Forms Of Injustice Research Articles

"La Noche De San Pedro" and the Place of Blackness in the Poetry of Juan Antonio Corretjer

Juan Antonio Corretjer is often regarded as Puerto Rico's national poet. His poetry was the expression of a lifelong commitment to the struggle for Puerto Rico's independence, the exploration of the island's history, and the celebration of its natural landscapes. Despite that sustained attention to Puerto Rico's history and identity, Afro-Puerto Rican characters and culture very rarely occupy a central place in Corretjer's poetry. In this essay, I examine some of the causes of this phenomenon, paying particular attention to "La noche de San Pedro," a poem in which the island's black population, as well as the realities of slavery and the many resistances it generated, become the dominant theme. In my analysis, I show that although Corretjer's poetry consistently displays his condemnation of all forms of injustice (including racism), his priority always remained the fight for Puerto Rico's national liberation, which was supposed to include other, more specific fights against oppression.

“Come on Down”: Using a Trivia Game to Teach the Concept of Organizational Justice

The three elements of organizational justice (distributive, procedural, and interactional justice) can be difficult for undergraduate students to grasp given variances in their personal experiences. To address this issue, we developed a novel approach to teach students these concepts by employing a trivia game show format in which students experience all three forms of injustice in a lighthearted and disarming context. We detail this experiential exercise and provide discussion points to help students grasp the important role organizational justice plays in leading effectively. We also provide suggestions for how to apply the concepts covered in the experiential exercise to different leadership challenges to deepen the learning experience.

A Comparative Analysis of the Identities, Cultures, and Potential Outcomes of Legal Organizations Involved in Social Movements

Social movements rely on a number of strategies and tactics in order to have successful outcomes. Social action takes on a different identity when strategies are shifted from on-the-street acts of protest to institutional organizations that use legal tactics. Legal organizations that become involved in social movements use litigation to address social issues, creating institutional and political change for individuals and groups who experience various forms of injustice. The parallels within the strategies of organizations that use legal tactics to motivate social change produce varying outcomes.

Reading radical environmental justice through a political ecology lens

Environmental justice (EJ) and political ecology (PE) have grown during recent decades to become leading critical approaches to socio-environmental analyses. The two fields share a history of pluralism and an openness to integrating new theoretical insights. Based on work by political philosophers in the radical justice tradition – such as Fraser, Young and Honneth – a 'radical environmental justice framework' has been established within EJ, focusing on three core elements: distributive justice, recognition and procedural justice. Later, inspired by Sen and Nussbaum, capabilities has been added as a fourth aspect. We have read this radical EJ framework through a PE lens and assess the potential for cross-fertilization between the two fields in relation to these four elements. First, the systematic treatment of distributive justice in the EJ literature provides a conceptualization that may be useful for PE in its specifications of various forms of injustice. Second, recognition is a useful perspective for both EJ and PE, but this aspect also highlights power relations that may need to be decolonized. To contribute to such a process of decolonization we suggest a focus on senses of justice and critical knowledge production. Third, the focus on procedural justice in the radical EJ framework would benefit from engagements with various power theories and discussions of participation that are prominent in the PE literature. Fourth, based on the PE viewpoint, we argue that there are two weaknesses in how capabilities theory tends to be used in the radical EJ literature: communities are discussed as homogenous groups without internal power relations; and actors and structures responsible for environmental injustice tend to be downplayed.

From everyday practice to structural injustice

The “#metoo movement” has led to an increased awareness of the kind of structural injustice that makes it hard to identify, and get rid of, sexual harassment and gender discrimination. Worker representatives, union coordinators and politicians have stated that they will pay more attention to how structural patterns of interpretation, symbols, stereotypes, and norms, are contributing to silencing the voices of the victims. My paper is not about #metoo movement or sexual harassment per se, but about the kinds of injustice embedded in ways of communicating and in how we assess each other’s’ statements and behavior. The first part of my paper discusses how epistemic injustice, implicit bias and micro injustice operates within our everyday social practices. The aim is to show how these forms of injustice are contributing to support collective frames of interpretation that need to change in order to realize gender equality. In the second part of the paper, I argue that the best solution to avoid the negative effects of implicit bias, micro inequality and epistemic injustice, is to make institutions responsible Social, political and legal institutions should be organized in a way that reduces negative effects of structural injustice. Inspired by Elisabeth Andersson’s critique of Miranda Frickers concept of epistemic virtue, I discuss three reasons why this should be a case for institutions. First, all people tend to assess other people according to implicit biases. It is not a question of people’s bad character, but a question of cultural narratives. Second, structural injustice is often rooted in small micro inequalities that are not in themselves unjust. The injustice occurs when these small actions aggregate into structural patterns of inequality. Third, institutional justice aims at creating just background conditions for individual actions.

LEGAL PROTECTION FOR CONSUMERS IN TRANSACTIONS FOR E-COMMERCE

The development of information and electronic technology every time becomes faster, supported by the great curiosity of humans to make information technology and electronics as daily consumption. Technology penetrated into the business world pampering the community with ease of accessibility through ecommerce systems. People enjoy buying and selling facilities through e-commerce, but most people forget that every thing has a positive and negative side. The majority of people enjoy the convenience and convenience of e-commerce to access and obtain the desired items, but not a few community members have become victims of e-commerce transactions. The government acting as a regulator has issued a lot of laws and regulations, but until now all forms of injustice, fraud, and even crime through ecommerce buying and selling have not been completely blocked. Institutions established specifically to defend disadvantaged consumers also do not yet have adequate specifications to protect disadvantaged consumers through e-commerce buying and selling. The capabilities and facilities possessed by law enforcement officers are still limited, there are still many perpetrators of injustice, fraud and crime in buying and selling e-commerce that are still moving and operating freely. Based on the reality of e-commerce buying and selling formulated a problem regarding how legal protection is actually for consumers in buying and selling e-commerce? What obstacles are faced by consumers to get legal protection in buying and selling e-commerce? How is the legal effort made by consumers who are disadvantaged in buying and selling ecommerce? Using positive law analyzed with reality that occurs in the community it can be concluded that e-commerce buying and selling is arguably a new thing so that it demands for the whole legal system and legal subjects to adapt to technological developments and the progress of civilization

What has justice got to do with it? Gender and the political economy of post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina

While International Financial Institutions (IFIs) play an increasingly relevant role in post-war countries, the interplay between their interventions and other aspects of post-conflict transitions, such as those related to dealing with the consequences of wartime violence, has not received much attention in the literature. This paper tackles this gap and suggests that, in post-conflict contexts, gendered forms of socioeconomic violence and injustice can be perpetuated through economic reforms led by IFIs. Overlooking justice considerations in post-war economic reforms not only reflects and reinforces a limited understanding of wartime violence and justice issues, but also entrenches gendered forms of socioeconomic injustice that had their roots in the war. A feminist approach to the study of political economy encompassing both gender and socioeconomic justice is adopted here to show how complex and overlapping forms of injustice are supported by wartime and post-war political-economic power structures. To illustrate how and why justice considerations are important for post-war economic reforms, the paper looks at the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and analyses the rationale and gendered effects of economic reforms that reorganized welfare and jobs, and promoted privatisations that accelerated deindustrialisation and economic decline.

Wrestling with Another Human Being: The Merits of a Messy, Power-Laden Pacifism

ABSTRACTAs one of many scholars who have situated their research in terms of nonviolence (a mode of action) rather than pacifism (a philosophical position), I ask, what do we gain instead by adopting an explicitly pacifist stance, especially as a response to forms of violent extremism? First, I respond to three common dismissals of pacifism, interrogating the misguided assumptions about violence/nonviolence upon which they depend. Second, exploring recent violent encounters between white nationalist and antifa activists in the US, as well as insights from Ruddick’s “maternal thinking,” I argue that taking a principled stance against collective violence (1) has practical utility, including a protective effect, (2) forces us to wrestle with the humanity of our adversaries and our inability to ever fully control them, and (3) enables radical inclusion by requiring sustained attention to difference but also resistance to the forms of injustice and oppression this “difference” might entail. The pacifism that emerges here is messy and power laden, demanding that we continually wrestle not only with one another but with the tensions inherent in human interaction, difference, and conflict.

Vulnerability, Responsibilities and Migration

Vulnerability is commonly considered as a feature of human beings on which our duties towards each other are grounded: we ought to help the vulnerable in virtue of their being such. Our duties seem rather clear when those in need are close to us, both physically and culturally, but less so when they are distant in either of the two senses. In this essay we wish to investigate the strength of our duties towards migrants, who are often either culturally or physically distant, yet vulnerable by definition – fleeing from wars, dictatorships, poverty, climate change, or other calamities. The view we aim to defend, is that our duties towards them, unlike what has been suggested by David Miller, are duties of justice, not of beneficence, and involve duties to host. This, we claim, is owed to migrants’ very vulnerability, which is not due to some kind of misfortune, but, eventually, to some form of injustice. We will also claim that taking into account migrants’ own responsibility, either as individuals or as members of a collectivity, is of no practical use when establishing our duties to host them.

The Social Bases of Self-Respect. Political Equality and Epistemic Injustice

This paper investigates the limitations of the ideal of political equality under non-ideal circumstances and focuses specifically on the way in which structurally unjust social contexts endanger individuals’ perception of their own worth. Starting from Rawls’ definition of the social bases of self-respect as a primary good to be fairly distributed, the paper main goal is to provide normative arguments in favor of a power sensitive theory of political agency. A power sensitive theory, in fact, proves to be necessary as it sheds a light over the way in which power relationships affect the very possibility, for some members of the constituency, of fully enjoying the status of political reflexive agents. Against this background, in the paper I defend two main theses. First, I argue that the contemporary debate concerning the implementation of the ideal of equality within liberal democracies has been overlooking the epistemic dimension of the basis of political equality. Second, I claim that specifying the epistemic dimension of political equality has at least two important effects. a. It is important from the perspective of conceptual analysis, as it allows to properly distinguish between the normative job played by moral arguments on the one hand, and the epistemic aspects of political equality on the other hand. b. The specification of the epistemic aspects of political equality has at least on important normative upshot, namely the possibility to show that epistemic forms of injustice are detrimental to the very ideal of political equality as an essential feature of liberal conceptions of democracy.

Race, power, and minority parent participation

Literature in the field of minority parent participation has focused on cultural differences and cultural mismatch as reasons for the difficulties that minority parents face in schools and has relied on a framework of cultural sensitivity in exploring the issues. Soyoung Lee proposes that the real issue underlying the dynamics between minority parents and schools and the reasons their voices are silenced are undeniably about race, power, and the exercise of racial privilege. She uses a personal narrative to illuminate how racism and power lead to the silencing of minority parents, and she makes recommendations for researchers, schools, and teacher educators to acknowledge and act on such forms of injustice.

KONSEP ADIL DALAM HUKUM WARIS ISLAM

<p><em>The science which is lost first among muslim community is the knowledge of inheritance as Rasulullah had been explained. Moreover, there are some efforts to destroy the inheritance law arrangement in islam. By the opinion that the division of inheritance that for son is equal with two daughters is a form of injustice toward woman. Therefore, it is allowed to create modification for Islamic inheritance law. This paper tries to explain the justice concept in Islamic inheritance law. By the conclusion that, First ; the definition of Islamic inheritance law has to follow the determination by Allah SWT and it does not mean that equal division is equal quantity. Second; in the case of inheritance division in islam, it contains the universal justice according to theology, economic and social.</em></p>

The Role of Memory and Language in Transformation: Crucial Issues in American Indigenous Poetry

The integration of the personal and the political has been an engaging topic in analyses of literary texts by authors whose works are known for their political content and activism, as well as an emphasis on social justice. Literary audiences in the United States have been familiar with Joy Harjo and John Trudell, two well-known contemporary Indigenous poets, who have voiced out the concerns of Indigenous people in the face of colonization and injustice happening in their homeland. Within the fusion of the personal and the political, as well as the mythical, the idea of transformation is paramount for Indigenous authors since to move from the state of being colonized to one of being decolonized, transformation is undoubtedly crucial. This paper focuses on the role of memory and the power of language in the process of transformation in the three poems by Joy Harjo and John Trudell. The analysis uses a qualitative methodology in the form of a close reading of literary texts to uncover the interconnectedness of memory and language in transformation. I argue that Native poets experience personal transformation that is critically influenced by the role of ancestral memory and social and historical consciousness in the broader context of Indigenous people’s struggle and resistance, as well as the power of language to see reality differently and affect its change. The analysis is intended to show to what extent the concepts of memory and language are critical in the process of decolonization and the manners in which these texts can be empowering for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous audiences in response to forms of injustice through the integration of the personal, the political, and the mythical.

A comparative analysis on the perspectives of African Feminism Vs Western Feminism: philosophical debate with their criticism and its implication for womens rights in Ethiopia context

Feminism internationally aims to realizing the liberation of women from all types of oppression and providing solidarity among women of all countries. However, the remarkable difference is growing gap between North and South. Women from the North are harvesting the fruits of capitalism and global economy, whereas women from the South are all too often confronted with poverty and terrible labor conditions. The aim of this review is to analyze the African and Western feminism philosophical debate and its implication for women’s rights in Ethiopia context. All available materials were reviewed. The analysis revealed that the difference between Western and Third world feminism is found in their conceptualization of women as the subject of struggles. Third World feminism considers gender discrimination neither the sole nor perhaps the primary locus of oppression of Third World women. According to them, other types of oppression like racism and economic exploitation also to be defeated. In their view, feminism is more widely defined as a struggle against all forms of injustice to attain advancements in women’s rights. Despite of this, women’s movements worldwide seem to concern themselves with the same grand themes on women’s rights like women’s legal and political rights, and reproductive rights in Third world countries including Ethiopia. The review concludes that Western feminism has negative implication for women’s rights in Third World countries, including Ethiopia. While, African feminism is positive implication for Third World countries to women’s rights since it considers both reproductive and productive roles of women. Therefore, the federal government of Ethiopia should follow African feminism and revise the laws, regulations and policies to protect women’s rights especially on the issues of harmful traditional practices (HTP), reproductive rights and public spheres participation by considering women’s in the world. Key words: Feminism, comparative analysis, philosophical debate, African feminism, Western feminism, women’s rights, Ethiopia.

Environmental Injustices in European Climate Hotspots

This paper starts from the observation that development projects that create various forms of environmental injustice in Europe are an integral part of the process of biospheric expulsions, that is of pushing out groups from adequate land, water or air, as described by Saskia Sassen (2014). Apart from the environmental, socio-economic and health-impacts of ecologically destructive projects, there is an added dimension of concern that has been less obvious in the past, but tends to become increasingly pronounced in a warming world. Is it possible that accumulating environmental inequalities and forms of injustice can create new and “unnatural” vulnerabilities to the projected climate change impacts? The first question that we tackle is whether environmental justice conflicts in Europe tend to take place disproportionately in climate hotspot areas, which are geographic spaces with above-average social sensitivity, potential vulnerability, potential social impact, potential environmental impacts or response capacity (ESPON, 2011). The second question concerns the distribution of different characteristics of projects and of their associated conflicts in climate hotspot vs. non-hotspot areas. The final goal is to establish, at a preliminary level, the emergence of a climate edge in Europe, a spatial configuration in which vulnerability to climate change impacts is shaped by processes of biospheric expulsion, as postulated at a general level by Sassen. For the analysis, the most current data on environmental justice conflicts (444) from the Environmental Justice Atlas and ESPON climate impact projections, mapped on the Climate Adapt platform, are used. The expected result is to provide a preliminary description of the postulated climate edge.

A critical evaluation of the social justice implications of the Colombian government’s English-Spanish bilingualism policies

ABSTRACTThe National Bilingual Programme was launched in order to promote English learning in Colombia. The failure of this programme and subsequent iterations is well-documented, and research has also examined some of its negative effects for different societal groups. However, a comprehensive study of the social justice implications of Colombia’s national bilingual programmes has not been carried out. Using Young’s framework ‘the five faces of oppression’, the current paper shows how different groups experience different forms of injustice as a result of the implementation of Colombia’s national bilingual programmes and their focus on language as a means to the end of economic development. It is argued that the the Colombian government’s policy approach instrumentalises foreign language learning and diminishes the importance of the other purposes of learning a foreign language. Furthermore, this study shows how a lack of consideration of contextual factors from a social justice perspective can lead to shortcomings in policy implementation and the neglect of social justice issues. The conclusion suggests that bilingual policies need not be oppressive and outlines ways to ensure socially just English-Spanish bilingual education in Colombia.

Patriotyzm w czasach wolności – w stronę konstytucyjności, obywatelskości i etyczności

A discussion of various definitions of patriotism and the characteristics of the chosen approaches is included in the article. The presented approaches and the classifications of patriotism form the basis for a choice of the concept of patriotism, which on the hundredth anniversary of Polish independence seems to be a reasonable proposal for patriotic education. It has been called ethic-community based patriotism. It requires an effort for building moral power and a law abiding attitude in the community. A patriotic attitude consists of engagement, responsibility, honesty in inner and external relationships, favour, solidarity, respect for others and critic loyalty. For a patriotism understood in such a way, important are the values leading to the elimination of various forms of injustice like discrimination, violence and oppression, as well as the promotion of the common good of one’s own society and all humankind.

Teaching Field Educators About Courageous Conversations Concerning Racism and Religious Bigotry

This article describes a pilot workshop designed by a social work program to help field educators and their students respond more effectively to two forms of injustice, expressions of racism and religious bigotry (RRB). The workshop comprised an interactive presentation about how to engage clients and colleagues in constructive RRB conversations, foster courageous environments for meaningful conversation, and employ specific strategies for addressing expressions of RRB. The workshop evaluation included focus groups inviting participants to provide feedback on their expectations for the workshop, what they learned, and how the workshop could be improved. Participants provided concrete suggestions for enhancing the workshop.

Entrevista a Jorge Galán. La novela Noviembre reabre la posibilidad de justicia en El Salvador

Entrevista realizada al escritor salvadoreño Jorge Galán en Quito en el mes de junio del 2018 con motivo de su intervención en el “Congreso Internacional Libertad de Expresión: diálogos y reflexiones desde el derecho y la literatura”. En este diálogo se descubren los pensamientos del autor sobre su más reciente novela, Noviembre, una gran fotografía de El Salvador en uno de sus períodos más violentos e inciertos, los años 80. La novela profundiza en el famoso caso del asesinato de los jesuitas de la Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (UCA). De hecho, la novela resuelve un caso que el sistema judicial salvadoreño dejó en la impunidad. Al tenor de este texto literario, esta conversación reflexiona sobre otras cuestiones: el impacto de la novela, el proceso de escritura, el encuentro entre la literatura y el derecho, la impunidad como forma de injusticia y el poder del testimonio como única manera de dar voz a aquellos que fueron acallados.

Imagining societies through discourses on educational equality: A cross-cultural analysis of Finnish and Swedish upper secondary curricula from 1970 to the 2010s

Educational equality has been a central tenet framing educational policy in Nordic welfare states and stimulating school reforms in the 1960s and 1970s. However, the conceptualisation of equality has fluctuated, reflecting the changing economic and political climate within which policy statements have been made. In this article, we analyse policy and curriculum documents relating to upper secondary education from the 1970s to the 2010s in two Nordic countries. Drawing on Nancy Fraser’s theorisation of different forms of injustice, we focus on the aims and goals that are attached to the concept of educational equality, analysing how ideas about society and educational equality have changed over these decades. Our analysis suggests that over this period there have been quite dramatic shifts in how equality is conceptualised, inter alia shifting from a focus on economic inequalities to questions of sexuality and ethnicity. Furthermore, ambitions about tackling economic inequality have largely been replaced with ambitions about promoting employability, which is particularly visible in the curriculum of vocational upper secondary education. The Finnish general upper secondary education (GUS) curriculum has gone against the tide. In the 1970s the GUS curriculum had the most conservative tone in terms of equality, whereas the current curriculum requires an agentic stance against discrimination and a critical stance towards marketisation.