Formalin-induced Hind Paw Edema Research Articles

Anti –Inflammatory Effect of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Urtica pilulifera L. Seed in Rats

Wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory ailments, side effects of their available therapies and incomplete treatment of such patients push the researches to find new and more effective drugs. To reach this aim, in the current study, we evaluate Urtica pilulifera L. (family Urticaceae) as an introduced traditional herb for treatment of inflammation in Persian Medicine (PM). In an animal study, Anti-inflammatory effects of U. pilulifera were assessed in formalin-induced hind paw edema in rats. Sodium salicylate (300 mg/kg, i.p., SS) injection was used as a positive control drug and compared with methanolic extract of U. pilulifera (20 mg/kg; i.p.) (MUP), three different doses of aqueous extract of U. pilulifera (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg; i.p.) (AUP) and a group of distilled water (6 mL/kg; i.p.). As acute anti-inflammatory effect, AUP in doses 40 and 80 mg/kg decreased edema significantly (p<0.05). In chronic anti-inflammatory response, results indicated that all AUP doses had anti-inflammatory effects (p <0.05) with no significant difference with SS group. In conclusion, AUP had anti-inflammatory effects on both acute and chronic edema; while MUP was only effective in chronic inflammation.

Potential pharmacological properties of methanol leaves extract of Culcasia Angolensis (Araceae): antinociceptive, antiinflammatory and antipyretic activities in laboratory animals

BackgroundPain, inflammation and fever are serious conditions that are associated with various disease conditions. In modern medicine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids together with corticosteroids have been considered to manage algesia and inflammation-related conditions. However, these conventional drugs are not affordable, not readily available, particularly to people living in rural areas in developing nations. Besides, they are associated with undesirable pharmacological actions. Generally, medicinal plants have been employed to manage various ailments. In Northern-Nigeria, the leaves of Culcasia angolensis (Araceae) are used traditionally to manage pain, fever and inflammation. However, scientific data validating its folkloric claim in treating pain and inflammatory-related abnormalities are not available. Hence, the current study aims to validate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic potentials of the methanol leaf extract of Culcasia angolensis (MECA). Phytochemical and acute toxicity effects of the MECA were conducted as per standard experimental procedures. The analgesic potential of the MECA was determined using abdominal writhing elicited by acetic acid and hot plate tests in mice. The actions of the MECA on acute inflammation were conducted using formalin-induced hind paw oedema and carrageenan-induced paw oedema. The Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia was employed to check its antipyretic effect.ResultsThe MECA inhibited abdominal writhes produced by acetic acid administration (p < 0.05) and elevated the pain threshold in the hot plate test. The MECA also reduced the formalin-induced paw oedema. Besides, it produced an effective (p < 0.05) and dose-dependent action against oedema produced by carrageenan and reduced the rectal temperature against the pyrexia caused by Brewer's yeast administration.ConclusionsThe outcome of the study suggests that the MECA could possess pharmacologically active constituents with antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Therefore, the results justified its ethnomedicinal use to manage pain and inflammatory-associated conditions.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE EFFECT OF COXIBS ON THE CERULOPLASMIN LEVEL IN RAT SERUM ON THE FORMALIN-INDUCED EDEMA MODEL

The aim: To estimate anti-inflammatory action of coxibs (3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-phenyl-2H-furan-5-one, 2,3,5,6-tetradeuterio-4-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl) pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide) compared to reference drug - 2-[(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic acid sodium salt. Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory effect of studied substances was investigated using the ceruloplasmin test as serum ceruloplasmin is a routinely investigated biochemical index. Formalin-induced hind paw edema was used as the most commonly used animal model to simulate acute inflammation. 3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-phe¬nyl-2H-furan-5-one (1.5 mg/kg) and celecoxib (5 mg/kg) were administrated intragastrically in 4 hours after induction of inflammation with formalin. The ceruloplasmin level in the serum was investigated using the Ravin's method. Results: The levels of serum ceruloplasmin under conditions of formalin edema was 3.11 ± 0.02 μmol/L, that is 2.5 times greater than in intact animals. It was shown that at the injection of 3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-phenyl-2H-furan-5-one serum сeruloplasmin level demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in comparison with formalin edema. There is no statistically significant difference between groups. 3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-phenyl-2H-furan-5-one affected the serum ceruloplasmin levels in rats under the conditions of formalin edema effectively. 2,3,5,6-tetradeuterio-4-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide had only tendency to decrease the inflammatory marker ceruloplasmin in serum of rats in reference to formalin edema. Conclusions: Results of biochemical research of the effect of coxibs on the serum ceruloplasmin level in rats show that 3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-phenyl-2H-furan-5-one has marked anti-inflammatory activity while 2,3,5,6-tetradeuterio-4-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide has only tendency to decrease the inflammatory marker ceruloplasmin in serum of rats.

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Evaluation of Parinari curatellifolia Methanol Leaf Extract on Albino Rats

Aim: This research was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Parinari curatellifolia methanol leaf extract in albino rats.&#x0D; Methodology: Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. Anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was done using egg albumin and formalin induced hind paw edema model. Analgesic effect was evaluated using hot plate induced pain and acetic acid induced writhing test. For each model twenty (20) rats were used, divided into five (5) groups of four (4) rats each.&#x0D; Results: Parinari curatellifolia revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenols while steroids, anthraquinone, terpenoids and glycoside were not detected. For the egg albumin induced inflammation, the group treated with the standard drug (indomethacin) and the group that received the highest dose of the extract were significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) than all the other groups with percentage inhibitions at 25.56% and 24.44% respectively there was no significant difference (P&gt;0.05). For the formalin induced anti-inflammatory activity, at the 1st hour, the normal control group had its paw volume significantly different (P&lt;0.05) from the treated groups. This trend was observed at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th hour. The hot plate method results revealed significant increased (P&lt;0.05) in the analgesic activity of PCMLE at 400mg/kg body weight and the drug treated group when the control was compared with the treated groups with percentage inhibition of 34.32% and 52.94% respectively. The acetic acid induced writhing test revealed that the extract at the three doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) percentage inhibition of 32.31%, 36.92% and 47.69%, respectively compared to negative control.&#x0D; Conclusion: This justifies the use of Parinari curatellifolia locally in the management of pain and inflammation.

ANALGESIC EFFECT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF BOSWELLIA DALZIELII (BURSERACEAE) STEM BARK

Objective: To evaluate the analgesic effect and anti-inflammatory properties of Boswellia dalzielii (Burseraceae), a medicinal plant commonly used in northern Nigeria as an anti-diarrhoeal, antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.Methods: Three doses (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) of the crude aqueous extract of Boswellia dalzielii were evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin-induced nociception and formalin-induced hind paw oedema in rats. The acute oral toxicity was carried out using the up and down procedure as described by the OECD guidelines.Results: All doses (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) of the extract tested were effective against acetic acid induced abdominal constrictions producing a percentage inhibition of (55.43, 69.56 and 71.73%) respectively. A percentage inhibition of the formalin-induced nociception of (7.31, 31.70 and 48.78%-early phase) and (12.82, 21.79 and 48.71%-late phase) respectively was also produced. For the acetic acid writhing test, the percentage inhibition obtained at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg (69.56 and 71.73%) were higher than that of the standard drug (Piroxicam, 10 mg/kg) (59.78%). For formalin-induced nociception, the test extract at 100 mg/kg showed a higher percentage inhibition compared to Piroxicam, in early (48.78 and 43.90%) and late phase (48.71 and 39.74 %) respectively. The extract, however, did not show a significant activity against formalin-induced paw oedema at all the doses used.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that Boswellia dalzielii has significant analgesic properties comparable to that of the standard drug (10% Piroxicam), thus validating the traditional claim of its antinociceptive property.

Pain &amp; Inflammation: Effects of short term daily adminstration of Vitamin B12 &amp; Folic acid in long evans rats

Background : Vitamin B12 &amp; Folic acid (FA) are used with other B vitamins to relieve various painful and inflammatory conditions. But combined effects of vitamin B12 &amp; FA on nociceptive pain, inflammatory pain and inflammation are yet to be clearly demonstrated.Objective: To assess the effectiveness of short term daily administration of B12 &amp; FA on reducing pain and inflammation.Methods: This prospective experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka from 1st January 2011 to 30th June 2012. For this purpose, 12 male Long Evans rats, weighing 200 to 250 grams were collected from the animal house of BIRDEM, Shahabag, Dhaka. All the rats received a daily intraperitoneal injection of either combination of B12 (15mg/kg) &amp; FA (5mg/kg) or equal volume of normal saline for 7 consecutive days. To evaluate the effects on pain, tail immersion test for nociceptive pain and formalin test for nociceptive &amp; inflammatory pain were done. In addition, to evaluate their effects on inflammation formalin induced hind paw oedema was measured.Results: Combination of B12 &amp; FA Supplementation significantly lowered the variables for inflammatory pain &amp; inflammation.Conclusion: This study revealed that, combined short term daily supplementation of B12 &amp; FA is effective in lowering inflammatory pain &amp; inflammation.Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2016; 4 (1): 33-37

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous leafextract of &lt;i&gt;Combretum micranthumg&lt;/i&gt;. Don (&lt;i&gt;Combretaceae&lt;/i&gt;)

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Combretum micranthum were studied in mice and rats. The extract was screened for analgesic activity; using acetic acid induced writhing in mice and formalin induced paw licking test in rats. Anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using formalin induced hind paw oedema in rats. Results showed that, at a dose of 200 mg/kg the extract significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced the number of abdominal constrictions in mice and at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, the extract significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced the licking time in rats in the formalin induced paw licking test. The extract at doses of 50,100 and 200 mg/kg significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced hind paw oedema in rats from the first hour of formalin administration. The intraperitoneal LD50 value of the extract was found to be 2,154.1mg/kgin mice and 2,852.l mg/kg in rats. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant extract may probably be due to the presence of phytochemical contents.Keywords: Combrentum micranthum, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Mice, Rats.

Chemical constituents and biological investigations of the aerial parts of Egyptian Clerodendrum inerme

B-friedoolean-5-ene-3-β-ol (1), β-sitosterol (2), stigmasta-5,22,25-trien-3-β-ol (3), betulinic acid (4), and 5-hydroxy-6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Clerodendrum inerme L. (Verbenaceae). Their structures were established based on analyses of physical and spectroscopic data. Compounds 1, 4, and 5 were isolated for the first time from the plant. C. inerme L. was known as a rich source of terpenes, sterols, and phenolic compounds, so the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated. The total methanolic extract (TME) and compound 5 showed scavenging activity with maximum inhibition of 61.84% for TME (100μg/mL) and 37.19% for 5 (20μM), respectively, using DPPH assay. In addition, the TME exhibited anti-inflammatory activity more than indomethacin at dose 200mg/kg using the formalin induced hind paw edema method.

Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ethanol Extract of Bryophyllum Pinnatum Laboratory Animals

The ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum was investigated for possible anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in mice and rats was carried out using acetic acid-induced abdominal contractions in mice and formalin-induced hind paw edema in rats. . Three doses of the extract (50, 100, and 200mg/kg body weight) were used intraperitoneally for both anti-nociceptive and anti- inflammatory studies. There was a significant effect (P<0.05) for the anti-nociceptive study, the highest activity resides at the lowest dose 50mg/kg body weight of the extract, while for the anti-inflammatory study (P<0.05) the activity resides more at the dose of 100mg/kg. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presences of alkaloid, triterpenoid, saponin, glycerin, flavonoid,, glycerin and steroid. The intraperitoneal LD50 is 774 mg/kg body weight in mice. The results support the local use of the plant in painful and inflammatory condition..

Analgesic effects and anti-inflammatory properties of the crude methanolic extract of Schwenckia americana Linn (Solanaceae)

To evaluate analgesic effect and anti-inflammatory properties of Schwenckia americana (Solanaceae), a medicinal plant used for treating rheumatic pains and swelling in North-western Nigeria. Three doses (25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg) of the crude methanolic extract of Schwenkia americana were evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities using acetic acid induced writhing test, formalin induced nociception, and formalin induced hind paw oedema in rats. All doses (25, 50, 100mg/kg) of the extract tested were effective. The extract at the tested doses produced a percentage inhibition of the acetic acid induced abdominal constriction of (53.3, 58.0 and 86.7%), respectively. A percentage inhibition of the formalin induced nociception of 44.00, 56.04, and 56.04% (early phase) and 33.00, 36.63 and 59.71% (late phase) was also produced. The inhibition of oedema formation increased with increasing dosage from 25 to 100mg/kg. The crude extract produced a statistically significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the effect of standard drug (10mg/kg Piroxicam). This study demonstrated the potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of crude methanolic extract of Schwenkia americana thus justifying its traditional usage.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Urtica pilulifera l. seeds extracts in the rat

Urtica pilulifera l. seeds extracts (Decocted and Methanolic extracts) have anti-inflammatory effects. In an experimental-interventional study, Anti-inflammatory effects of Urtica pilulifera l. (UPL), a Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) plant, were examined with formalin-induced hind paw edema model in the rat. Sodium salicylate (S.S) injection (300 mg/kg; IP) was used as a positive control group and was put to comparison with methanolic extract of UPL (20 mg/kg; IP), three doses of decocted extract of UPL (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg; IP) and a group of distilled water (6 ml/kg; IP). The differences were estimated by means of one-way ANOVA followed by LSD test for acute anti-inflammatory studies (One hour after formalin injection), and by means of Student's unpaired t-test for the chronic studies (Day one to day seven edema surveys). In Acute anti-inflammatory studies, two doses of decocted UPL extract (40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg) and S.S group had anti-inflammatory effects (p-value

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of syzygium aromaticum flower bud in Wistar rats and mice.

The ethanol extracts of Syzygium aromaticum flower bud were tested for anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in mice and Wistar rats which were carried out using acetic acid-induced abdominal contractions in mice and formalin-induced hind paw edema in Wistar rats. Three doses of the ethanol extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight i.p.) were used for both studies. The extract had an LD(50) of 565.7 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally in mice. The extracts produced significant effect (P<0.05) at all the three doses. Similarly, the anti-nociceptive activity produced significant effects (P<0.05) at all the three doses of the extract. The result supports the local use of the plant in painful and inflammatory conditions.

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum (Labiate) in rodents.

The aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum was investigated for anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in mice and rats. The models used to study the effect on nociception are the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test, hot-plate method in mice. The anti-inflammatory effect was investigated employing the formalin-induced hind-paw oedema in rats. The extract caused a significant (p<0.05), dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate method. The extract also exhibited anti-inflammatory effect which was significant (P<0.001) at all the three doses. The intraperitoneal LD(50) value of the extract was 1264.9 mg/kg body weight in mice. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The results suggest the extract contained pharmacologically active principles, and supports the local application of the plant in painful and inflammatory conditions.

Evidence for participation of B1 and B2 kinin receptors in formalin-induced nociceptive response in the mouse.

1. This study was designed to investigate the role of bradykinin (BK), as well as the subtype of BK receptors involved, in formalin-induced hindpaw pain in the mouse by use of selective B1 and B2 receptor antagonists. In addition, we have analysed whether or not BK may be involved in formalin-induced hindpaw oedema in the mouse. 2. The pretreatment of animals with captopril (2 and 5 mg kg-1, s.c.) significantly increase the first and the second phases of formalin-induced pain. 3. Co-injection of the selective B1 receptor antagonist des-Arg9[Leu8]-BK (0.2-0.4 nmol/paw), together with formalin, caused graded and similar inhibitions of both phases of formalin-induced pain. Similar results were obtained with the B2 antagonists NPC 349 (D-Arg[Hyp3,Thi5,8-D-Phe7]-BK) and NPC 567 (D-Arg[Hyp3, D-Phe7]-BK) (0.2 and 0.6 nmol/paw). Higher concentrations of these antagonists (1 nmol/paw) failed to antagonize formalin-induced pain. 4. The new potent and selective B2 receptor antagonists, Hoe 140 (D-Arg[Hyp3,Thi5,D-Tic7,Oic8]-BK), NPC 17731 (D-Arg[Hyp3, trans-4-propoxy-D-proline (transpropyl)7, Oic8]-BK), and NPC 17761 (D-Arg[Hyp3, trans-4-propoxy-D-proline (trans thiophenyl)7, Oic8]-BK) (0.02 to 1.0 nmol/paw), also caused significant inhibitions of both phases of formalin-induced pain. When Hoe 140 was injected subcutaneously 30 min before formalin injection (9.9 and 99 nmol kg-1), it significantly attenuated both phases of formalin-induced pain. The putative non-peptide BK antagonist, MV 8612 (1.6 to 9.6 nmol/paw), but not MV 8608 (5.5 to 33 nmol/paw), caused a graded inhibition of both phases of formalin induced pain, being, however, more active against the first phase.5. The pretreatment of animals with morphine (2.6 to 13 micromol kg-1, s.c.) caused dose-dependent and equipotent inhibitions of both phases of formalin-induced pain. In contrast, in domethacin (2.7 to 27 micromol kg-1) antagonized only the second phase of formalin-induced pain.6. The B2 receptor antagonists, Hoe 140, NPC 17731, NPC 17761, NPC 349 and NPC 567, all caused a significant inhibition of formalin-induced hindpaw oedema. A similar inhibition was also observed within domethacin but not with captopril or morphine.7. Our results provide strong evidence for the important role of endogenous BK, acting through both B1 and B2 receptors, in the genesis of both phases of formalin-induced persistent pain in the mouse. In addition, the current results also demonstrate that the inflammatory oedema associated with the later phase of formalin-induced pain seems to be mediated by endogenous BK, via activation of B2 receptors.