Formal-ether Concentration Technique Research Articles

Multiplex peptide microarray profiling of antibody reactivity against neglected tropical diseases derived B-cell epitopes for serodiagnosis in Zimbabwe

IntroductionPeptides (B-cell epitopes) have broad applications in disease diagnosis and surveillance of pathogen exposure. In this framework, we present a pilot study to design and produce a peptide microarray for the integrated surveillance of neglected tropical diseases. The peptide microarray was evaluated against peptides derived from Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, Trichuris trichiura, Bacillus anthracis, Mycobacterium leprae, Wuchereria bancrofti, Rabies lyssavirus, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trypanosoma brucei.MethodsS. haematobium was diagnosed using the urine filtration technique. S. mansoni, A. lumbricoides, N. americanus and T. trichiura were diagnosed using the Kato Katz and formal ether concentration techniques. Immunogenic peptides were retrieved from the Tackling Infection to Benefit Africa infectious diseases epitope microarray. Further peptides were predicted using ABCpred. IgG and IgM reactivity against the derived peptides were evaluated using peptide microarray multiplex immunoassays. Positive response was defined as fluorescence intensity ≥ 500 fluorescence units. Immunodominant peptides were identified using color-coded heat maps and bar graphs reflecting the obtained fluorescence signal intensities. Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis and Mann-Whitney-U test were performed to determine the diagnostic validity of the peptides.ResultsSpecies-specific responses with at least one peptide derived from each NTD pathogen were observed. The reactive peptides included; for S. haematobium, XP_035588858.1-206-220 and XP_035588858.1-206-220 immunodominant for IgG and IgM respectively, for S. mansoni, P20287.1-58-72 immunodominant for both antibodies and for T. trichiura, CDW52482.1-326-340 immunodominant for IgG and CDW57769.1-2017-2031 and CDW57769.1-1518-1532 immunodominant for IgM. According to ROC analysis most of the peptides selected were inaccurate; with AUC < 0.5. Some peptides had AUC values ranging from 0.5 to 0.5875 for both IgM and IgG suggesting no discrimination.ConclusionMultiplex peptide microarrays are a valuable tool for integrated NTDs surveillance and for screening parasites exposure in endemic areas. Species sero-reactivity observed in the study maybe indicative of exposure to the different NTDs parasites. However, although peptides with the least cross reactivity were selected there is need to validate the sero-reactivity with recombinant antigens and immune-blotting techniques such as western blotting.

Incidence and Socioeconomic Impact of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among School Going Children of Private and Public Sectors Schools

Background: Parasitic infection is one of the most common infections in school age children because of poor quality of water, deprived sanitation system and lack of enough health care facilities in underdeveloped countries. Parasitic infections lead to anemia, growth retardation, weight loss, and other physical and mental health problems in children. Current study is designed to evaluate frequency of different intestinal parasitic infections and possible associated risk factors among school students in of District Buner Pakistan. Material and method: This Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Riaz Clinical Laboratory District Buner. All asymptomatic school going children between 5 to 15 years’ age of both genders were included in the study. Those students who had present with symptoms of gastrointestinal infection were excluded from the study. A total of 440 samples were collected from different public and private school’s children. Out of total 240 samples were collected from public sector schools and 200 samples from private sector school’s children. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to gather data on socio-demographic and associated risk factors. The adequate stool specimens were collected in sterile, screw caped disposable plastic container. All samples were examined under microscope using a direct wet mount and formal ether concentration technique. Data was analyzed through SPSS-22 and presented in the form of tables, Pie chart and bar graphs. Results: Out of 440 samples, 23.63% (104/440) were positive for an ova and cysts of different parasites. The parasite positivity ratio is greater in public sector school children (30%) compare to private sector school children (16%). Taenia saginata were most common parasite (8.4%) in school age children followed by Hymenolepis nana (5.68%), Ascaris lumbricoides (5.45%), Enterobius vermicularis 1.13%, and Strongyloides stecoralis (0.68%) were least common parasite in District Buner, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa. Conclusion: Major contributor for the high prevalence of parasitic infections in public school children were found to be poor personal and environmental hygiene, lack of proper sanitation, contaminated food and water supply, personal habits of the children like nail biting and finger sucking, illiterate mother and low socio-economic status of the individuals. Keywords: Intestinal parasites, Worm infestation, School going children, Socioeconomic impact

Dairy Farm Management Practices as Risk Factors Linked to Cryptosporidium spp. Infection in Dairy Calves

Background: Cryptosporidiosis is the disease of zoonotic importance and is considered to be third major cause of diarrhoeal disease of calves worldwide causing significant economic losses. The present study aimed to link Cryptosporidium spp. infections in dairy calves with the management practices as a major risk factor. Methods: Total 401 faecal samples from dairy calves were collected from eight large (100-1000 animals) and eight medium size (30-100 animals) dairy farms located in Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh, India). Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in faeces by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining (mZN) and formal ether concentration techniques. Result: The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 28.7% in dairy calves. A higher prevalence and risk of cryptosporidiosis was associated with large farms (24.9% vs. 3.74%, OR=1.96), intensive farming system (27.7% vs. 0.99%, OR=1.86), drinking ground water (27.7% vs. 0.99%, OR=1.86), dirty farms (16.7% vs. 11.6%, OR=1.90), presence of other animals at farm (15.9% vs. 12.7%, OR=1.36), absence of deworming (14.7% vs.13.9%, OR=5.09) and diarrhoea treatment practice (16.2% vs. 12.5%, OR=1.07). Multi-animal calving area, dirty calving pen and cemented floor were also identified as risk factors. Practices like feeding colostrum within one hour of birth, @ 10% b.wt./day, weaning the calves within 24 hrs and using detergent to wash feeding utensils decreased the risk of infection from 1.4 to 2 times. Calves kept confined with their dam had greater prevalence and risk of infection (17.2% vs. 11.5%, OR=5.20). The findings highlight that proactive managemental practices are beneficial for decreasing the environmental contamination and improving calf health.

Risk Factors and Prevalence of Taeniasis among Displaced peoples in Ombadda Omdurman State-Sudan

Background: Taeniasis is infection of human with intestinal cestode tape wormparasites belonged to the genus Taenia species saginata and solium. Objective: The study aimed to determine the risk factors and prevalence of taeniasis among displaced peoples district in Ombadda Omdurman state- Sudan. Material and Methods: This is a cross sectional study was conducted in Ombadda and Basheer hospitals in Omdurman-Sudan from the period September to November2021.A total of 150 stools samples were collected and examined using direct microscopy, formal ether concentration technique and Ziehl-Neelsen staining method fordetecting TaeniaSpp. Results: A total of 150stools samples collected and examined, 10 (6.3%) out of 150 faecal samples were positive and 140 (93.7%) were negative sample. Out of 10 positive samples 6 (60%) were males and 4 (40%) were females their age groups range from 20 – 60 Years old, The Eggs stage of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium was identified by using direct microscopy and formal ether concentration t techniques and differentiated by the Ziehl-Neelson staining method.

Cross-Sectional Study on Assessment of Frequency of Intestinal Helminth Infections and Its Related Risk Factors among School Children from Adola Town, Ethiopia.

The three main intestinal helminth infections (IHIs), ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm, are common clinical disorders worldwide. These IHIs are more prevalent in tropics and subtropical countries especially in developing countries like sub-Saharan Africa responsible for morbidity, mortality, and physical as well as intellectual growth retardation in children. In Ethiopia, the burden of IHIs appears in all ages mainly due to factors like lack of education, low socio-economic status, and inadequate supply of drugs and proper awareness. The present study was carried out to access the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections and associated risk factors among school children in Adola town from Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, from August 2019 to December 2019. 404 stool samples were collected in a clean, dry, screw-capped, and wide-mouthed plastic container, fixed with 10% formal-saline solution, and transported to the Adola Hospital laboratory for further microscopic analysis by wet mount following formal ether concentration technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 by binary logistic regression model using odd ratio with 95% CI. The overall prevalence of IHIs among school children was found to be 33.91% (137/404). Rate of double infection was noted to be 2.72% (11/404). Most dominant species was Ascaris lumbricoides (8.9%) followed by Hymenolepis nana (7.7%), Taenia saginata (5.4%), hookworm (4.7%), Trichuris trichiura (2.5%), Schistosoma mansoni (2.2%), Enterobius vermicularis (1.7%), and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.7%), respectively. Highest prevalence was observed in male students (39.6%) compared to female students (28.8%) (P < 0.05). The prevalence of IHIs among school children in the age group of 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, and above 20 was 49.6%, 35.8%, 10.9%, and 3.6%, respectively (P < 0.05). IHI was significantly associated with some of the risk factors such as gender, educational level of students', toilet usage habit, habit of hand washing, hand washing habit before feeding and after defecation, purpose of hand washing, and awareness to intestinal helminths (P < 0.05). In the study area, the prevalence of IHIs is moderately high and represents a public health problem in the school children. Therefore, all stakeholders should pay attention to raise awareness about health education programs such as proper personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, improving the quality of drinking water, and treatment to reduce the consequences of intestinal helminths.

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Their Transmission Risk Factors among Inmates of Naivasha and Kisii Prisons in Kenya

Parasites live off a host to survive where they grow, reproduce and invade organ systems therefore causing parasitic infections. Among the ten most common parasitic infections according to world health organization are hookworm, ascariasis, amoebiasis and trichuriasis. Parasitic infections in endemic countries shorten lives and impose a lifelong burden on the potential for advancement. Limited studies have been carried out to establish the prevalence of intestinal parasites among neglected and institutionalized groups of the population such as prison inmates which justified the need to establish the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) among inmates of Kisii and Naivasha prisons in Kenya. A cross-sectional study was used. Four hundred inmates after sampling, provided stool samples for analysis. Formal-ether concentration techniques was used for identification of helminths eggs and cysts of protozoa while direct wet mount using saline and iodine was used for microscopic examination of loose stool for identification of trophozoites of protozoa. Data on the predisposing factors were collected using structured questionnaire and focus group discussion. Chi Square test was used to determine the association between age groups and sex while odds ratio was used to determine the association of personal hygiene and infection by intestinal parasites. The prevalence rate of intestinal parasites was 84(20.84%) with Kisii prison having a prevalence of 37(20.04%) while Naivasha prison having 47(21.56%). Intestinal protozoa infections were higher 50(12.4%) than helminthes 28(10.4%). Intestinal protozoa identified were Entamoeba histolytica 30(7.4%) and Giardia lamblia 20(4.9%) while the intestinal helminthes identified were Ascaris lumbricoides 22(5.5%), Strongyloides stercolaris 2(0.5%) and hookworms 4(1.0%). Chi square test showed that significantly more females were infected than males (χ² = 12.53, P=0.016, df = 2) as well as inmates of 18-27 years in both prisons (χ² = 9.36, P=0.007, df = 28). Correlation coefficient indicated that the infections increased with lack of footwear (OR 2.68, Cl 0.94-3.41), failures to hand wash before meals (OR 2.88, Cl 0.93-3.36) and after toilet use (OR 2.19, Cl 1.02-4.44). Provision of health education and personal hygiene and sanitation, more pit latrines with enough water points for hand washing as well as sufficient footwear is recommended to reduce the IPIs in the prisons. This can be facilitated by the officers-in-charge in collaboration with the Ministry of health.

Frequency of parasitic infections in Arachishypogaea L (groundnuts), Citrulluslanatus seeds (watermelon seeds), and Ziziphusspina-christi (nabag) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study

Background: Plant products, including seeds are an important source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and energy. This study aimed to assess parasitic contaminations in roasted groundnuts, nabag, and tasali (watermelon seeds) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: The frequency of parasitic contaminations among all crop products was detected by washing the plants with saline, and then conducting an examination using a formal ether concentration technique (FECT), followed by a saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The detected parasites belonged to two species: Entamoeba histolytica (33.3%) and Giardia lamblia (15.6%). No helminthic parasites were detected. Mixed contamination of the mentioned parasites was also observed (11.1%). The most contaminated crop was nabag, followed by groundnut, and finally tasali. Conclusion: No relation was established between the positivity of samples for parasites and crop type, Khartoum State city, or seller sex. FECT was more sensitive than the saturated sugar floatation technique as a detection method.

Prevalence of Ascaris Lumbricoides in School Children of Nangarhar Province, Eastern Afghanistan

‌Backgroud: The rising major health concern with high rate of prevelence is Ascariasis in developing countries. The fundamental objective of present research was the parasitological investication estimating the prevelence of Ascaris lumbricoides based on age and sex among students of urban (Jalalabad City) and rural (Khogyani) schools in eastern, Afghanistan. Materials and Mehtods: For accomplishment of research objective, totally 400 samples were obtained from students of selected schools and further procedure applied by formal-ether concentration technique. The entire population of 400 students in two groups of ages; 7-10 years and 10-13 years are chosen. 200 samples were collected from Jalalabad city school and the remaining 200 samples were collected from a local school in Khogiani district of Nangarhar province. Descriptive analysis of obtained data was performed using the R x64 3.3.1 version. Findings: The results reviewed that in Urban areas schools twenty three were found positive and infection rate was 11.5%. In Urban areas schools children’s, the infection was higher in 7-10 years old than 10-13 years old. The results documented that disease pattern in male and female children’s was higher in males compared to females. Whereas, in rural areas schools 28, were found positive and infection rate was 14%. Furthermore, the occurrence of Ascariasis in rural areas schools children’s, was higher in 7-10years old than 10-13 years old. Conclusion: The recorded high contamination rate in young male children indicate to emphasize on better and improved sanitation and should be educated on the mode of infection and epidemiology of the parasite. The findings may also stimulate the development of customised strategies for the improved control and prevention of Ascaris infection Nangarhar.

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among the Patients Visiting Sub-Regional Hospital, Dadeldhura, Nepal

Intestinal parasitic infections caused by intestinal helminthes and protozoa are the most common human infections endemic throughout the world especially in tropical and subtropical countries including Nepal. This study was conducted to study the prevalence of intestinal parasites among patients visiting Sub-Regional Hospital, Dadeldhura, Nepal. Altogether 480 stool samples were collected from April 2017- October 2017. Microscopic examination of stool was done by using formal-ether concentration technique in the Microbiology Laboratory of Sub-Regional Hospital, Dadeldhura Nepal. The overall prevalence rate was found to be 10.625%. The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher in males (52.94%) than in females (47.06%). In the age group below 15 years, the prevalence was found to be higher (52.94 %) than other age groups. Total 6 species of intestinal parasites; 2 (33.33%) were protozoan parasites viz. cysts and trophozoites of Giardia lamblia, and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica, and 4 (66.67%) were helminths viz. ova of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichuria, Hymenolepis nana, and Ancylostoma duodenale. The infection rate was found to be higher in people taking normal tap water. The study concluded that intestinal protozoan infection is still a public health problem of concern among the people of Dadeldhura. The prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection was found to be high in children and low educated groups in Dadeldhura. Thus, health education along with infection management actions and awareness programs for sanitation improvements are required to reduce protozoan infections.

Frequency of parasitic infections in Arachishypogaea L (groundnuts), Citrulluslanatus seeds (watermelon seeds), and Ziziphusspina-christi (nabag) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study

Background: Plant products, including seeds are an important source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and energy. This study aimed to assess parasitic contaminations in roasted groundnuts, nabag, and tasali (watermelon seeds) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: The frequency of parasitic contaminations among all crop products was detected by washing the plants with saline, and then conducting an examination using a formal ether concentration technique (FECT), followed by a saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The detected parasites belonged to two species: Entamoeba histolytica (33.3%) and Giardia lamblia (15.6%). No helminthic parasites were detected. Mixed contamination of the mentioned parasites was also observed (11.1%). The most contaminated crop was nabag, followed by groundnut, and finally tasali. Conclusion: No relation was established between the positivity of samples for parasites and crop type, Khartoum State city, or seller sex. FECT was more sensitive than the saturated sugar floatation technique as a detection method.

Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five age children in Shanan gibe hospital, Southwest Ethiopia

BackgroundAnemia is a major health problem in the worldwide. Because of health and socioeconomic problems, the prevalence of anemia is higher in developing countries. However, there was a limited finding in our study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five age children in Shanan Gibe Hospital (SGH), Southwest Ethiopia.MethodsInstitution based cross sectional study was conducted at SGH, Ethiopia using consecutive convenient sampling technique during 1 January to 30 April, 2021. Data was collected by interviewing and capillary blood was taken from the fingertip for hemoglobin determination by using HaemoCue digital photometer. Additionally, stool sample was processed using wet mount and formal-ether concentration technique. Then after, the data were entered to Epidata version 3.1 and analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Factors associated with anaemia were assessed by bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model by considering P < 0.05 as statistical significance.ResultsA total of 368 under five children were recruited to the study and the current prevalence of anemia was 48.9%. Of this anemia, 25.0% mild, 15.8% moderate and 8.2% were severely anemic. More ever, being rural resident (AOR = 6.11; 95% CI = 1.49–8.99, P = 0.002), family low income (AOR = 6.27, 95% CI = 1.35–11.43, P = 0.004), family size greater than five (AOR = 3.12; 95% CI =1.47–7.11, P = 0.002) and intestinal parasite infections such as Enteameoba histolytica (AOR =3.37; 95%CI = 2.16–11.31, P = 0.005), Hookworm (AOR = 6.09; 95%CI = 2.37–11.56, P = 0.001), and Trichuris trichuria (AOR = 2.79; 95%CI = 1.45–9.13, P = 0.002) (P < 0.05) were factors significantly associated with anemia among under five children.ConclusionThe current prevalence of anemia among under five age children is relatively high. On the other hand, the rural residence, large family size, low family income, infection with Enteameoba histolytica, hookworm and Trichuris trichuria were the identified factors associated with anemia among under five children. Therefore, there should be massive and routine deworming program in addition to imperative targeting anemia prevention, and nutritional supplementation to reduce the burden of anemia.

Frequency of parasitic infections in Arachishypogaea L (groundnuts), Citrulluslanatus seeds (watermelon seeds), and Ziziphusspina-christi (nabag) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Plant products, including seeds are an important source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and energy. This study aimed to assess parasitic contaminations in roasted groundnuts, nabag, and tasali (watermelon seeds) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: The frequency of parasitic contaminations among all crop products was detected by washing the plants with saline, and then conducting an examination using a formal ether concentration technique (FECT), followed by a saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The detected parasites belonged to two species: Entamoeba histolytica (33.3%) and Giardia lamblia (15.6%). No helminthic parasites were detected. Mixed contamination of the mentioned parasites was also observed (11.1%). The most contaminated crop was nabag, followed by groundnut, and finally tasali. Conclusion: No relation was established between the positivity of samples for parasites and crop type, Khartoum State city, or seller sex. FECT was more sensitive than the saturated sugar floatation technique as a detection method.

Frequency of parasitic infections in Arachishypogaea L (groundnuts), Citrulluslanatus seeds (watermelon seeds), and Ziziphusspina-christi (nabag) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study

Background: Plant products, including seeds are an important source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and energy. This study aimed to assess parasitic contaminations in roasted groundnuts, nabag, and tasali (watermelon seeds) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: The frequency of parasitic contaminations among all crop products was detected by washing the plants with saline, and then conducting an examination using a formal ether concentration technique (FECT), followed by a saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The detected parasites belonged to two species: Entamoeba histolytica (33.3%) and Giardia lamblia (15.6%). No helminthic parasites were detected. Mixed contamination of the mentioned parasites was also observed (11.1%). The most contaminated crop was nabag, followed by groundnut, and finally tasali. Conclusion: No relation was established between the positivity of samples for parasites and crop type, Khartoum State city, or seller sex. FECT was more sensitive than the saturated sugar floatation technique as a detection method.

The Prevalence, Intensity and Risk Factors of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Outpatients in Bafoussam II, West Region, Cameroon

Background: Gastrointestinal parasitic infections remain a public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence and density of gastrointestinal parasites and to identify the risk factors of their transmission.&#x0D; Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from June to October 2020, on outpatients visiting the Djeleng Sub divisional medical centre in Bafoussam II. All consenting participants provided a stool sample and completed an open-ended questionnaire. Stool samples were examined simultaneously as fresh wet mounts, formal-ether concentration technique and modified Zieihl Neelsen staining technique. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.0.&#x0D; Results: Results obtained from this study revealed that the overall prevalence and mean intensity of parasite infection was 29.1% (94/323) and 1464±314 ppg respectively. Parasites recovered were: Entamoeba histolytica 54.26% (51/94), Trichomonas intestinalis 21.28% (20/94), Entamoeba coli 19.15% (18/94), Cryptosporidium spp 3.19% (3/94) and Trichuris trichiura 2.13% (2/94). Prevalence was slightly higher in males 31.76% (27/85) than females 28.15% (67/238) and the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.364). The prevalence was higher among individuals aged 21-30 years 35.22% (31/88). Most infected individuals resided in Djemoun 40.0%(4/10) and this prevalence was significant (p=0.025). Hair dressers harboured the highest rate of intestinal parasites 60.0% (6/10) and the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.235). Hand washing practices, washing of fruits, walking bare footed, toilet cleaning, screening of houses, pet possession, and frequency of nail trimming were not identified as risk factors associated with gastrointestinal parasitic transmission (p&gt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Provision of health education, improving personal and communal hygiene, and community based deworming with addition of antiprotozoal drugs should be of major focus to prevent and control these infections.

Malaria and Intestinal Helminth Co-infection among Pregnant Women Attending Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria

Malaria and intestinal helminth infections are of public health concern globally, particularly among the risk groups like pregnant women in developing countries. In this study the prevalence of malaria and intestinal helminth coinfection and their relationship with anaemia were assessed. Two hundred (200) pregnant women aged between 16-55 years reporting to Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG), Gombe State for antenatal clinics were enrolled at booking. Venous blood and stool samples were collected from each participant who consented to participate in this study, for haemoglobin estimation, determination of malaria parasitaemia and intestinal helminth parasite. Microscopy and Formal-ether concentration technique (FECT) were used to estimate the prevalence of malaria and determine the presence of intestinal helminth parasite, respectively. Chi-square (χ2) test was used to analyse the relationship between prevalence of intestinal helminth infection with Malaria and Anaemia among the participant. Results obtained revealed that 107 (53.5%) who consented to participate in the study are positive for malaria, with 11 (5.5%) infected with both malaria and intestinal helminths. Findings also revealed that more women 116 (58%) had mild anaemia among the study population. Three intestinal helminths Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuris trichiura and Hookworms were also recovered. A significant (P≤ 0.05) correlation between the prevalence of malaria, intestinal helminth and anaemia. Findings of this study provides an insight and further improves our understanding of the some clinical factors responsible for anaemia in pregnancy.

Gastro-intestinal parasites of Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis (gunther, 1866) in river Galma at Dakace Zaria

Parasitic disease is considered among the limiting factors in freshwater fish production. Fish is a cheaper source of animal protein available to the people thus, the need to control parasites that affect their productivity. Three hundred and twenty (320) Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis obtained from River Galma at Dakace, Zaria between August, 2016 and February, 2017 were examined for gastro-intestinal helminths using the formal-ether concentration techniques. Results obtained showed that 124 (38.8%) fish examined were infected by the acanthocephalan Rhadinorhynchus horridus and no other helminthes were recovered. The worms recovered were mainly from the small and large intestines, with the mid-intestine accounting for the greatest number of parasites with 90.74%. There was a general increase in infestation with increase in size of fish and there was no significant difference between the infections of male and female fish.

Frequency of parasitic infections in Arachishypogaea L (groundnuts), Citrulluslanatus seeds (watermelon seeds), and Ziziphusspina-christi (nabag) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Plant products, including seeds are an important source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and energy. This study aimed to assess parasitic contaminations in roasted groundnuts, nabag, and tasali (watermelon seeds) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: The frequency of parasitic contaminations among all crop products was detected by washing the plants with saline, and then conducting an examination using a formal ether concentration technique (FECT), followed by a saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The detected parasites belonged to two species: Entamoeba histolytica (33.3%) and Giardia lamblia (15.6%). No helminthic parasites were detected. Mixed contamination of the mentioned parasites was also observed (11.1%). The most contaminated crop was nabag, followed by groundnut, and finally tasali. Conclusion: No relation was established between the positivity of samples for parasites and crop type, Khartoum State city, or seller sex. FECT was more sensitive than the saturated sugar floatation technique as a detection method.

CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AMONG DISPLACED PERSONS IN YEMEN

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are considered major health concerns in developing countries especially among economically disadvantaged communities. Currently, there is a lack of information on the prevalence of IPIs among internally displaced persons in Yemen.&#x0D; Objectives: To determine the prevalence of IPIs among internally displaced person in Saber camp, Lahaj governorate, Yemen during May- November 2019.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among internally displaced person from the Saber camp. samples of fresh stool were collected from the participants and examined by wet mount and formal-ether fecal concentration technique. Data were processed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), version 25.0. The significant level set was p-value &lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: The study involved a sample of 350 participants. Overall, the study found that 156 (44.6%) of the participants were infected with at least one intestinal parasite. The most predominant parasite determined in this study was Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (24.6%) followed by Giardia lamblia (19.7%), Hymenolepis nana 7.1%, Enterobius vermicularis 0.90%, and Strongyloides.stercoralis 0.30%. The prevalence rate of parasitic infection in males was 55 (45.8%), whereas females were 101 (43.9 %). The association between intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and gender was found statistically insignificant (χ² = 0.118, P = 0.732, df = 1). The finding of the study showed that the prevalence rate was significantly different based on the age of respondents (χ² = 12.10 P = 0.033, df = 5) with the highest prevalence in the age group 1-9 years was 45.5%, where the lowest was 5.8 % in groups of respondents age between 40 to49 years.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study reveals an alarmingly high prevalence of IPIs (44.6 %) on IPIs infection among internally displaced person in Saber camp in Lahaj governorate, Yemen. Hence, there is a great need for improvement of sanitation and proper health education is required to reduce intestinal parasitic infection.

Prevalence of intestinal parasite infections and associated risk factors among patients of Jimma health center requested for stool examination, Jimma, Ethiopia.

BackgroundIntestinal parasitic infections are still a serious public health problem in poor and developing countries like Ethiopia. Local epidemiological data is crucial to design and monitor prevention and control strategies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections and associated risk factors among patients requested for stool examination at Jimma health center, Southwest, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among a total of 384 patients in Jimma health center, Southwest, Ethiopia. Stool samples were collected and examined using direct wet-mount and formal-ether concentration techniques. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square (X2) test and SPPS Version 24 and P Value<0.05 was considered for statistically significance.ResultsThe overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infections was found to be 79(20.6%). The infection rate was slightly higher in females 261(68%) than in males 123(32%). Eight types of intestinal parasites were identified and the highest prevalence was Giardia lamblia 25(6.5%) followed by A. lumbricoides 22(5.7%). Single parasitic infection was found among 67(17.4%) of the patients and double infection was 12(3.1%). Shoe wearing habits, Status of fingernail, Handwashing before a meal and after defecation, Source of water for bathing and drinking were significant factors(p<0.05) for intestinal parasitic infection.ConclusionA relatively low prevalence of intestinal parasite infections was observed among patients of Jimma health center requested for the stool examination.

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among patients attending at Sanja Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: An institutional-based cross-sectional study.

BackgroundIntestinal Parasitic Infections are the most prevalent diseases in the world, predominantly in developing countries. It is estimated that more than two billion people are affected globally, mostly in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world. Ethiopia is one of the countries in Africa with a high prevalence of intestinal parasites. However, there is a limited study conducted in the study area. Hence, this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasitosis among patients attending at Sanja Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Sanja Primary Hospital from January 1 to August 20, 2019. Stool samples were collected from 1240 study participants and analyzed by direct wet mount and formal ether concentration techniques. Furthermore, sociodemographic and explanatory variables were collected using a face-to-face interview. Data were entered into Epi data version 4.4.2.1 and transferred to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression models were fitted to identify associated factors of intestinal parasitic infections. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered to ascertain the significance of the association.ResultsThe overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 52.9% (95% CI: 50.2%-55.5%). Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (21.5%) was the leading cause of intestinal parasitosis followed by Hookworm species (13.3%). Furthermore, the rate of double and triple parasitic infections was observed in 6.1% and 0.5% of study participants respectively. Being Illiterate (AOR: 2.87, 95% CI: 1.06–7.47, p = 0.038), swimming habits of more than 4 times a month (AOR = 2.91, 95% CI 1.62–5.24, p< 0.001) and not washing hands before a meal (AOR: 3.92, 95% CI: 1.74–8.83, p = 0.001) were the key factors significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infection.ConclusionsThe present study showed that the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis is high in the study area. Therefore, there is a need for an integrated control program, including improving personal, environmental sanitation and health education should be given to have a lasting impact on transmission.