Form Of Doublets Research Articles

Rytietiškoji XVII a. lietuvių raštų kalba, jos kilmė ir išnykimas

THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY EAST LITHUANIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE, ITS RISE AND DISAPPEARANCE Summary The Old Lithuanian literary records of the 16th and 17th centuries indicate the existence of three variants of literary Lithuanian at that time. An early literary variant based on the local West High Lithuanian dialect arose on the territory of Eastern Prussia (now the Kaliningrad District). Two literary languages developed on the territory of the Great Dukedom of Lithuania — Central Lithuanian (on the basis of the dialect of Kėdainiai environs) and Eastern Lithuanian. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the origin and fate of literary Eastern Lithuanian. A short characteristic of Eastern Lithuanian and a review of some attempts to establish its dialect background are followed by a detailed analysis of specific Eastern Lithuanian features and a conclusion is drawn that the town koine of Vilnius — the capital of the Great Dukedom of Lithuania served the basis for the formation of literary Eastern Lithuanian. The following features are of importance in accepting Vilnius as the centre of literary Eastern Lithuanian: the presence of ō in all positions, peculiar to the environs of Vilnius and quite alien to many present-day Eastern Lithuanian dialects, which have preserved an older pronunciation ( ā or ) esp. in unstressed positions; the presence of doublet forms with tautosyllabic combinations of the an type, indicating the proximity of the literary record to the an‖un isophone, which actually ran about 10—15 kilometres to the South-West of Vilnius; the presence of sporadic cases of the Dzūkai change of t, d into c, dz; its isophone ran to the East of Vilnius; the presence of pronoun forms of three types. 1) Nom. Sg. fern, to (=present-day ta), 2) the same case form toj, 3) Nom. PI. masc. tiej, Instr. Sg. mase. tuoj, fem. tj > tųj (=present-day lite­rary tie, tuo, ta); the contact area of these forms is just the environs of Vilnius; the presence of the 3d pers. Present tense forms without the ending -i (myl side by side with myli); sporadic monophthongization of ai, ei into a, e in kaip, teip, siaip; sporadic spelling ey for the diphthong ai, indicating the weakened („Eastern Lithuanian”) pronunciation of the first component of the diphthong, typical of the dialects to the North of Vilnius. There are also other numerous linguo-geographical factors, supporting the above-mentioned localization of literary Eastern Lithuanian. On the other hand, no data contradicting such a hypothesis have been found in the literary records. In the paper the rise of the literary language on the basis of the Vilnius koine is substantiated by historical arguments as well; resp. a complicated linguistic situation of the 14th— 16th centuries in the Great Dukedom of Lithuania is subjected to an analysis. The importance of the literary language under investigation for the entire Lithuanian linguistic culture is established. On the basis of the dialectological analysis of the written records of later centuries a conclu­sion is drawn that literary East Lithuanian ceased to exist early in the 18th century in connection with the increased Polonization of the Lithuanian town aristocracy.

Generalized Peripheral Nerve Hyperexcitability Associated With Lithium

Generalized Peripheral Nerve Hyperexcitability Associated With Lithium

Stiff Person Syndrome

Stiff person syndrome is characterized by rigidity of axial and proximal limb muscles, associated with muscle spasms, triggered by unexpected acoustic or somesthetic stimuli. It usually has an autoimmune basis, in which the blood contains antiglutamate decarboxylase antibodies, and is associated with different types of autoimmune diseases. The electromyogram provides evidences of continuous muscular activity. A 41-year-old woman with a history of diabetes mellitus type I, Hashimoto thyroiditis, vitiligo, and pernicious anemia developed symptoms compatible with stiff person syndrome. In the electromyogram, in addition to continuous muscular activity, there was evidence of complex repetitive activity in the form of doublets and triplets. Given the absence of clinical or electrophysiological neuropathic affectation, the presence of doublets and triplets in our patient could be due to a subclinical functional alteration of alpha motoneurons. They could produce the complex repetitive discharges when released from the inhibition mediated by GABAergic neurons.

Positive width function and energy indeterminacies in ammonia molecule

AbstractA recently published methodology based on the semiclassical path integral theory was applied in a double well structure and gave the analytic form of the system's Green's function. This type of potential can describe the ammonia molecule as far as the motion of the nitrogen atom perpendicular to the hydrogen plane is discussed. Because of the fact that a double well describes a bound system and correspondingly stationary states (constructed by the symmetric and antisymmetric superposition of the eigenstates of the two unperturbed wells), it was expected that the energy spectrum would be real, in a form of doublets due to the splitting effect that takes place. However, the result was a pair of complex poles, which had a clearly positive imaginary part for each member. The present work explains the role of the imaginary parts of the complex poles as the decay rate of quantities defined as the energy indeterminacies, which are directly related to the fact that energy is not well determined in a classically forbidden region of motion. These quantities come as a function of (dκ)/dE, which is the derivative of the classical action inside the potential barrier, with respect to energy. The major contribution comes from the turning points, and then the imaginary parts are responsible, not only for the conservation of energy, but for the correct sign of time as well. In this way, a different approach for the tunneling process is adopted, in which the entry or exit of the particle from the potential barrier takes place inside a neighborhood of the turning point, as though the latter was broadened and fluctuating. The magnitude of the previously mentioned decay rate is equal to ω/π, where ω is the frequency of the classical oscillations inside one well. In contrast, the inversion frequency is generated by the part of the complex pole that is unrelated to (dκ)/dE and is much smaller in magnitude than the classical frequency, since it is given as ω/π exp(−κ). In this way, the period of the energy fluctuations is much smaller than the internal period of the system produced by the oscillating communication of the two classically allowed regions of motion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007

Microscopic properties of silicon dihydride bonding in a-Si:H

We use proton nuclear magnetic resonance to probe stable silicon dihydride existing in high defect density hydrogenated amorphous silicon. The silicon dihydride line shape exhibits the well-known ‘Pake’ doublet form resulting from a dipole interaction between two protons. We simulate the line shape using the relevant Hamiltonian and broadening effects known to occur in this amorphous system and discuss the sets of simulation parameters that reproduce the experimental data. The sets share a common feature – they require the proton–proton separation to be approximately 1.8Å, not the 2.4Å determined by recent theoretical calculations.

FUSEObservations of the SMC 16 Day Wolf‐Rayet Binary Sanduleak 1 (WO4+O4): Atmospheric Eclipses and Colliding Stellar Winds

In this paper we present the results of a FUSE monitoring campaign of the SMC WO4+O4 V Wolf-Rayet binary Sanduleak 1. Our 18 spectra obtained during a little more than one orbital cycle in 2000 October combined with four archival spectra show variability in the S VI, C III, C IV, and O VI P Cygni profiles, which we attribute to emission from the shock cone resulting from the collision between the two strong winds and to atmospheric eclipses of the O star continuum light by the W-R wind. All the lines vary in concert indicating that the cooling is such that even lines such as the OVI λλ1032, 1038 doublet form in the linear part of the cone. We have also applied both a simple geometrical model and profile fits, including emission from the normal wind, extra emission from the shock cone, and the atmospheric eclipse. Adopting an orbital inclination of ~40°, we deduce a total cone opening angle of ~80° and a streaming velocity for the gas along the shock cone of ~3000 km s-1. The luminosity ratio required to fit our spectra is LO/LW-R = 3.5, and the stellar radii are 3.5 and 12 R☉, respectively, for the W-R and O stars. We also present radiative driving models for this binary system having two massive stars with strong winds and discuss radiative inhibition and braking effects. In particular, we address the coupling of the O star radiation with the W-R star wind. Finally, we present a PICA hydrodynamic colliding-wind model for Sand 1. We find an opening angle for the shock cone similar to that deduced from the line-profile fitting, but significantly longer cooling lengths along the shock cone. However, the model reveals some cold gas that is stripped off the O4 surface and mixed with the hotter WO4 material, thereby accelerating its cooling. This could very well explain why shorter cooling lengths are inferred from the profile fits.

The Crystal Structure of a Quercetin 2,3-Dioxygenase from Bacillus subtilis Suggests Modulation of Enzyme Activity by a Change in the Metal Ion at the Active Site(s)

Common structural motifs, such as the cupin domains, are found in enzymes performing different biochemical functions while retaining a similar active site configuration and structural scaffold. The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis has 20 cupin genes (0.5% of the total genome) with up to 14% of its genes in the form of doublets, thus making it an attractive system for studying the effects of gene duplication. There are four bicupins in B. subtilis encoded by the genes yvrK, yoaN, yxaG, and ywfC. The gene products of yvrK and yoaN function as oxalate decarboxylases with a manganese ion at the active site(s), whereas YwfC is a bacitracin synthetase. Here we present the crystal structure of YxaG, a novel iron-containing quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase with one active site in each cupin domain. Yxag is a dimer, both in solution and in the crystal. The crystal structure shows that the coordination geometry of the Fe ion is different in the two active sites of YxaG. Replacement of the iron at the active site with other metal ions suggests modulation of enzymatic activity in accordance with the Irving-Williams observation on the stability of metal ion complexes. This observation, along with a comparison with the crystal structure of YvrK determined recently, has allowed for a detailed structure-function analysis of the active site, providing clues to the diversification of function in the bicupin family of proteins.

A theoretical study of the excited electronic states of the SiCN system

Abstract Ab initio methods have been used to study the lowest-lying electronic states of the SiCN radical, which has two stable linear isomers in its electronic ground state, SiCN and SiNC. Vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths have been computed for a number of states lying up to 8 eV. The geometries of the lowest-lying doublet and quartet states have been determined. The lowest-lying excited doublet state of SiNC (12Σ+, 4.0 eV) arises from a HOMO–LUMO excitation (3π → 10σ), although the 12Δ state (9σ → 3π) is very close in energy. In the case of the SiCN isomer the lowest excited state is 12Δ, which arises from an excitation from the highest occupied σ orbital into the HOMO (9σ → 3π) and lies 3.6 eV above the ground state. SiCN should present very strong absorptions at 4.9 and 6.1 eV whereas SiNC should have relatively strong absorptions in the region of 5.7–5.9 eV. The smallest adiabatic energy gaps with respect to the ground state of SiNC and SiCN are very close (about 2.8 eV) and the excited state is the same 12A′, which has angular equilibrium geometries for both isomers. We have determined accurate values for enthalpies of formation of the two linear doublet forms Δ f H 298 o [ SiCN ] = 103.6 kcal / mol and Δ f H 298 o [ SiNC ] = 106.3 kcal / mol .

Formation on field emitters coated with fullerenes of microformations producing ordered emission images

Field emission projector studies of fullerene coatings deposited on tungsten tip field emitters reveal specific ordered patterns in the form of doublets, quadruplets, rings, disks, and other forms in the emitter images. The ways in which these types of ordered emission patterns arise and their relation to C60 microformations have been established. Possible causes of the emergence of the ordered emission images are analyzed on the basis of published data and experimental results obtained. A modification of the model of field emission from the surface of microformations taking into account internal reflection of the electronic waves from the formation boundaries has been proposed.

THE SYNTHESIS AND THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIULCER ACTIVITIES OF A NUMBER OF 2-SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES OF BETULONIC ACID, METHYLBETULONE, AND LUPENONE

In previous reports, we have described the synthesis and hepatoprotective activity of a variety of esters – 2-arylidene derivatives of betuline, lupol, and methylbetulonate [1, 2]. The present report presents data on the synthesis and study of the anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities of 2-methylideneureido derivatives of betulonic acid, methylbetulonate, and lupenone. 2-Hydroxymethylene derivatives (IIa – IIc) were prepared by reaction of betulonic acid (Ia), methylbetulonate (Ib), and lupenone (Ic) with ethyl formiate in the presence of sodium methylate, with yields of 89 – 95%. Interaction of these compounds with urea and thiourea leads to the formation of 2-methylideneureido (IIIa – IIIc) and thioureido (IIId – IIIf) derivatives. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by IR, UV, and NMR spectra (see Tables 1, 2) and by comparison with published data for lupane triterpenoids [3 – 5]. The IR spectra of compounds IIa – IIc included, along with absorption peaks typical of these triterpenoids, bands in the region 3160 – 3150 cm –1 , due to the appearance of OH groups on the hydroxymethylene fragment [6]. In the 13 C NMR spectrum, the C-3 signal showed strongfield shifts compared with the signals in the initial 3-ketotriterpenoids, and also contained new signals corresponding to the C-1 atoms at 188.8 – 188.9 ppm, while the 1 H NMR spectra acquired weakfield signals at 8.52 – 8.60 ppm and 14.65 – 14.85 ppm corresponding to protons in =CH–OH and =CH–OH hydroxymethyl substituents. Analogous signals were also seen in the spectra of the formyl derivative of oleanolic acid [7]. The 13 C NMR spectra of compounds IIIa – IIIf showed resonating C-1 carbon atoms at 139.9 – 140.0 and 141.5 – 141.7 ppm, along with signals from the carbon atoms in the ureide fragments C=O and C=S at 155.3 – 155.5 and 182.4 – 182.6 ppm respectively. In addition, the 1 H NMR spectra of 2-methylideneureido (IIIa – IIIc) and thioureido (IIId – IIIf) derivatives showed interaction of the protons of these fragments in the form of doublets at 7.17 – 7.25 and 7.65 – 7.70 ppm, and 11.35 – 11.45 and 11.68 – 11.75 ppm.

Interference in correlated spontaneous emission of a driven three-level system

A driven three-level system in cascade configuration is analyzed employing a Weisskopf-Wigner type approach in the dressed basis. The system shows interference effects both in the lower transition spectrum and in the combined spectral distribution function of the radiation emitted in the entire cascade. Due to the correlation between upper and lower transition photons, the conditional spectrum of radiation emitted in the second step of the cascade has a very simple doublet form, displaying a dark feature and narrowing of one of the components. These effects are clearly attributable to quantum interference, each transition having more than one path at its disposal.

Spiked and screened oscillators V(r) = Ar 2 + B/r 2 + C/r 4 + D/r 6 + F /(1 + Gr ) 2 and their elementary bound states

We show that the complicated superpositionsV(r) of several important phenomenological forces may still lead to an elementary form of doublets of bound states under transparent algebraic constraints. Constructively, we show how (and when) the constrained couplings preserve compatibility with the physical regularity of wavefunctions.

Ultrastructural localization of alpha 1-syntrophin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in normal skeletal myofiber, and their relation to each other and to dystrophin.

We investigated the ultrastructural localization of alpha 1-syntrophin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in normal human skeletal myofibers and analyzed their relation to each other and to dystrophin using single and double immunogold-labeling electron microscopy. Single immunolabeling showed antibodies to alpha 1-syntrophin and nNOS on the inner surface of the muscle plasma membrane, the sarcoplasmic side of plasma membrane invaginations, and the sarcoplasm near mitochondria of subsarcolemmal areas. The epitopes of alpha 1-syntrophin and nNOS tended to be present in clusters. Double immunolabeling revealed that epitope combinations of alpha 1-syntrophin-dystrophin, alpha 1-syntrophin-nNOS, and nNOS-dystrophin occurred more frequently in doublet form than did other epitope combinations, such as alpha 1-syntrophin-beta- spectrin and nNOS-beta-spectrin. These increased frequencies were noted both at the muscle plasma membrane undercoat and near mitochondria of subsarcolemmal areas. A significantly higher percentage of doublets comprised antibodies against alpha 1-syntrophin and dystrophin (28.5 +/- 1.5%, group mean +/- SE) than those against alpha 1-syntrophin and beta-spectrin (9.2 +/- 0.8%, P < 0.01). Furthermore, nNOS formed doublets significantly more frequently with dystrophin (25.2 +/- 3.3%) and alpha 1-syntrophin (26.0 +/- 4.1%) than with beta-spectrin (13.9 +/- 2.3%; P < 0.05). These data support the association of dystrophin, alpha 1-syntrophin, and nNOS at the inner surface of the muscle plasma membrane and near mitochondria of subsarcolemmal areas of normal human skeletal myofibers.

Interference patterns under oblique incidence in birefringent optically active plane-parallel plates

We have studied the interference patterns of multiple reflections from a uni-axial, optically active and non-absorbing plane-parallel plate under oblique incidence. Due to birefringence, a beam of polarized light splits into an ordinary and an extraordinary component. During crossing of the plate the phase difference between beams is increased by fixed amounts. The calculations show that the interference pattern of the transmitted light is more complex than that of an isotropic plane-parallel plate. Strong singlets are followed by weak fringes which exhibit splitting in the form of doublets. The intensity ratio of the strong to the nearest neighbour doublet fringe and the splitting of the fringes depend on reflectivity and are increased at oblique incidence. The interference pattern is determined by the birefringence and is insensitive to the optical activity except in some extreme cases. Investigation of these extreme cases allows the separation of the effect of optical activity from the much stronger birefringence effect. The transmission signal generated by the optical activity is weak, which creates serious difficulties for its practical utilization.

NONPERTURBATIVE THEORY OF CAVITY-CONTROLLED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION OF TWO LEVEL ATOM

Cavity-controlled spontaneous emission spectrum of two level atom coupled to two lossless symmetrically detuned modes has been found rigorously to be a function of the system's energy eigenvalues and displays triplet, doublet or single form depending on detuning, natural linewidth and coupling constant.

NE VIII lambda 774 and time variable associated absorption in the QSO UM 675

We discuss measurements of Ne VIII λ774 absorption and the time variability of other lines in the z_a_ ~ z_e_ absorption system of the z_e_ = 2.15 QSO UM 675 (0150-203). The C IV λ1549 and N V λ1240 doublets at z_a_ = 2.1340 (shifted ~1500 km s^-1^ from z_e_) strengthened by a factor of ~3 between observations by Sargent, Boksenberg, and Steidel (1981 November) and our earliest measurements (1990 November and December). We have no information on changes in other z_a_ ~ z_e_ absorption lines. Continued monitoring since 1990 November shows no clear changes in any of the absorptions between ~1100 and 1640 A rest. The short timescale of the variability (&lt;~ 2.9 yr rest) strongly suggests that the clouds are dense, compact, close to the QSO, and photoionized by the QSO continuum. If the line variability is caused by changes in the ionization, the timescale requires densities greater than ~4000 cm^-3^. Photoionization calculations place the absorbing clouds within ~200 pc of the continuum source. The full range of line ionizations (from Ne VIII λ774 to C III λ977) in optically thin gas (no Lyman limit) implies that the absorbing regions span a factor of more than ~10 in distance or ~100 in density. Across these regions, the total hydrogen (HI + H II) column ranges from a few times 10^18^ cm^-2^ in the low-ionization gas to ~10^20^ cm^-2^ where the Ne VIII doublet forms. The metallicity is roughly solar or higher, with nitrogen possibly more enhanced by factors of a few. The clouds might contribute significant line emission if they nearly envelop the QSO. The presence of highly ionized Ne VIII λ774 absorption near the QSO supports recent studies that link z_a_ ~ z_e_ systems with X-ray "warm absorbers." We show that the Ne VIII absorbing gas would itself produce measurable warm absorption-characterized by bound-free O VII or O VIII edges near 0.8 keV-if the column densities were N_H_ ~&gt; 10^21^ cm^- 2^ (for solar abundances).

Characterization of the DNA-binding domain of the mouse uterine estrogen receptor using site-specific polyclonal antibodies

The DNA-binding domain of the mouse uterine estrogen receptor (ER) was characterized using site-specific polyclonal antibodies. The peptides used as antigens have sequences corresponding to amino acids 185-199 and 227-245, the two zinc finger regions of the DNA-binding domain of the human ER, and produced anti-sera designated A-1542 and A-1554, respectively. Mouse uterine nuclear ER and salt-activated 4 S cytosol receptor, as well as 8 S untransformed cytosol receptor, were observed to react with the antisera by Western blot and sucrose density gradient centrifugation analyses indicating that the DNA-binding domain of the 8 S cytosol receptor is not completely masked by heat shock protein 90 or other proteins. Only A-1554 detected a nuclear-specific doublet form of the ER on Western blot analysis. In a gel shift assay, neither antisera altered the pattern of the nuclear ER interaction with the vitellogenin A2 estrogen response element (VRE). In contrast, antiserum A-1554 partially shifted the 8 S cytosol receptor-VRE complex. This concurs with mutational analysis and x-ray crystallography studies with the human ER that have shown that the second finger is not in contact with the DNA. The results of the gel shift assay were confirmed by sucrose density gradient analysis using the same buffer conditions. The nuclear receptor-VRE complex did not react with either antisera, suggesting that when the dimeric nuclear receptor form binds the VRE, the specific receptor epitopes involved with the DNA binding may be blocked and unable to bind the antisera. The cytosol receptor-VRE complex reacted only partially with the second finger antisera A-1554, suggesting that on receptor monomers the second finger epitope is not completely blocked by DNA binding or dimer formation.

High resolution analysis of the formation of cellulose synthesizing complexes inVaucheria hamata

Ultrastructure and assembly of cellulose terminal synthesizing complexes (terminal complexes, TCs) in the algaVaucheria hamata (Waltz) were investigated by high resolution analytical techniques for freeze-fracture replication.Vaucheria TCs consist of many diagonal rows of subunits located on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Each row contains about 10–18 subunits. The subunits themselves are rectangular, approx. 7×3.5 nm, and each has a single elliptical hole which may be the site of a single glucan chain polymerization. The subunits are connected with extremely small filaments (0.3–0.5 nm). Connections are more extensive in a direction parallel to the subunit rows and less extensive perpendicular to them. Nascent TC subunits are found to be packed within globules (15–20 nm in diameter) which are larger than typical intramembranous particles (IMPS are 10–11 nm in diameter) distributed in the plasma membrane. The subunits in the globule, which may be a zymogenic precursor of the TC, are generally exhibited in the form of doublets. Approximately 6 doublets are connected to a center core with small filaments. The globules are inserted into the plasma membrane together with IMPS by the fusion of cytoplasmic (Golgi derived) vesicles. Two or three globules attach to each other, unfold, and expand to form the first subunit rows of the TC on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. More globules attach to the structure and unfold until the nascent TC consists of a few rows of subunits. These rows are arranged almost parallel to each other. Two formation centers of subunits appear at both ends of an elongating TC. New subunits carried by the globules are added at each of these centers to create new rows until the elongating TC structure is completed. On the basis of this study, a model of TC assembly and early initiation of microfibril formation inVaucheria is proposed.

A new microbeam formation system

A new concept of a compact microbeam formation system is proposed and being constructed by slightly modifying an existing 400 keV ion accelerator at ULVAC. In this system, an object slit is placed on the high voltage terminal and the acceleration tube incorporated with a quadrupole doublet forms the reduced image on the sample position. The beam acceleration between the object and image results in the image size reduction which is profitably used in this design. The effects of the lens action at the entrance of the acceleration tube are discussed based on the beam optics calculation by using the standard matrix formalism.

Uterine Estrogen Receptorin Vivo: Phosphorylation of Nuclear Specific Forms on Serine Residues

We have characterized further the heterogeneous nuclear-specific doublet forms of the mouse uterine estrogen receptor (ER). Estrogen treatment produced the multiple nuclear ER forms of 65 and 66.5 kDa, which were isolated and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Soluble ER preparations exhibited only a single 65-kDa form. Isolation of the individual nuclear ER forms and reanalysis demonstrated that formation of the multiple bands was not due to artifacts of nuclear sample preparation or the presence of contaminating proteins. Analysis of individual uterine cell types (epithelial and stromal/myometrium) indicated that both ER forms were present in both cell fractions. Fractionation of nuclear components with low salt showed that both ER forms were found in the salt-resistant fraction. Extraction of nuclei with high salt (0.6 M KCl) solubilized both ER forms. Phosphorylation was studied as a protein modification to account for the multiple forms. Incorporation of 32P into uterine protein both in vivo and in intact tissue incubation indicated 32P labeling of uterine nuclear ER after hormone treatment. Both nuclear ER forms are labeled, although the 66.5-kDa form appears to be more heavily labeled. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the immunopurified 32P-labeled ER from intact uterine tissue indicated phosphoserine as the only phospholabeled residue. These data suggest that phosphorylation is associated with the physiological functioning of the ER in response to hormone and produces the heterogeneous ER forms in the nucleus.