative and scientific initiatives testifies to the universalism of his personality and demonstrates the scale of influence one person can have on the formation of national identity.

This article examines the distinctive features of national identity formation in the Republic of Kazakhstan through the lens of comprehensive political science analysis. The study analyzes the complex interaction between ethnic diversity, historical legacy, state-building processes, and modernization efforts that shape contemporary Kazakhstani identity in a country uniting more than 130 ethnic groups. Drawing on the theoretical foundations of nation-building, including models of civic and ethnic nationalism, as well as empirical observations of post-Soviet transformation covering three decades of independence, the study identifies key mechanisms through which Kazakhstan implemented national consolidation while maintaining its multinational character. The work argues that Kazakhstan represents a distinctive case of a balanced approach to nation-building, where the state strategically coordinated the promotion of Kazakh ethnic identity through language policy, reconstruction of historical narrative, and demographic changes, while simultaneously supporting the principles of civic equality and institutional mechanisms of minority representation. The analysis demonstrates that this approach, illustrated by the constitutional distinction between Kazakh ethnic and Kazakhstani civic identity, contributed to relative stability and allowed the avoidance of ethnic conflicts that affected other post-Soviet states. The research findings indicate that Kazakhstani national identity represents a synthesis of civic and ethnic dimensions, characterized by strategic state policies within institutional structures that are oriented toward gradual national consolidation with observance of the principles of civic equality.

ABSTRACT This article examines the role of Jadidism in the formation of Uzbek national identity from an analytical historical perspective. Rather than approaching Jadidism merely as an educational or cultural reform movement, the study conceptualizes it as a modernizing elite project that articulated a coherent vision of national identity in late Tsarist and early revolutionary Turkestan. It investigates how Jadid intellectuals linked educational reform, political mobilization, and ideas of progress to the construction of a collective Uzbek identity, and how this vision was positioned vis-à-vis alternative identity-producing actors such as traditional ulema networks and emerging Soviet revolutionary cadres. Methodologically, the article employs qualitative historical analysis based on a critical reading of Jadid intellectual writings, contemporary newspapers, and secondary historiography, with the unit of analysis explicitly defined as Jadid discursive production. The findings suggest that Jadidism had a structuring—though contested—role in early Uzbek nation-building by translating global modernist ideas into a locally grounded reform agenda. By analytically systematizing Jadidism’s identity-forming mechanisms, the article contributes to broader debates on nationalism, elite-driven modernization, and identity formation in Central Asia.

The operation of Indonesian schools abroad reflects broader tensions between national identity formation and the cultural forces shaping transnational education. Yet, insufficient attention has been given to how multicultural learning is negotiated in diaspora early childhood settings. This study interrogates the implementation of multicultural education at Sekolah Indonesia Kuala Lumpur (SIKL), examining the mechanisms by which teachers strategically integrate local Malaysian wisdom into the character formation of Indonesian kindergarten students while maintaining core national values. Employing a qualitative case study design, the research draws on participant observation of classroom routines, in-depth interviews with teachers, and systematic document analysis, with data interpreted through the interactive framework of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña to capture processes of cultural mediation. The findings reveal a pedagogical formation conceptualized as blended habituation, in which teachers function as cultural brokers who mediate the dialectical relationship between Indonesian cultural values and Malaysian local wisdom, navigating nuanced sociocultural differences while enabling the coexistence of Indonesian moral frameworks with Malaysian public norms, such as disciplined queuing and regulated collective silence. These dynamics cultivate a functional hybrid identity aligned with the notion of Cross-Cultural Kids (CCKs), positioning transnational early childhood environments as formative sites for cosmopolitan nationalism and underscoring the imperative for diaspora curricula to move beyond preservation toward deliberate cultural accommodation in fostering adaptive competence.

This article presents an integrated application of the research programme A Multi-Level Theory and AI-Supported Pedagogy of Cri- tical Thinking within the domain of history education. Developed through a sequence of interconnected theoretical, methodological, and experimental studies, the programme addresses persistent difficulties in teaching critical thinking while responding to contemporary challenges posed by digitalization, algorithmic mediation, and artificial intelligence in education. The research programme A Multi-Level Theory and AI- Supported Pedagogy of Critical Thinking was elaborated and systematically developed through a series of joint publications by the author and Robert Djidjian, which constitute an essential part of the theoretical foundation of the present study and are included in the reference list. At its theoretical core, the programme proposes a hierarchical model of critical thinking that distinguishes five interrelated levels: the logical level (identification of deductive fallacies), the analytical level (adequate understanding of problems and information), the synthetic level (generation of alternative solutions), the level of conceptual critique (revealing implicit presuppositions), and the level of meta- argumentation (meta-theoretical evaluation of arguments and theories). Central to this framework is the epistemological role of understanding as the foundational cognitive component underlying all higher forms of critical thinking. The article demonstrates how this multi-level model can be operationalized in history education, a discipline inherently grounded in interpretation, source criticism, and narrative construction. Artificial intelligence is introduced not as an epistemic authority, but as a supportive pedagogical tool that enables diagnostic assessment, individualized learning trajectories, and reflective engagement with AI- generated historical content. Particular attention is given to the formation of reflective national identity and the development of algorithmic scepticism in the context of post-truth dynamics.

ABSTRACT This paper argues that the construction of border identity is centered around territory and thus dissimilar to both national identity and minority identity formation in the United States. People living in the border regions, especially in homogeneous Laredo, thrived, nurturing their Mexican cultural heritage within the country as they remained secluded from the political categorizations and negotiations. N.A.F.T.A. transformed the dusty little town into the largest inland port of the country, and the subsequent national spotlight on border issues has ushered in additional layers of control of the southern border. The economic makeover of the border has unleashed a cultural resurgence of identity, one that is fusing the border region to the national political framework. The shift in the connotation of “border,” the accompanying order, and the introduction of the “other” are reshaping the robust border identity in a different direction.

Abstract This study examines the legal, social, and institutional approaches developed for the protection of cultural assets during the founding years of the Republic of Turkey, within a historical context. Following the proclamation of the Republic, the systematic preservation of artifacts inherited from the Ottoman Empire and the institutionalization of museology were directly linked to the modernization process of the newly established nation–state. Cultural assets were considered fundamental components in constructing historical continuity and reinforcing national identity. The laws and regulations enacted in the 1920s and 1930s have been analyzed in detail, as they formed the legal foundation of cultural policies. Within this framework, the study highlights concrete initiatives such as the institutionalization of museology, the inventorying of antiquities, and restoration practices. During this period, cultural policies became an integral part of national identity formation. Legislative reforms and inventory efforts led by the Ministry of Education were supported by academic institutions such as the Turkish Historical Society, the Turkish Institute of Archaeology, and the Faculty of Language, History, and Geography. At the same time, civil organizations like the People’s Houses and the Turkish Touring Club played an active role in connecting cultural heritage with the public. These groups contributed significantly to the identification, promotion, and preservation of historical artifacts. The aim of this study is to emphasize that cultural assets not only reflect traces of the past but also serve as building blocks of modern national identity. It also seeks to assess the level of awareness, the policies implemented, and their societal impacts regarding the protection of cultural heritage in the early Republican period.

The purpose of this study is to identify how Abdul Rahim Salim Kajai’s (1894-1943) concept of Malay national identity shapes the character system in his short stories. The scientific novelty of the study lies in demonstrating for the first time how the author’s political views and ideals shape a specific character system and are conveyed through the images of the heroes. As a result, the study reveals a clear structure within the extensive character system of Kajai’s short stories, grouping the characters based on their commitment to the author’s ideology, while the identified categories of heroes correlate with their ethnic origin. It is emphasized that the writer’s nationalism determined the special role of Malay protagonists in the narrative and predetermined the significance of the issue of Malay national identity. The study established that Kajai uses a clearly structured system of characters in his stories as a tool for conveying his ideas, stimulating Malay audiences to self-reflect and consider their own situation, which speaks to the significance of his works in the context of national identity formation.

This study aims to explore the impact of modern communication technologies on the formation of national identity among young people in Saudi Arabia, focusing on the relationship between usage levels, exposure to foreign content, digital national participation, educational level, and the ability to critically evaluate digital content. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The questionnaire included sections measuring modern communication technology usage, exposure to foreign content, digital national participation, and national identity formation, in addition to collecting demographic information. The research sample consisted of 160 young people aged 18–32 years from diverse educational backgrounds and employment statuses. The results demonstrated strong, statistically significant positive correlations between the level of modern communication technology usage, digital national participation, and national identity formation. Conversely, a statistically significant negative correlation was found between intensive exposure to foreign content and national identity formation. Furthermore, the results indicated that higher educational levels among young people enhance their ability to critically evaluate digital content, thus contributing to the preservation of national identity and the resilience against external cultural influences.

The construction of national identities in post-colonial nations is significantly influenced by political discourse, as political leaders use language to shape and reinforce a sense of collective identity. In this context, Ghana provides a compelling case for examining how grammatical cohesive devices in Independence Day Speeches contribute to national identity formation. This study employs a corpus-based approach, focusing on Ghana’s Independence Day speeches delivered by various presidents from 2010 to 2024, to capture trends across successive administrations. Drawing on Social Identity theory and Theory of Cohesion, this study examines how references to Ghana’s political past, present, and future contribute to the formation of a unified national identity. The findings indicate that demonstratives are the most dominant grammatical cohesive devices employed by Ghanaian presidents. These demonstratives mostly describe events, people and actions pertinent to the national narrative. One noteworthy finding is the use of the additive conjunction ‘and’, which serves a dual function: it links ideas linguistically while also creating contrast within discourse. This dual role enhances the effectiveness of the speeches. These findings highlight the crucial role of cohesive devices in reinforcing a shared national identity and fostering solidarity among the populace.

After the Second World War, Rome became a site of crossing populations, migrations, returns, transitions, and cultural convergence and divergence. Within this fluid landscape, the city’s reconstruction was shaped by transnational flows and the complexities of multilevel governance, with actors operating across international, national and local levels. How did multilevel governance shape decision-making in the reconstruction of war-damaged monuments? How did destruction generate opportunities to redefine heritage beyond the paradigm of loss? This study examines how these interactions influenced both the reconstruction methodologies and the evolving meaning of heritage, highlighting heritage as a form of governance. Drawing on archival sources, visual documentation and focused case studies, this paper demonstrates that tangible reconstruction efforts were closely entwined with the process of national identity formation in the aftermath of trauma and conflict. A consciousness of heritage emerged as a shared international patrimony, understood as belonging to all civilisations and mobilised for fundraising and cultural diplomacy across national borders. This heritage diplomacy illuminates the complex networks of institutions, funding mechanisms and competing notions of sovereignty that have shaped modern conservation and reconstruction. By tracing how cultural entanglements shaped heritage practices, critical insights arise for contemporary debates on post-conflict reconstruction, identity and urban resilience. PRACTICE RELEVANCE Post-war heritage reconstruction was not merely a technical exercise but a driver of political renewal, social cohesion and international collaboration. Lessons from Rome’s experience can guide today’s responses to conflict- and disaster-related heritage loss. Policymakers should establish multilevel governance frameworks that enable coordination between international organisations, national governments and local authorities. Transparent communication and active participation of local communities should be prioritised to ensure legitimacy and shared ownership. Reconstruction efforts should be used as opportunities to advance archaeological research, foster cultural diplomacy and strengthen social ties. Practitioners are encouraged to integrate heritage protection into urban planning and disaster preparedness, ensuring that interventions both safeguard authenticity and accommodate modern urban needs. These actions can help transform crises into opportunities for cultural dialogue and urban resilience in the face of conflict, climate change and other global challenges.

This article aims to negotiate the diasporic identities in exile and their impact on the formation of national identity and self-discovery in Susan Abulhawa's Mornings in Jenin (2010). It sheds light on the forced displacement, fragmentation, alienation, and shattered identity of the forcibly dislocated characters. It also reveals the influence of the Israeli invasion and occupation of Palestine and its devastating consequences on the migratory characters. Moreover, it traces how exile and diaspora narrate mini-personal narratives of catastrophic stories of characters who live in internal and external refugees' camps. In this sense, diaspora is linked to the fracture and disintegration of the identity of Abulhawa's characters away from their homelands. Also, this study focuses on recent themes in Mornings in Jenin that are not thoroughly analysed by previous studies and research, especially the protagonist's transformation, self-discovery and growth. In addition to that, home is used metaphorically to help the diasporic characters to mature and gain self-confidence in their struggle towards achieving decolonisation, autonomy, emancipation and self-determination.

The aim of the study is to analyze the prerequisites for the emergence of mass education in the process of modernization and its functions in shaping and maintaining national culture and identity. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study. The study is based on the concept of modernization, a constructivist approach to the analysis of nationalism, and a comparative-historical method. Research results: the main functions of mass education in the integration of society, the transmission of national culture, and the formation of national identity are shown. The main challenges facing national mass education systems at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries are identified.

The purpose of the work is to identify the main factors in the formation of Turkey’s national identity during the reign of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Research methodology. The research is based on a constructivist approach to the formation of national identity (B. Anderson, E. Gellner), identity theory (P. Bourdieu) and M. Foucault’s concept of power-discourse. The results of the study. National identity in Turkey has not been formed naturally since the formation of the new state but has become a construct formed because of the reformation of public life carried out by Turkish nationalists led by M. K. Ataturk, the ideological basis of which was the concept of «Kemalism». Identity transformation was carried out primarily institutionally, based on legal mechanisms (which fixed the framework for the concept of «Turks»), statistical practices (institutionally fixed the visibility or invisibility of linguistic and religious groups), reformation of the religious sphere (rejection of religious identity, which is decisive in the Ottoman Empire, secularization, reliance on secular regulation of religious life) and language (a new cultural code of Turkish society was created, the language of the nation was standardized). Acting together, these mechanisms, acting on the part of the state, reproduced the new Turkish identity. Research perspectives. The work opens prospects for further study of ideological factors influencing national identity in Turkey in historical retrospect and provides opportunities to assess the transformation of Turkish national identity in the XX–XXI centuries.

ABSTRACT This article places the Deseret alphabet—the Latter-day Saints’ mid-nineteenth-century attempt at orthographic reform—in a broader field of inquiry that explores the role that religious scriptures played in the formation of racial and national identities in the Anglo-American world. Such analysis of the Deseret alphabet also sheds new light onto Anglo-American Christians’ deployment of scriptures to shape Natives and European immigrants into respectable American subjects and citizens, while also excluding African Americans from this people-shaping process. The Deseret alphabet's creators hoped orthographic supersession would not only speed up religious and linguistic restoration but also racial restoration. Latter-day Saints hoped that the new Mormon script, better than the old Roman script, and scriptures would restore (supposedly accursed) non-whites and not-fully whites to the raceless—as in “white”—original human form, uniting diverse Mormon converts into one Mormon people worthy to receive the imminently returning Christ.

The article examines the teachers’ linguistic personality phenomenon in relation to the national (Russian) identity formation. Authors analyzed the main problems of the linguistic personality development in modern conditions; they also described characteristic development deficiencies and substantiated the role of reliance on the national cultural code in the linguistic personality development. The paper considers the concept of "national identity", describes its structure and reveals the conditions and mechanisms of the national identity formation. The essence of linguopsychological resemantization is detailed as a way to promote the linguistic personality development in the context of national culture, which, in turn, is a condition for the teachers’ Russian identity formation.

This article is an attempt at a comprehensive interdisciplinary study focused on reconstructing the formation and transformation of Brazilian national identity through the prism of the evolution of key religious images in poetic discourse over two centuries. Based on an extensive corpus of texts by Brazilian poets from Romanticism to Postmodernism — including both canonical figures (Gonçalves Dias, Machado de Assis, Olavo Bilac) and key representatives of the Afro-Brazilian tradition (Cruz e Sousa, Abdias do Nascimento, Edimilson de Almeida) — the author identified three recurring hallmarks of Brazil’s identity transformation: search for God (in all His manifestations), time and eternity (including through metaphors of the sea and the river), and search for the meaning of life (the concepts of happiness and joy). The research combines historical and cultural analysis, which helps to analyze poetry as a projection of deeper social shifts, with Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics, which is instrumental in interpreting poetic symbols as codes of collective consciousness. The work traces how Brazil’s religious landscape changed over the history, from the establishment of Catholicism as the foundation of nation building in the poetry of the 19th-century Romantic poets to the existential quest and return of Afro-Brazilian religious traditions in modernism, and the polyphony of identities in 20th-century postmodernist poetry. The study of all these stages shows that Brazilian poets have reflected in depth on the changes in the country’s religious life. Moreover, it reveals how multifaceted the mechanisms of nation-building are, and how essential the religious imaginary is to this process.