Ethnic Group Formation Research Articles

A Review of Genetic Diversity Based on the Y Chromosome in the Romanian Population.

Y chromosome analysis is used in a number of practical applications, including investigations of criminal cases, establishment of paternity, searching for missing persons, studies on human migration, evolutionary research, and historical and genealogical investigations. Questions about the origin of individual ethnic groups are addressed not only through archaeological, linguistic, and ethnographic methods but also through molecular genetics methods. The study of genetic diversity in Romania is particularly interesting from several perspectives because Romania, located in Southeast Europe, is distinguished by the fact that the Carpathians and the Danube served as natural barriers against the migrations of peoples for centuries, thus influencing the genetic mixture of the population. This is relevant for understanding the history and formation of ethnic groups in the region. In addition, many ethnic minorities live in Romania, which adds an additional dimension of genetic and cultural diversity. This article aims to provide an updated picture of the genetic diversity in Romania and to highlight the significant studies carried out among the Romanian population. By analyzing the articles published in the Web of Science, Scopus, or PubMed databases, which explore genetic diversity using the Y chromosome, the aim is to better understand the current genetic panorama in Romania.

Urgent Social and Cultural Issues and Attitudes in the European Union Countries

The purpose of the article is to consider the issue of multiculturalism policy in the European Union countries, as well as current socio-cultural problems and attitudes caused by migration and economic and social processes. The study analyses the influence of historical processes on the formation of ethnic groups, which, in the subsequent formation of European countries and their consolidation into the European Union, played and continue to play an essential role in the matter of regional politics. The study confirms that unsuccessful attempts to integrate immigrants into European society led to the aggravation of relations between the native population of European states and immigrants, growth of anti-immigrant sentiments and mass protests of Europeans against the national governments' migration policies.

Current situation and path of foreign minority language protection based on Internet of Things from the perspective of ethnic identity

Ethnic identity is an important reason for national unity. The formation of ethnic groups is mostly due to external and internal reasons, with a complex mechanism structure. When people’s environment is destroyed, this value identity will be stronger, national cohesion and solidarity will grow sharply, an unprecedented high. Minority languages are characterized by a wide variety, cultural generation, and dynamic evolution. The languages are complex and diverse, and are deeply influenced by their cultural heritage. This has led to the fact that for a long time, minority languages have been learned almost exclusively by people of their own ethnic group. This has led to a steady decline in the number of minority language speakers. However, the birth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has created an opportunity for the development of minority languages. Foreign minority languages have the following status (1) rapid decline (2) many endangered languages (3) low willingness to learn. In order to further investigate the current situation of minority language protection, the team conducted a survey in the minority cluster A. The results of the survey are as follows: most of the villagers are in love with the ethnic language and must inherit and promote the ethnic language, which is the wealth of a nation, but there are also a few residents who think that Mandarin should be used to replace the ethnic language. This reflects that most of the residents love the national language, but their young people as the inherited generation lose their love for the national language and are not willing to inherit and promote it. To solve this problem, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based ethnic language data system has been constructed so that the data system for ethnic minority language protection built through IoT technology can become the last line of defense for protecting ethnic languages, while allowing ethnic languages to be known and understood by more people through IoT technology, fostering the love and reverence of ethnic minority people for ethnic languages, and enhancing other ethnic groups’ sense of identity and support for ethnic languages. We propose to protect minority languages. Ultimately, we propose recommendations for the preservation of minority languages. (1) Increase publicity for minority language preservation. (2) Construct laws and regulations related to minority language protection. (3) Conduct in-depth research on minority language work and build an information base. (4) Promote minority language education.

Ethnic Identity in Social and Political Domains: A New Conceptual Model

In this paper, I attempt to build on and improve a significant conceptual innovation, made by Rogers Brubaker, between the terms ethnic category and ethnic group. This conceptual distinction problematizes groupist approaches and takes ethnic groupness as a variable to explore processes and dynamics of ethnic group formation. In this study, I improve and develop Brubaker’s conceptual distinction in two ways. First, I propose indicators for measuring ethnic category and ethnic group in the phenomenal world. Second, I develop a conceptual model based on the aforementioned conceptual distinction. I propose that ethnic identity can take four forms on the bases of how ethnic category members perform their ethnic identities in social and political domains: (1) socially and politically active ethnic identity, (2) socially active but politically dormant ethnic identity, (3) socially dormant but politically active ethnic identity, (4) socially and politically dormant ethnic identity. I suggest that these identity forms help us better understand the implications of the terms ethnic category and ethnic group at individual level by applying it to the Kurdish case in Turkey.

THE IMAGE OF FEEDING IN THE MIRROR OF ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN PHRASEOLOGY. Article 2

The article continues the series of publications devoted to the phraseological presentation of the image of food in English and Ukrainian. From the phraseological dictionaries of each language, a general sample of gustatory idioms was singled out, all of them implement cognitive models: (a) SOMEONE CONSUMES SOMETHING (IN SOME WAY) and (b) SOMEONE FEEDS SOMETHING (TO SOMEONE). In the previous article, took place the comparative analysis of phraseological units (PUs), which describe the component food, (a) what is consumed (eaten or drunk) and (b) what is fed, in the phraseological units of two unrelated languages. At the present stage of the study, FUs were considered, which reflect the factually primary stage of process (b): SOMEONE FEEDS SOMETHING (TO SOMEONE). At the same time, the action FEED was split into two substages: cooking and feeding. The analyzed sample equals 144 English FUs and 107 Ukrainian FUs, which were extracted from the phraseological dictionaries of these two languages. Our goal was to show how such processes are perceived and figuratively transformed in each of the ethnic communities: what unites them and what distinguishes them. Common to both cultures was a very small share of the analyzed units (5 FUs). Instead, significant differences were found in the lexical content and figurative transformation of the studied phraseology, which are mainly due to the cultural peculiarities of the formation and development of English-speaking and Ukrainian-speaking ethnic groups. Negative evaluations of actions between people, figuratively reflected in the FUs of each language, indicate a personally oriented axis of hostility among members of the Ukrainian community as opposed to socially unacceptable practices in the Anglo-Saxon community (quarrel, beat someone VS forge accounting documents, deceive business partner). Ukrainians are also characterized by an acute rejection of insincerity in human relations (9 FUs), the English-language sample does not contain any such units.

НАУЧНО-ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПОНЯТИЯ «ЭТНИЧЕСКАЯ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ» В МИРОВОЙ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПАРАДИГМЕ

The article analyzes the approaches to the content and structure of ethnic identity, the author’s definition of ethnic identity in the context of the socio-psychological approach, clarification based on conceptual and theoretical analysis of the structure of ethnic identity, clarification of the relationship of ethnic identity with ethnic consciousness, interethnic tolerance, the characteristics of the civil position of the individual. Background. Ethnic identity is not identical to the more widely used concepts of nationality and citizenship, but acts as a powerful factor in the formation and cohesion of ethnic groups and their social ties. Moreover, it is ethnic identity that mediates the cohesion of ethnic groups and the readiness of their representatives to protect the interests of ethnic groups and defend their integrity. Therefore, the formed ethnic identity is an important condition for the preservation of multi-ethnicity and multipolarity of the modern world, and the explicit manifestations of this identity are an important condition for the formation of favorable inter-ethnic relations and reduction of inter-ethnic tensions. In this article the problems of ethnic identity are studied from the perspective of social psychology, which allows one to actualize its special context and pay attention to socio-psychological determinants of the formation and maintenance of ethnic identity and ethnic self-consciousness, which is especially important for the sustainable development of society and country in times of crisis. Conclusions. The author proposed a definition of ethnic identity in the context of the socio-psychological approach as a dynamic and multidimensional formation, which characterizes the feeling (implicit component) and awareness (explicit component) of a person as a member of a particular ethnic group/community. On the basis of conceptual and theoretical analysis the socio-psychological structure of ethnic identity was clarified and the relationship of ethnic identity with ethnic self-consciousness, inter-ethnic tolerance, the characteristics of the civil position of the individual was found.

Историко-географическая периодизация процесса освоения ландшафтов Крымского полуострова в древнейшую эпоху и средневековье

There are several approaches to the process of studying the history of the formation of ethnic groups in the region, in particular, the historical-socio-geographical one, in which the influence of the natural (landscape-paleogeographical) factor on the processes of development and settlement of the territory is considered in a retrospective aspect. The purpose of the study is to show the need to take into account the historical process of territory development, i.e. conducting a retrospective analysis in assessing the landscape-ethnographic situation. Along with natural methods, archaeological methods are used (excavations, stratigraphy of cultural layers, methods of absolute dating, metallography) and historical and sociocultural (historical sections, diachronic, comparative). Comprehensive historical and geographical information is necessary for almost any geographical research. The spatial and temporal basis of the regions provides for the creation of an information database (history of landscape development during the existence of man, in particular, changes in nature management practices) and includes the obligatory historical and geographical analysis and synthesis of the region, carried out by studying event processes and their consequences. As a result, a historical-geographical periodization is created, which makes it possible to study the relationships in the “landscape–ethnos–nature use” system over historical time and determine the dynamics of the formation of the ethnic picture of the region. In the course of the study, the following periods of development of the landscapes of the Crimean Peninsula were identified: the Late Bronze Age, the Early Iron Age, antiquity and the Middle Ages. The synthesis of the obtained information makes it possible to create schemes of historical-geographical zoning into multi-temporal slices. The results obtained will make it possible to trace the continuity of the cores of the formation of ethnic communities, models of their settlement systems, schemes of migration processes for various time slices. The practical significance of the project lies in the creation of a series of electronic maps of the change in the ethnographic situation of the Crimean peninsula during human development, which will be completed with an integral geographic information system.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ ОСНОВА СОВРЕМЕННОГО ЭТНОКУЛЬТУРНОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ НОГАЙЦЕВ АСТРАХАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the historical basis of the modern ethnocultural Noghay’s movement in the Astrakhan region. The issue of the formation of ethnic groups of the Astrakhan Noghays, their nowadays activities to revive traditions and preserve their native language are considered. Attention is drawn to the fact that the origins of the development of social activities in the direction of ethnocultural revival were laid back in the late 19th and early 20th centuries thanks to the activities of A. Umerov, A. Dzhanibekov and others. The role of interaction between representatives of the Astrakhan Noghays and the Noghays of the North Caucasus, in particular, Dagestan, is noted in matters of ethnocultural development.

Religious Revival as Basis of the Modern Kryashen National Movement

The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of the religious factor in the development of the sub-ethnic national movement studying the case of the Kryashens. The study is based on Jose Casanova’s concept of the religious revival. Following Casanova, the author assumes that religious identity can become the basis of an ethnic identity only if religion transforms from a state-oriented institution into an institution oriented towards the society and actively participating in its improvement. At the same time, revealing the dynamic nature of the formation of the (sub)ethnic groups, the author relies on the ethnosymbolic concept of John Hutchinson, which focuses on the importance of the ethnically significant symbols. In the case of the Kryashens a religious marker represents such a symbol. The article examines in detail two stages of the Kryashens’ religious revival. The first stage occurred in the second half of the 19th century and was associated primarily with the missionary activity of Nikolay Ilminsky. The second stage started in 1989 and continues today. The research carried out by the author lends unequivocal support to the idea that religion played a key role in the formation of an original Kryashen ethno-cultural identity. At the same time, it shows that within Kryashens’ religiosity the vector is directed from society to religion rather than from religion to society. Their religious identity is instrumental. However, although there are very few ultra-religious people in the Kryashen community and most of the Kryashens are secularized, religion remains one of the most important markers of their ethnic identity.

ЭТНОЯЗЫКОВЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В ВОЛГО-УРАЛЬСКОМ МАКРОРЕГИОНЕ РОССИИ В XX ВЕКЕ (на примере Башкортостана и Татарстана)

The article analyzes the ethno-linguistic processes in Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, as the key republics of the Volga-Ural macro-region, developing during the twentieth century. The author comes to the conclusion that the Volga-Ural macroregion occupies a special place in the system of ethnonational relations in Russia, since this territory has been, since the very beginning of the modern era of mankind, a zone of intensive interaction of Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Slavic ethno-linguistic groups. By the beginning of the XX century, the ethno-linguistic picture of this macroregion stabilized and led to the formation of numerous ethnic groups, which gradually developed into ethnonations that are “autochthonous” formations. During the XX century, the territory of this macroregion underwent fundamental ethno-linguistic changes caused by the most diverse and deep settlement, socio-economic and socio-political processes that shook our country during this period. A special role was played by the development of bilingualism, which developed very rapidly in the direction of national-Russian bilingualism, reaching by the end of the century from 97 to 99 % of the non-Russian population of the macroregion. Russian Russian-national bilingualism has not developed at all, making up a little more than a percent of the number of Russians living in this territory, and over the past fifteen years, after a small surge, it has again declined.

IDENTITY AS A SOCIOCULTURAL FACTOR AND A SOURCE OF MODERN ETHNIC CONFLICTS

Ethnic conflict as a destructive phenomenon of modern human civilization is the object of the study. The specific subject under examination is identity that presents one of the characteristic foundations of an ethnic group. The research goal identified by the authors is to conduct an analysis of the identities of the ethnic groups of India, Middle East, and African and European countries to identify their characteristic features and sources, as well as examine them as a sociocultural factor in the system of ethnic conflict origin and development. The theoretical basis is composed of a set of scientific papers examining the process of the formation of ethnic groups and conflicts, sociological survey results, and statistical data. The methodological foundation of the study is formed by the retrospective analysis of scientific works revealing the process of ethnic group formation and the systematic approach that allowed identifying and justifying the role of identity in the genesis of ethnic groups and the structure of modern ethnic conflicts. The epistemological potential of statistical and sociological methods of quantitative and qualitative research made it possible to adequately interpret the current scientific research results regarding the hypothesis proposed by the authors. The novelty of the study and its results are determined by the original approach towards identifying the characteristic features of identity and studying its systemic relationships with the nature of modern ethnic conflicts. The results acquired in the course of the study support the conclusion that identity plays a significant role in the process of ethnic group formation, is closely intertwined with other characteristics of ethnos, and contains a specific structure of elements classified by the authors into three groups. In the context of the formation of dangers and threats to the identity, the ethnic group takes comprehensive action to counter it, which ultimately leads to the emergence and development of the ethnic conflict.

이스라엘 유대인사회의 종족성과 정체성 -‘예멘 유대인’의 사례를 중심으로

This article examines the formation of ethnic group and identities in Jewish Israeli society, drawing the case of Yemenite Jews in Rehovoth. Since the establishment of State of Israel in 1948, there have been mass immigrations from all over the world, particularly from Muslim countries. Faced with the task of integrating different groups into a new Israeli Jew, the Israeli government attempted to legitimize the Zionist ideal of Judaization and De-Arabization. In the course of nation-building project, early Jewish European settlers attempted to distinguish themselves from Jews from Muslim countries, labelling them as Mizrahim. Those immigrants from MENA confronted with social discrimination, especially in housing, education, and employment. While such ethnic discrimination initiated the consciousness of ethno-class among MENA Jews, Yemenite Jews have formed an ethnic identity as a counter-collective against the Israeli mainstream society. The immigration of Yemenite Jews began in the beginning of 20th century when they were recruited as manual labor for Zionist settlers. In Rehovoth Yemenites built their own society based on their residential neighborhoods. Although different Yemenites groups there have formed separated communities based on their place of origin in Yemen and their residential place over several decades, Yemenite identity as a homogenous group has formed in response to resist against the oppressive control of bureaucratic administration and racial discrimination. While political ethnicity has been used to negotiate rights and equality among the Yemenites, the Yemenite identity also has been shaped and reproduced through their everyday experiences in relation with wider society. Notably, the ethnic category is being reinforced in a new form of cultural ethnicity. Although the ‘Levant’ culture that Yemenite Jews brought with them was officially subject to be deleted from the Euro-centric and Zionist norms, Yemenite Jews utilize their cultural elements to reinforce their ethnic identity as ‘Yemenites’. Significantly, the identities of Israeli and Jewish nation are intersected with Yemenite ethnic identity.

Impact of ethno-cultural component on the development of agricultural land use of Russian Germans living in the Altai Territory

The scientific interest in the problems of ethnicity and the ethnic culture is reasoned by the process of globalization and the development of intercultural communications. The studies of ethnic groups and cultures are extremely relevant in connection with the formation of ethnic groups at different levels of development, of intra-ethnic cultural differences, including territorial ones, as well as inter-ethnic cultural similarities. The transformation of ethnic culture occurs under the influence of various factors, including geographic location, landscape, and neighborhood with other ethnic groups, mutual compliance. Global political and economic changes influence the ethno-cultural differentiation. The article analyzes the current sociocultural situation in rural areas with compact residence of the Russian Germans in the Altai Territory, discusses the factors influencing the development of the ethno-cultural component.

Ethnogenesis and Statelessness

The process of ethnogenesis (i.e. the formation of new ethnic groups) can be considered equivalent to the production of governance goods in situation of statelessness. The process of ethnogenesis is a response to the problem of social distance between heterogeneous groups which is a barrier to trade. As an investment in governance, ethnogenesis reduces this trade barrier and expands the scope for specialization. To argue the case, this paper relies on two examples of peaceful and productive relations between Native Indians and European settlers in Canada before the mid-19th century. The emergence of hybrid cultural groups and identities fostered peaceful relations and permitted trade to occur in borderlands areas where state rule was virtually nonexistent. This in turn facilitated the transatlantic fur trade. Both these examples suggest that cultural processes can be endogenous responses to the production of governance.

PROCESSES OF DISINTEGRATION AND THE CRISIS OF CIVILIZATION IN THE TURKIC WORLD (16-th – 19-th centuries)

Scantily explored problem of crisis and disintegration in the Turkic world of late medieval period is studied in the article. It is necessary to indicate the climatic, economic, geopolitical and other factors of the disintegration of cultural and civilizational space of the Turks to the new time. As a part of the Muslim East, the Turkic world of Eurasia lagged behind in civilization development compared the European countries. The characteristic features of Turkic history of late medieval period are the growth of internal military conflicts, frequent migrations, decline of the economy, increasing disintegration of the Turkic civilization system and isolation of previous connected ethnic communities. There was deep crisis and decline of Eurasian nomadism in a new era. It is determined that Russia and China pursued expansionist policies and supported ethnic separatism of Turkic peoples. Despite present attempts of some scholars to explain Russian colonialism through Frontier Thesis of F.Terner, the policy of Tsarism in the East had serious differences and was reactionary. So mass uprisings against tsarism broke out in the territory of Kazakhstan and other parts of Turkic Eurasia. The authors consider that at the same time the formation of separate ethnic groups and national languages in the late Turkic history partly reflected objective challenges and trends of Global history. In Kazakh historical memory one can see evidences in favor of common Turkic identity.

The problem of the settlement of the mountainous area of the Ukrainian Carpathians: contradictions of methodological approaches and interpretations

The most controversial questions in research of settlement problems of the Ukrainian Carpathians are settling time, the role of different migratory movements and ethnic composition of immigrants. Historical records show that until the XIII century there was not an overall network of settlements in the mountainous areas of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Nevertheless, on the eve of that time, the Ukrainians quite rapidly adjusted directly to the foothills, Transcarpathian ways, they created defensive points in the highlands and carried out various nature use. Considering the socio-economic and security needs of the population of ancient foothill areas main migratory movement coming from the plains to mountain rivers flow to their origins, including the territory of Transcarpathia and Carpathian and Volyn and Podillya. The similarity place names on both sides of the Carpathians Ukrainian Transcarpathian confirm the influence of colonization movements that have left their traces in the mountains. Various historical and ethnographic artifacts indicate an important role in the settlement of the Carpathian mountain region south of colonization, i.e. relocation to the region population from the territory on the border of the middle and lower Danube, historic Transylvania and Moldova during the XIII-XVI centuries, which in the Commonwealth and some other states politically identified as “land Wlachs”. The main component of ethnic-social colonization was humanity southern Slavic-Rusyn origin. Settling mountain areas of Ukrainian Carpathians influenced the formation of the social structure of Ukrainian society, particularly on the spread of Ukrainian gentry, which was originally founding villages and their families. Value of different groups of immigrants from the south, north, west and east, as well as instituting the characteristics of the traditional economy and traditional culture under various environmental conditions and led to the formation of ethnic groups of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Boyko, Lemko, Hutsuls). Key words: settlement of the Ukrainian Carpathians, South colonization, Ukrainian ethnographic groups, toponymy of the Ukrainian Carpathians, Transcarpathian relocation.

Sounds of disadvantage: Musical taste and the origins of ethnic difference

According to Weber, shared cultural differences are fundamental to the formation and identification of ethnic groups. Yet, the origins and trajectory of these differences are rarely interrogated by sociologists of culture. Where do ethnic differences in culture come from and why do some persist while others fade? To address these questions, I bring into focus an ethnic group whose cultural distinctiveness is hotly debated in the U.S. but rarely examined by sociologists of culture: Mexican immigrants and their U.S.-born descendants. Using data from the 2002 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts and the Mexican American Study Project II, I measure differences in musical preference between Mexican-origin and non-Hispanic black and white Americans, and I test four key mechanisms to account for the ethnic differences I observe: nativity, socioeconomic status, ethnic concentration, and ethnic discrimination. I find that Mexican Americans exhibit a wide array of differences in taste that diminish but still persist after the first generation. While some of these differences are tied to experiences of ethnic isolation and discrimination, the majority are attributable to differences in socioeconomic status. This distinguishes the case of Mexican Americans from that of U.S. blacks, for whom racial disadvantage far outweighs socioeconomic difference in accounting for differences in taste. Genre status also plays a key role in determining where ethnic differences in taste persist and where they fade.

‘Don’t discriminate against minority nationalities’: practicing Tibetan ethnicity on social media

Through an analysis of popular posts Tibetans shared over the social media application WeChat in 2013 and 2014 and offline discussions about them, this paper shows how Tibetans living in and traveling through Xining City practiced and performed their ethnic identity in the face of perceived harassment. Through their viral posts, they created a cyber-community that contributed to Tibetan ethnic group formation when Tibetans interpreted their ethnic identity as the basis for unjust treatment by the Chinese state and private Han individuals. In online posts the Han are portrayed as harassing Tibetans after terror attacks across China, violating minzu rights, denigrating Tibetan culture and territory, and denying Tibetans equal footing as modern compatriots. Social media are changing the ‘representational politics’ of Tibetan ethnicity, altering participation in the representation of the Tibetan ethnic group. Still, online discourse remains subject to constraints; private offline discussions remain important fora of opinion exchange.

Этнодиаспора между властями двух государств

Strengthening of world nations merging together within
 existing states happens along withthe formation of ethnic groups.
 These foreign parts of nations form for various reasons, but independently
 the associations of members of these groups have to be
 in a relationship with a native country as well as with the citizens
 of their country of resettlement. Self-governing bodies of the Diaspora,
 authorities of native state and of the state of residence form a triangular
 system, where each side holds friendliness, or hostility, or
 indifference. Three components with three different attitudes form
 different combinations, knowledge and consideration of which in
 certain cases obtain political significance. Some views are independent
 of those parties. Some are managed, generated. They are affected
 by international relations in the world. Variability may Not
 be excluded. All this is a subject for clarification in specific studies
 of selected nations and their diaspora, selected countries. The
 fundamental consideration of the positions of the Diaspora inbetween
 the authorities of the two countries ismethodologically
 valuable.

Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 16th–18th Centuries: The Formation and Disappearance of an Ethnic Group. By Peter Paul Bajer. Pp. xxviii, 588. ISBN: 9789004212473. Leiden: Brill, 2012. €161.00.

<i>Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 16th–18th Centuries: The Formation and Disappearance of an Ethnic Group.</i> By Peter Paul Bajer. Pp. xxviii, 588. ISBN: 9789004212473. Leiden: Brill, 2012. €161.00.