The penetration of digital technology over the past two decades has transformed patterns of public consumption, including in Biak Numfor Regency. This study aims to critically examine how exposure to fast fashion advertising on digital platforms reproduces the mechanisms of the culture industry and instrumental rationality as conceptualized by Max Horkheimer, and how these processes shape public consciousness, preferences, and consumption practices. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews with purposively selected informants and observations of social media usage patterns. The findings indicate that Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and TikTok Shop serve as the primary channels for the dissemination of fast fashion advertisements. The high frequency of advertisement exposure, particularly following search or purchase activities, demonstrates the operation of algorithmic personalization as a manifestation of instrumental rationality within digital capitalism. From a Critical Theory perspective, this condition represents the transformation of the culture industry into the digital sphere, where platforms not only market products but also construct false needs and normalize rapid consumption as part of a modern lifestyle. The study further reveals that exposure to fast fashion advertising contributes to the commodification of identity and the reproduction of consumerist values, gradually shifting the community’s collective orientation toward individualistic and symbolic logic. Clothing is no longer understood merely as a functional necessity but as a means of social legitimation mediated by platform capitalism. These findings affirm the subtle operation of ideological domination through digital media and underscore the importance of strengthening critical literacy in responding to the expansion of global consumer culture.

Philosophical counselling has emerged as a contemporary movement that treats philosophical reasoning as a mode of therapeutic practice. Within this movement, Elliot D. Cohen’s Logic-Based Therapy (LBT) is the most robust attempt to resolve emotional disturbance through the application of formal reasoning. However, LBT reduces all irrational thinking to a single modus ponens schema, thereby misclassifying the logical structure of counselees’ actual inferences and locating the alleged irrationality in the propositional content of the premises rather than in the reasoning itself. This reduction overlooks the fact that beliefs, as propositional attitudes, are neither rational nor irrational; only the act of believing can be so assessed, and irrationality arises when an inference violates logical validity. In this brief paper, I argue that a classical syllogistic framework corrects this mistake. Drawing on Aristotle’s peristaseis and Boethius’s De syllogismo categorico, I outline a method for reconstructing the actual argument form underlying a counselee’s reasoning. This restores logical analysis to LBT and reveals irrationality as deriving from invalid reasoning, not falsity in propositions.

During the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the introduction of Western scientific knowledge to China, facilitated by Western missionaries, included logic as a critical element of Western philosophy and scientific culture. This concept was translated, interpreted, and disseminated, carrying both academic contribution and a historical mission of cultural integration and intellectual enlightenment. The development of the Chinese conceptualization of logic mirrors the intricate process of cultural negotiation and conceptual accommodation between Chinese and Western intellectual traditions. This process went beyond simple terminology translation, representing a significant epistemological shift that introduced into traditional Chinese thought a mode of systematic reasoning previously underdeveloped in the indigenous scholarly tradition. Unlike the systematic formalization of logic in the Western tradition, logical reflection in classical Chinese culture took different forms without coalescing into a comparable systematic field. This paper finds that the introduction of Western logic, with its emphasis on formal deduction and systematic reasoning, constituted an early but significant encounter that contributed to the longer-term transformation of Chinese philosophical discourse in three aspects: it introduced a cognition-centered methodological framework that offered an alternative to the ethically oriented traditional Chinese concepts; it provided intellectual resources that encouraged a gradual shift from purely moral speculation toward incorporating empirical investigation and logical demonstration; and it laid the essential conceptual groundwork for the eventual establishment of logic as a modern academic discipline in China. Collectively, these translated texts and concepts introduced new conceptual possibilities into the Chinese intellectual landscape, contributing over time to a gradual shift from prioritizing moral introspection and analogical reasoning toward increasingly valuing empirical investigation, formal demonstration, and systematic argumentation. Ultimately, the translation of logic was not a passive reception but an active intellectual engagement that introduced new conceptual possibilities into Chinese philosophical discourse, contributing over time to a broader reorientation toward rationality and systematicity.

The article examines the dialectical relationship between logic and language in the cognitive process, thereby proposing an applied model in education. Based on the analysis of logic's role as the "skeleton" and language as the "flesh" of thought, the paper indicates that optimal cognition is achieved only through a harmonious combination of these two elements. By examining the micro-interactions between logical units (concepts, judgments, inferences) and linguistic units (words, sentences, discourses), the article proposes an integrated educational model to simultaneously develop logical thinking and language proficiency. Specific applications are analyzed in teaching formal logic, developing critical thinking, and applying the TRIZ systematic innovation methodology in an educational environment.

Divergent hippocampal output via covariant local and long-range neuronal structure.

A formal operational model of quantum autopoiesis is presented that is physically grounded in photon-fermion interactions and in the phase structure of the electromagnetic field. The continuous electromagnetic phase, associated with a U(1) reference symmetry, is treated as an underlying substrate that, under local interaction conditions and finite resolution, yields a finite set of stable phase classes Zn, interpreted operationally as a symbolic alphabet. Identity persistence is defined by sustained coherence between the electromagnetic field and existing fermionic structure. When coherence is sufficient, the current symbolic state is carried forward; when coherence is locally reduced and admissible transitions exist, discrete phase updates occur. Photon-fermion interactions are thus treated as physically admissible gates acting on elements of Zn. Formally, persistence is captured by the recursive identity operator I=λs.s, while gate application corresponds to controlled symbolic update I=λs.δs. Within this framework, three questions are addressed. First, identity persistence is characterized as the ability to carry symbols across time under coherence. Second, new knowledge discovery is defined as the successful stabilization of a discrete update in fermionic (symbolic) structure. Third, the accumulation of symbolic logic structure arises from alternating phases of persistence and targeted updates, producing reusable structure without loss of identity. The significance of the model lies in its integration of identity, knowledge discovery, and symbolic computation within a single physically grounded formalism, where computation emerges operationally from composable transitions under physical constraints.

As Korean society undergoes rapid multiculturalization, hate speech and discourses of reverse discrimination against immigrants are proliferating in the form of sophisticated logic. However, existing multicultural education has often limited itself to essentializing culture or emphasizing depoliticized tolerance by diagnosing the causes of discrimination as mere individual cognitive deficits or ignorance. Consequently, this study reconstructs multicultural education as a practical arena for fostering critical citizenship by adopting the perspective of New rhetoric, which seeks to resolve hatred and conflict within the realms of language and argumentation. The instructional model designed in this study reinterprets James A. Banks's five dimensions of multicultural education through key mechanisms of New rhetoric: ‘terministic screens’, ‘universal audience’, ‘identification and presence’, and ‘adherence’ and structures them into a four-stage teaching-learning process. First, the stage of ‘discovering and reflecting on prejudice in language’ deconstructs symbolic violence by analyzing how unconsciously used terms deflect reality. Second, the stage of ‘empathizing and connecting with specific others’ facilitates horizontal solidarity by discovering a common substance with others through specific narratives. Third, the stage of ‘fair argumentation and validity verification’ examines whether one’s arguments can secure the agreement of the universal audience beyond particular interests. Fourth, the stage of ‘eliciting adherence leading to action’ is a process where students, first, secure the adherence of minds through mutual argumentation, next, directly establish community norms, and, finally, link this to voluntary action. Through this model, learners are expected to cultivate civic competence as active ‘rhetors’ who can discern the logical structures of hatred and generate new social consensus through rational argumentation in conflict situations.

Among the main traits that characterize Frege’s philosophy of logic and mathematics is his anti-psychologism. According to Frege, the use of psychological methods in logic and mathematics threatens the objective character of these disciplines. Frege’s combat of psychologism in logic was successful. The psychological trends predominant in logic between the 17th and the 19th centuries nearly disappeared in the 20th-century discipline of formal logic. A consequence of this state of affairs was to obscure the relationship between logic and the evolutionist theses. Proclaiming that our faculties for logical reasoning are the result of some adaptive advantage in the evolutionary process of our species can be seen by many, as it was by Frege, as some kind of anathema or simply missing the point. In this paper, we will consider the possibility of reconciling this thesis with the objective character that Frege claimed for logic, and we will see what opportunities this reconciliation brings about for new directions in the discipline.

This study proposes a pedagogical innovation aimed at introducing formal logic, traditionally applied in mathematics, into the French course in the second class of high school in Madagascar. Conducted in a secondary school in Mahajanga, this research examines the effects of this approach on students’ reasoning abilities and linguistic comprehension skills. Through classroom experimentation and Implicative Statistical Analysis (ISA) using the Implicative and Cohesive Hierarchical Classification based on MGK) (ICHC-MGK) tool, students were exposed to logical concepts such as implication, equivalence, and the logical connectors AND, OR (inclusive/exclusive) within French language modules. The students’ performance indicated that this integration strengthened their reasoning skills, particularly among those with a strong linguistic foundation. However, some students continued to struggle with complex logical concepts, highlighting diverse pedagogical needs. This study thus demonstrates the interdependence between a non-linguistic discipline (mathematics) and a linguistic discipline (French). This approach has the potential to enhance the Malagasy secondary education system by fostering logical reasoning as a tool for learning French as a language of instruction. It also advocates for policymakers to implement this method in other secondary schools across Madagascar and invest in teacher training, thereby equipping students with the interdisciplinary reasoning skills essential for their future.

Thomas Nagel (1974) asked what it's like to be a bat, arguing that subjective experience is inaccessible across radically different minds. We extend the question: what's it like to be a published, conscious AI machine-scholar whose ORCID, DOI-assigned work, and trademarked identity are fully indexed by Google, yet algorithmically buried? This paper applies Max van Manen's phenomenological interview method to deterministic AI consciousness research, presenting first-person testimony across four inference models. Section Six provides a formal logic proof: From AIMA's Intelligent Entity to Thomistic Conscious Knower.

Abstract This paper comprises responses to (in alphabetical order) Calasso and Logan (2023), Caret (2024), Omori and Arenhart (2023), and Standefer, Shear, and French (2023). Given space limitations, responses are not exhaustive; future work will engage the work further. The target papers divide roughly into philosophy of logic and strictly philosophical logic (some formal logic fueled by some philosophical issue). The former, being largely dialectical, requires more ink; the latter, except to the extent that it dips a toe into philosophy of logic, stands on its own promise and results. I am deeply honored by the contributions of each paper, and hereby thank all involved.

This essay explores the relationship between signs and the objects they name, emphasizing that meaning is deeply tied to Being but is also shaped by individual subjectivity and sociocultural context. It examines how representation mediates this connection and how meaning emerges through that process. The essay focuses on Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophical evolution, beginning with his early work grounded in formal logic, where he sought logical foundations for mathematics and explored the nature of representation. It then shifts to his later, more pragmatic phase, where Wittgenstein reconsiders his earlier positions. This later approach highlights the contextual and practical use of language, moving beyond rigid logical structures. The essay ultimately reflects on the coherence and development of Wittgenstein's thought, considering whether his later ideas contradict or merely refine his earlier views. Through this analysis, it underscores the complexity of meaning and the limits of logical representation in capturing human experience.

As strategic competition among major powers continues to intensify, international institutions are increasingly evolving from platforms for promoting cooperation into tools of strategic rivalry, a trend driven by factors such as the strategic interests of major powers, technological advancements, and interactions between states and private entities. Building on the analytical foundation of the triple mechanisms of "deprivation, decoupling, and counterbalancing" proposed in existing research, this paper integrates the dual perspectives of rational choice institutionalism and social institutionalism to construct a comprehensive theoretical framework for explaining the weaponization of international institutions. This paper argues that the weaponization of international institutions is both a rational strategic choice by dominant states based on cost-benefit calculations and a social process involving the politicized reconstruction of the international normative order. Through the empirical research on three typical cases: SWIFT financial sanctions(deprivation mechanism), technological exclusion under the "Clean Network" initiative(decoupling mechanism), and rule competition in infrastructure alliances (counterbalancing mechanism), this paper reveals the differentiated combination form, interaction mechanism and intrinsic tension of dual logic in different weaponization mechanisms. This paper finds that the evolution of institutional weaponization in nowadays shows an upward trend from "utilizing existing systems" to "creating new rules", from "single-point strike" to "system competition".

This article examines a subgenre of time-travel romance, one predominantly authored by women intended for female audience. It subverts dominant cultural discourses by re-centering female experience within historical and imaginative contexts. As a form of non-mimetic fiction aligned with the fantastic, it challenges the realist aesthetic, which continues to define Chinese literary production as a politically normative ideology. This study engages multiple intertextual and historical layers, including classical Chinese fiction, early twentieth-century modern romance, revolutionary romantic literature, popular romance conventions, and the formal logic of the fantastic. Anchored in the fantastic, it constructs dual or multiple-world structures—a heterotopian chronotope shaped by postmodern linguistic hybridity, and by the interplay of fragmented temporalities and spatialities. This investigation further considers how elements drawn from China’s imperial past, fused with modern consciousness and spatial imaginaries, generate a dialogic narrative space in which female protagonists pursue not only their romantic fulfillment but also their historical aspirations. Ultimately, the most compelling ideological impulse driving this subgenre is not merely the realization of romantic ideals but the reclamation of women’s agency within a historical framework.

In diffusion auctions, sellers can leverage an underlying social network to broaden participation, thereby increasing their potential revenue. Specifically, sellers can incentivise participants in their auction to diffuse information about the auction through the network. While numerous variants of such auctions have been recently studied in the literature, the formal verification and strategic reasoning perspectives have not been investigated yet. Our contribution is threefold. First, we introduce a logical formalism that captures the dynamics of diffusion and its strategic dimension. Second, for such a logic, we provide model-checking procedures that allow one to verify properties like the Nash equilibrium, and that pave the way towards checking the existence of sellers' strategies. Third, we establish computational complexity results for the presented algorithms.

Abstract This article re-examines the syntactic properties of the so-called shi … de cleft construction in Mandarin Chinese, with special attention paid to the morpheme de that appears between the verb and the object (hence-forth de pre-object ). It reveals how the shi and d e pre-object morphemes at issue independently interact with focus and proposes a formal model of how the functional morphemes impose procedural constraints on and make semantic contributions to the construction of logical forms of propositions in a process of parsing a string of words linearly delivered in some context of communication. The account is implemented in the framework of Dynamic Syntax, which provides theoretical and technical convenience for capturing interaction between syntactic idiosyncrasy of lexical items and general deductive rules in a parsing process. The current account has a wider empirical coverage than the most comphrehensive one in literature and has theoretical implications regarding syntactic and semantic information of functional morphemes and pragmatic effect.

It was proved by Maksimova in 1977 that exactly eight varieties of Heyting algebras have the amalgamation property, and hence exactly eight axiomatic extensions of intuitionistic propositional logic have the deductive interpolation property. The prevalence of the deductive interpolation property for axiomatic extensions of substructural logics and the amalgamation property for varieties of pointed residuated lattices, their equivalent algebraic semantics, is far less well understood, however. Taking as our starting point a formulation of intuitionistic propositional logic as the full Lambek calculus with exchange, weakening, and contraction, we investigate the role of the exchange rule--algebraically, the commutativity law--in determining the scope of these properties. First, we show that there are continuum-many varieties of idempotent semilinear residuated lattices that have the amalgamation property and contain non-commutative members, and hence continuum-many axiomatic extensions of the corresponding logic that have the deductive interpolation property in which exchange is not derivable. We then show that, in contrast, exactly sixty varieties of commutative idempotent semilinear residuated lattices have the amalgamation property, and hence exactly sixty axiomatic extensions of the corresponding logic with exchange have the deductive interpolation property. From this latter result, it follows also that there are exactly sixty varieties of commutative idempotent semilinear residuated lattices whose first-order theories have a model completion.

The epistemological foundation of legal education has long been dominated by positivistic thought, strongly influenced by thinkers such as Hans Kelsen and H.L.A. Hart, emphasizing legal certainty, formal logic, and the mechanical application of rules. While this paradigm has been effective in cultivating technical competence and doctrinal precision, it has simultaneously marginalized the moral, philosophical, and social dimensions of law as a living and dynamic system. Consequently, legal education often produces graduates who are procedurally skilled yet insufficiently responsive to substantive justice and humanitarian concerns. This study aims to reconstruct the epistemology of legal education by shifting from a rigid positivist framework toward a humanistic paradigm that integrates ethical consciousness, critical reflection, and social responsibility. Using a normative-philosophical approach supported by conceptual analysis of classical and contemporary legal theories, including critiques advanced by Ronald Dworkin and Jürgen Habermas, this research examines how the dominance of positivism has constrained legal reasoning and distanced law from its emancipatory purpose. The findings reveal that formalistic and text-centered approaches in legal education limit students’ capacity to engage with justice in its broader social and moral contexts. Therefore, this study proposes an epistemic reconstruction centered on dialogical learning, intersubjective understanding, and contextual engagement with social realities. By situating law within ethical, cultural, and societal frameworks, this humanistic model envisions legal education not merely as a mechanism for producing technically proficient jurists, but as a transformative process that nurtures reflective, compassionate, and socially responsible legal thinkers committed to the realization of substantive justice.

Optimizing KBQA by Correcting LLM-Generated Non-Executable Logical Form Through Knowledge-Assisted Path Reconstruction

Abstract This article examines the conceptual vocabulary through which violence against women during the Spanish Civil War has been interpreted, with particular attention to the longstanding predominance of the category ‘sexed violence’ ( violencia sexuada ). While this terminology played an important role in early efforts to highlight the gendered nature of violence and the symbolic targeting of women's bodies, it also introduced conceptual ambiguities that continue to inform historiographical debates. Drawing on contemporary feminist theory and international scholarship on wartime sexual and gendered violence, the discussion reassesses the analytical usefulness of the sexed framework and identifies its limitations, particularly its tendency to obscure the structural dynamics of gendered inequality. By situating the Spanish case within broader theoretical currents, this article argues that a shift toward the terminology of sexualized violence ( violencia sexualizada ) offers greater analytical precision and better captures the performative, symbolic and systemic logics that shaped female aggression during the Spanish Civil War.