Form Of Doublets Research Articles

За дублетните форми на числителните редни имена

The forms of the ordinal numerals have not been the subject of a dedicated study. It is therefore essential to pay attention to the doublet forms of ordinals, which have coexisted in standard literary Bulgarian over the past forty years.

Gender Doublets as a Mark of Gender Inclusive Language: An Experimental Study on Language Processing

Over the last decades, gender inclusive language has become a debated issue in which two opposing positions hardly reach a meeting point: those who believe that the masculine plural form for groups of people can be interpreted as neutral, unmarked and inclusive of both biological sexes compared to those who claim that the generic masculine is a sexist use of language, while the gender doublet forms (los políticos y políticas) are alternatives that offer greater visibility to women. The purpose of our study is to contribute to this debate by means of objective data obtained out of experimental linguistics. In this context, an eyetracking experiment was carried out with 88 native speakers of Spanish at the National University of Colombia, with the aim of testing whether one of the first alternatives proposed as an inclusive language strategy, that is gender doublet, affects the cognitive efforts required to process written sentences. The results show that gender desinences significantly affect the cognitive effort required by readers during the information retrieval phase.

«Правила словацкого правописания» (1940) и стабилизация норм словацкого литературного языка

The article deals with the reasons behind the appearance of the Slovak Spelling Rules of 1940, the most important changes introduced in the codification of the Slovak literary language, and their significance in the development of the language. The need to develop new spelling rules arose immediately after the publication of the Slovak Spelling Rules of 1931, which were not accepted by the majority of Slovak intelligentsia, who perceived them as the first stage on the way to the absorption of the Slovak language by the Czech one. The new rules were prepared mainly by the leader of the purist movement in Slovakia, H. Bartek, who completed his work in 1939. That version, however, was not approved by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and was sent for revision. The Rules were published the following year in a modified form and affected the morphology, lexical composition, and orthography of the Slovak literary language. Among the most important changes were the unification of the -l participles in plural forms, a significant reduction of doublet forms by abolishing forms coinciding with the Czech language, the written marking of actually pronounced long vowels in words of foreign origin, the removal from the literary language of a number of lexemes common with Czech, and others. Practically all the changes made contributed to the stabilization of the Slovak literary language norms and were confirmed in the subsequent Slovak Spelling Rules of 1953. Moreover, in 1953 even the proposals of H. Bartek rejected in 1940 were adopted.

Tvær blækur labba inn á bar

Abstract This article examines the limited productivity of a minimally schematic Icelandic microclass, originally containing bók ‘book’, bót ‘patch’, brók ‘trousers’, nót ‘fishing net’, and rót ‘root’ only. Productivity is betrayed by the addition of feminine blók ‘nonentity’ and forms of neuter kók ‘Coke™’. While plural nominative/accusative blækur and kækur speak to the productivity of the microclass specifically, doublet forms in both paradigms follow multiple inflection classes. Some are of the opinion that plural kækur belies real language use, as it is only used for humorous effect. The current paper applies a usage-based cognitive analysis to the relevant data with two objectives. First, to account for graded membership in the microclass as a function of limited productivity. Secondly, to demonstrate that innovative kækur and blækur are deduced by identical means. It is concluded that productivity is a property of language use, which is posited as a function of analogy.

Crystallographic Detection of the Spin State in FeIII Complexes.

We report a single example of thermal spin crossover in a series of FeIII complexes, [FeIII(R-sal2323)]+, which typically stabilize the low-spin (S = 1/2) state. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 53 such complexes with varying "R" groups, charge-balancing anions, and/or lattice solvation confirms bond lengths in line with an S = 1/2 ground state, with only the [FeIII(4-OMe-sal2323)]NO3 complex (1a) exhibiting longer bond lengths associated with a percentage of the spin sextet form at room temperature. Structural distortion parameters are investigated for the series. A magnetic susceptibility measurement of 1a reveals a gradual, incomplete transition, with T 1/2 = 265 K in the solid state, while Evans method NMR reveals that the sample persists in the low-spin form in solution at room temperature. Computational analysis of the spin state preferences for the cations [FeIII(4-OMe-sal2323)]+ and [FeIII(sal2323)]+ confirmed the energetic preference for the spin doublet form in both, and the thermal spin crossover in complex 1a is therefore attributed to perturbation of the crystal packing on warming.

A motile doublet form of Salmonella Typhimurium diversifies target search behavior at the epithelial surface.

The behaviors of infectious bacteria are commonly studied in bulk. This is effective to define the general properties of a given isolate, but insufficient to resolve subpopulations and unique single‐microbe behaviors within the bacterial pool. We here employ microscopy to study single‐bacterium characteristics among Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm), as they prepare for and launch invasion of epithelial host cells. We find that during the bacterial growth cycle, S.Tm populations switch gradually from fast planktonic growth to a host cell‐invasive phenotype, characterized by flagellar motility and expression of the Type‐three‐secretion‐system‐1. The indistinct nature of this shift leads to the establishment of a transient subpopulation of S.Tm “doublets”—waist‐bearing bacteria anticipating cell division—which simultaneously express host cell invasion machinery. In epithelial cell culture infections, these S.Tm doublets outperform their “singlet” brethren and represent a hyperinvasive subpopulation. Atop both glass and enteroid‐derived monolayers, doublets swim along markedly straighter trajectories than singlets, thereby diversifying search patterns and improving the surface exploration capacity of the total bacterial population. The straighter swimming, combined with an enhanced cell‐adhesion propensity, suffices to account for the hyperinvasive doublet phenotype. This work highlights bacterial cell length heterogeneity as a key determinant of target search patterns atop epithelia.

TWO ARMENIAN PERSONAL NAMES WITH ŠAH ‘KING’

There are a great number of Armenian compound personal names with the element šah ‘king’ of Iranian origin (Middle Persian and New Persian šāh ‘king’). It occurs: (1) in both masculine and feminine names; (2) with both native Armenian and foreign components; (3) either as the first or the second component; (4) often in doublet forms with a reversed order of the components. For instance: masculine Šah-amir and Amir-šah, Šah-paron and Paron-šah, Vahram-šah; feminine: Šah-xat‘un and Xat‘un-šah, Šah-tikin. Also note masc. Šah-aziz vs. fem. Aziz-šah, masc․ Sult‘an-šah vs. fem. Šah-sult‘an, masc. Melik‘-šah vs. fem. Šah-melē/ik‘ (the latter is sometimes masculine, cf. Middle Persian > Syriac Šāh-malīk, also masculine ). This paper aims to interpret two hapax legomena in which the component šah became synchronically unanalyzable due to phonological changes. In one of them, šah is the second member of the name (gen. Artamšin < *Artam-šah/y-in), whereas in the other it is the first one (Šaštʻi < *Šah-stʻi ‘Šah-Lady’).

Synonymous pairs of lexical units

In the article, the author considers pairs of such vocabulary units, which in lexicology are usually defined as doublet forms, absolute or complete synonyms. The main idea of the publication is that, by examining such lexical pairs, to show such functional properties of their members, which would make it possible to abandon the characterization of such units as absolutely identical, doublet. On the material of English nouns, marked in special publications and dictionaries as absolute synonyms, we show that in many cases there is a differentiation of members of lexical pairs, leading them beyond the limits of doublet units. It turns out that in the process of functioning, many absolute synonyms not only do not disintegrate, as linguists predict, due to the semantic and formal redundancy of such linguistic forms, but exist for a long time without experiencing a desire for transformation. Apparently, there are factors (reasons) in the language that contribute to the functioning of absolute synonyms. Analysis shows that the set of doublet forms of factors supporting the existence is specific for units of a terminological character, on the one hand, and for absolute synonyms of a commonly used character, on the other.

A Mass Spectrometric Study of Copper Bis(Acetylacetonate) with Allowance for the Isotopic Composition of the Metals

Copper bis(acetylacetonate) is studied using mass spectrometry taking account of the natural isotopic composition of the metal. Valid data are obtained for the intensity of copper cations in the mass spectrum, which are confirmed by expected intensity ratios of copper-containing signals in the form of doublets. A new scheme for the main directions of Cu(acac)2 destruction is proposed. The assignment of cation signals in the mass spectrum is performed with a special software by representing Cu(acac)2 as a special discrete structure, a labeled simple graph G.

Photoluminescence of Amorphous SiO2 with Implanted Ar+ Ions

Implantation of ions into amorphous silicon dioxide (a-SiO2) is widely used in microelectronics (mainly, using Si ions) and in the production of light-guiding components of optical fibers (Ge, P, B ions). All of these elements interact with the matrix oxygen, so the point defects that occur during implantation are not only the result of the displacement of the silicon–oxygen frame atoms from their equilibrium positions, but also reflect the specific chemical interaction in the material. In this study, inert argon ions were implanted into silicon dioxide plates, which excluded chemical reactions. It is demonstrated using photoluminescence (PL) that the highest concentration of point defects in the damaged silicate network belongs to neutral oxygen vacancies (NOVs). The concentration of these and some other induced defects increased with an increase in fluence up to 5 × 1015 Ar+/cm2, and, with a further increase in dose, the concentration dropped due to annealing of defects in the layer heated by the introduction of ions. The NOV defects appeared in the photoluminescence spectrum in the form of doublets, that is, pairs of bands belonging to the same optical transition. The appearance of doublets is explained by the dependence of the optical transition energy on the localization of identical point defects in zones of different distortions of the matrix structure.

Фотолюминесценция аморфного SiO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-, подвергнутого имплантации ионов Ar-=SUP=-+-=/SUP=-

AbstractImplantation of ions into amorphous silicon dioxide ( a -SiO_2) is widely used in microelectronics (mainly, using Si ions) and in the production of light-guiding components of optical fibers (Ge, P, B ions). All of these elements interact with the matrix oxygen, so the point defects that occur during implantation are not only the result of the displacement of the silicon–oxygen frame atoms from their equilibrium positions, but also reflect the specific chemical interaction in the material. In this study, inert argon ions were implanted into silicon dioxide plates, which excluded chemical reactions. It is demonstrated using photoluminescence (PL) that the highest concentration of point defects in the damaged silicate network belongs to neutral oxygen vacancies (NOVs). The concentration of these and some other induced defects increased with an increase in fluence up to 5 × 10^15 Ar^+/cm^2, and, with a further increase in dose, the concentration dropped due to annealing of defects in the layer heated by the introduction of ions. The NOV defects appeared in the photoluminescence spectrum in the form of doublets, that is, pairs of bands belonging to the same optical transition. The appearance of doublets is explained by the dependence of the optical transition energy on the localization of identical point defects in zones of different distortions of the matrix structure.

State engineering of impurities in a lattice by coupling to a Bose gas

We investigate the localization pattern of interacting impurities, which are trapped in a lattice potential and couple to a Bose gas. For small interspecies interaction strengths, the impurities populate the energetically lowest Bloch state or localize separately in different wells with one extra particle being delocalized over all the wells, depending on the lattice depth. In contrast, for large interspecies interaction strengths we find that due to the fractional filling of the lattice and the competition of the repulsive contact interaction between the impurities and the attractive interaction mediated by the Bose gas, the impurities localize either pairwise or completely in a single well. Tuning the lattice depth, the interspecies and intraspecies interaction strength correspondingly allows for a systematic control and engineering of the two localization patterns. The sharpness of the crossover between the two states as well as the broad region of their existence supports the robustness of the engineering. Moreover, we are able to manipulate the ground state’s degeneracy in the form of triplets, doublets and singlets by implementing different boundary conditions, such as periodic and hard wall boundary conditions.

Measuring the aggregation of CHO cells prior to single cell cloning allows a more accurate determination of the probability of clonality.

The manufacturing process for biotherapeutics is closely regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA) and other regulatory agencies worldwide. To ensure consistency of the product of a manufacturing cell line, International Committee on Harmonization guidelines (Q5D, 1997) state that the cell substrate should be derived from a single cell progenitor, i.e., clonal.Cell lines in suspension culture may naturally revert to cell adhesion in the form of doublets, triplets and higher order structures of clustered cells. We can show evidence of a single colony from limiting dilution cloning or in semi-solid media, but we cannot determine the number of cells from which the colony originated. To address this, we have used the ViCELL® XR (Beckman Coulter, High Wycombe, UK) cell viability analyzer to determine the proportion of clusters of two or more cells in a sample of the cell suspension immediately prior to cloning. Here, we show data to define the accuracy of the ViCELL for characterizing a cell suspension and summarize the statistical model combining two or more rounds of cloning to derive the probability of clonality. The resulting statistical model is applied to cloning in semi-solid medium, but could equally be applied to a limiting dilution cloning process. We also describe approaches to reduce cell clusters to generate a cell line with a high probability of clonality from a CHO host lineage. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:593-601, 2018.

Hyperfine interactions and some thermomagnetic properties of amorphous FeZr(Cr)NbBCu alloys

Abstract In this research, we studied the magnetic phase transition by Mössbauer spectroscopy and using vibrating sample magnetometer for amorphous Fe86-xZr7CrxNb2Cu1B4 (x = 0 or 6) alloys in the as-quenched state and after accumulative annealing in the temperature range 600-750 K. The Mössbauer investigations were carried out at room and nitrogen temperatures. The Mössbauer spectra of the investigated alloys at room temperature are characteristic of amorphous paramagnets and have a form of asymmetric doublets. However, at nitrogen temperature, the alloys behave like ferromagnetic amorphous materials. The two components are distinguished in the spectrum recorded at both room and nitrogen temperatures. The low field component in the distribution of hyperfine field induction shifts towards higher field with the annealing temperature. It is assumed that during annealing at higher temperature, due to diffusion processes, the grains of α-Fe are created in the area corresponding to this component. Both investigated alloys show the invar effect and the decrease of hyperfine field induction after annealing at 600 K for 10 min is observed. It is accompanied by the lowering of Curie temperature.

English–Greek code-switching in Greek Cypriot magazines and newspapers – an analysis of its textual forms and functions

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the textual position, form, and functions of English–Greek code-switching, which occurs in the form of insertions, in Greek Cypriot print media. The data consist of seven magazines and seven newspapers. For the analysis of the data, a theoretical framework for written multilingualism is adopted and adapted, namely “English on top”. The presence of English in the mainstream Cypriot print media is scarce. Code-switching into English mainly takes the form of naming, heading, quotations, set phrases, and doublets; a doublet refers to the use of a word next to its translation in another language. It exhibits a variety of functions such as language play, emphasis, and clarification. This is not always the case, however. In some cases, no specific textual function can be attributed to the English insertions. In such cases, it is the symbolic and/or indexical function of English that is exploited.

WHETHER DOUBLETS-SYNONYMS ARE IDENTICAL OR NOT

The article considers pairs of lexical units, which in lexicology are defined as doublets or absolute synonyms. The main idea of the article is to show functional features of doublet units which would allow not to consider such units as absolutely identical. Based on the analysis of Russian nouns, noted in special publications and dictionaries as absolute synonyms, we show that there is often differentiation of elements of lexical pairs. It appears that many absolute synonyms do not disintegrate in the process of their functioning, as linguists predict (due to semantic and formal redundancy of such verbal forms), but many absolute synonyms do exist for a long time without any apparent transformation because there are factors (reasons) in the language that promote their functioning. The analysis shows that a set of factors supporting the existence of doublet forms is specific for the units of terminological character on the one hand, and for generally used absolute synonyms on the other hand.

WHETHER DOUBLETS-SYNONYMS ARE IDENTICAL OR NOT

The article considers pairs of lexical units, which in lexicology are defined as doublets or absolute synonyms. The main idea of the article is to show functional features of doublet units which would allow not to consider such units as absolutely identical. Based on the analysis of Russian nouns, noted in special publications and dictionaries as absolute synonyms, we show that there is often differentiation of elements of lexical pairs. It appears that many absolute synonyms do not disintegrate in the process of their functioning, as linguists predict (due to semantic and formal redundancy of such verbal forms), but many absolute synonyms do exist for a long time without any apparent transformation because there are factors (reasons) in the language that promote their functioning. The analysis shows that a set of factors supporting the existence of doublet forms is specific for the units of terminological character on the one hand, and for generally used absolute synonyms on the other hand.

Focal neuromyotonia as a presenting feature of lumbosacral radiculopathy

Neuromyotonia is characterized by motor, sensory, and autonomic features along with characteristic electrophysiologic findings, resulting from hyperexcitability of the peripheral nerves. We describe the case of a 36-year-old man, who presented with the disabling symptoms suggestive of focal neuromyotonia involving both the lower limbs. His neurological examination revealed continuous rippling of both the calf muscles with normal power, reflexes, and sensory examination. Electrophysiology revealed spontaneous activity in the form of doublets, triplets, and neuromyotonic discharges along with the neurogenic motor unit potentials in bilateral L5, S1 innervated muscles. Magnetic resonance imaging lumbosacral spine revealed lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion with severe foraminal and spinal canal stenosis. Patient had good response to steroids and carbamazepine. The disabling focal neuromyotonia, occurring as a result of chronic active radiculopathy, brought the patient to medical attention. Patient responded to medical management.

Particle chaining and chain dynamics in viscoelastic liquids

Viscoelastic fluids can dramatically change the stress field around rigid spherical particles in shear flows, and these changes can cause microstructure and particle chain formation as a result of hydrodynamic interaction between particles. This paper introduces a new microscopic based approach for quantifying the kinetics of particle chaining. By monitoring the number of particles in the form of singlets, doublets, triplets, and multiplets, an absolute measure of string formation is presented. This approach enables finding the shear induced microstructural length scales in the medium. The concept of a String Factor (SF) is defined as a direct and reliable measure of chaining strength. The SF, which can be plotted over time, considers and accordingly weights the long range orientational correlations within each cluster. Real-time monitoring of particles is carried out by confocal microscopy imaging in a cone and plate setup that ensures a constant shear rate all over the field. Monodisperse polystyrene spheres with 5μm diameter in a viscoelastic solution of polyethylene oxide in DI water (0.8% PEO, 1.7% PEO) are used as test suspensions to demonstrate quantifiable differences in chain dynamics over a small range of Weissenberg number.

M. Petkevičiaus katekizmo (1598 m.) tarmė

THE DIALECT OF M. PETKEVICIUS CATECHISM (1598) Summary The article deals with the dialect of the Lithuanian Calvinist Catechism published by M. Petkevicius (Pietkiewicz) in 1598. The analysis is focused on the main dialect features peculiar to the Catechism and the dialect itself is localized as belonging to the vicinity of Kėdainiai (see plan in Baltistica, VI, 2, p. 229). Some minor features of other dialects (East High Lithuanian, possibly Samogitian) are dealt with as well. The scope of change of the dialect under consideration (from the 16th century up to our days) is analysed. It is stated that in the environs of Kėdainiai at the end of the 16th century the nasal vowels were still retained, the consonants k , g , s , ž , c , ( dž ) alone were more clearly palatalized before the vowels of the e -type, the distribution of en, in ‖ e , į and l ‖ l was more archaic than it is now. Of the later dialect innovations the following are more important: monophthongization of uo and ie and the reduction of long vowels in unstressed syllables, the loss of many relic forms, e. g. dual, illative, adessive, allative, supine, athematic verbs, the levelling of various doublet and parallel forms, e. g. the root deiv- and diev-, the suppletive paradigm of the third personal prounoun, the smoothing of declension types, the loss of pronominal adjectives, many vivid vocabulary changes. A great influence of the Kėdainiai dialect on Lithuanian writings of the 16th and 17th centu­ries is emphasized.