Forms Of Community Development Research Articles

Group Decisions, Between Competitive Motives and Knowledge Sharing

This research was conducted on UMKM groups established based on program instrumentation in the form of community development. The focus of this research is on the dynamics and processes that involve groups as strategic alliances between knowledge sharing and competitive motives. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Identification of research informants was done by snowball sampling through key informants of group leaders and former group mentors. Triangulation of sources and methods was used to ensure the validity of the data. Field data will be collected, classified, reduced, and then interpreted according to the Miles and Huberman method. The group will be able to work and evolve if there is a reciprocal process of interests among its members, such as sharing knowledge. Between competitive motives and the process of sharing knowledge will potentially negate each other in group dynamics. Therefore, this dynamic requires factors that can ensure a balance between the two. How to keep competitive motives at a healthy competitive level and, on the other hand, not interfere with the process of sharing knowledge, which is one of the indicators that the group is working and developing.

Upaya Meningkatkan Kualitas Spiritual Generasi Penerus Guna Mewujudkan Desa yang Bermartabat di Desa Perkebunan Pulahan


 The next generation needs to be considered because this is an important aspects as a determinant of the continuity of human life. To make it happen, they must be taught about all forms of worship that have a long-term orientation. Thus, the next generation of quality is formed for the next human resources. KKN is a student lecture activity outside the classroom as a form of community development as well as a place to develop the knowlegde that has been obtained from the university. KKN is also a forum for students to train themselves to be ready to enter the community. Because students are an important part in efforts to educate people who believe in divinity
 Keywords: Next Generation, Community Service, Religion

IMPLEMENTATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) PROGRAM AT PT ANUGERAH LANGKAT MAKMUR

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a form of management defined by an ethical and transparent relationship between the company and all stakeholders (relevant parties) in the form of community development, environmental and cultural preservation for future generations, diversity and the promotion of reducing social problems. As a matter of fact, the community feel cared for through PT Anugerah Langkat Makmur's (PT ALAM) CSR activities, whereas the company only produces semi-finished products or has no direct relationship with end consumers. Qualitative designed research using case study methods aims to determine the types and implementation of CSR programs at PT ALAM. Primary data collection was collected with in-depth observation and interview techniques, while secondary data was collected through desk study from Public Relation of PT ALAM. The collected data was analyzed descriptionally. The results show that PT ALAM has implemented corporate social marketing, corporate philanthropy, and socially responsible business practice program. CSR is implemented every year and has been internalized in its business structure. PT ALAM has implemented CSR programs in the form of education, construction of facilities and infrastructure, as well as socio-cultural and religious.

IMPLEMENTATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) PROGRAM AT PT ANUGERAH LANGKAT MAKMUR

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a form of management defined by an ethical and transparent relationship between the company and all stakeholders (relevant parties) in the form of community development, environmental and cultural preservation for future generations, diversity and the promotion of reducing social problems. As a matter of fact, the community feel cared for through PT Anugerah Langkat Makmur's (PT ALAM) CSR activities, whereas the company only produces semi-finished products or has no direct relationship with end consumers. Qualitative designed research using case study methods aims to determine the types and implementation of CSR programs at PT ALAM. Primary data collection was collected with in-depth observation and interview techniques, while secondary data was collected through desk study from Public Relation of PT ALAM. The collected data was analyzed descriptionally. The results show that PT ALAM has implemented corporate social marketing, corporate philanthropy, and socially responsible business practice program. CSR is implemented every year and has been internalized in its business structure. PT ALAM has implemented CSR programs in the form of education, construction of facilities and infrastructure, as well as socio-cultural and religious.

Is CSR Assistance Effective for Islamic Based Community Development in Indonesia?

<p>This article strives to examine which CSR assistance factors are effective in helping to alleviate the burdens of a community who lives near a cement site. The CSR factors are developed from underlying intens of Islamic law (<em>maqasid al-sharia</em>). The CSR activities which are done by the company towards the community residing near the site are in the form of community development and partnerships. This study was conducted in a community residing around a mine. Primary data were utilized. The data were retrieved with a survey technique, and 97 respondents were retrieved. Meanwhile, the data were analyzed by using a factor analysis. The analysis results depict that there are 6 kinds of education assistance in the CSR programs, where assistance in establishing free schools is not effective enough because it is used for employees’ children, while they comprise a very small portion of the community. There are 20 CSR health programs for the community, while the only one that is not very effective is the HIV prevention program, because the company does not implement an HIV prevention program for the community. There are 12 CSR programs for the environment, in which all of the programs are considered to be effective for the community. There are 6 CSR socio-religious programs, while only 2 of them are considered as not being effective, which are the holiday and animal sacrifice assistance. There are 4 CSR programs for public infrastructure, in which all of the programs are effective to alleviate the community’s burdens. There are 2 CSR programs for national holidays, in which all of the programs are effective for the community. There are 5 socio-cultural CSR programs, in which 2 of the CSR programs are considered to not be effective, which are the arts and culture mentoring as well as arts and culture festival assistance. There are 7 CSR programs for youth and sports activities, which are all considered effective for the community. There are 4 other CSR programs for social assistance, in which 2 of the programs are viewed as being ineffective, which are the retirement home and death assistance. There are 4 CSR programs for rotating fund assistance for SMEs, which are all deemed effective for the community. There are 3 CSR programs for managerial assistance for SMEs, in which 1 program is thought to be ineffective, which is the record keeping and accounting training program. There are 3 CSR programs for marketing assistance for SMEs, which are all considered effective for SMEs.</p>

Understanding Different Forms of Community Development: A Review of Literature

Community development is often a nebulous term defined by many conceptual and practical characterizations (Christenson - Robinson, 1980; Summers, 1986; Wilkinson, 1991). This is particularly tangible in the twenty-first century, characterized by a larger and growing presence of communities engaged in community development efforts. The growing interest in community development has resulted from the field’s proven capacity to deliver solutions to community problems. Additionally, the multifaceted ways in which communities worldwide participate in community development efforts (Walzer, 2010) has contributed to community development’s conceptual and practical pluralism. As a result, an increase in numbers and variability of individuals and organizations from multiple disciplines and frameworks practicing and studying community development has become palpable (Walzer, 2010). Policy-makers, practitioners, and academics should benefit from better understanding not only what community development is from a conceptual and overarching standpoint, but from an applied perspective, by acknowledging the different stakeholders, goals, and processes engaged to achieve such goals. Understanding of the different forms of community development and how they can complement each other is critical for establishing future processes that try to minimize the weaknesses of each form and promote their strengths.

Stories of tragedy, trust and transformation? A case study of education-centered community development in post-earthquake Haiti

Haiti’s catastrophic earthquake of 2010 left approximately 200,000 people dead, 1.5 million homeless and most government buildings destroyed. Even pre-disaster, Haiti’s outcomes on the UN Human Development Index were among the lowest in the world, and since the quake the country has fallen into further decline. Today, most Haitians continue to lack basic services, struggle with daily survival, and confront daunting challenges in their change efforts. Many have called for reconstruction of society, and argue that local civil society organizations should lead the way in these efforts by valuing local knowledge, and building on small-scale community successes. This research investigates one community’s change efforts toward a new form of community development and potential pathway to transformation in Haiti. We aim to apply learning from this case to inform development practice and policy in Haiti and similar contexts.The case study community, Bellevue-La-Montagne, is applying an education-centered community development approach which has placed construction of a new school and education at the heart of collaborative rebuilding efforts by local residents and organizations, primarily Haiti Partners. Education and participatory practices are embedded in all aspects of the community development, including: social entrepreneurship, healthcare, environmental stewardship, community agriculture, planning and construction. These efforts involve participation of people and organizations (local and international) in dialogical negotiations that aim to share power and build capabilities of local people, and to create, change, or preserve structures and institutions consistent with the interests of local people. Participatory and phronesis research methodologies reveal nuanced understandings of the community development and its meaning for local people. In spite of substantial progress in development projects, findings reveal tension points that potentially threaten long-term sustainability, such as: the highly fragile nature of state-society relations, lack of a sense of agency of local people despite strong levels of participation, and differences between outcomes for the community as a whole and individual households.Moving from revealed community change in this case to a broader and deeper social transformation will require key ‘levers of transformation’, identified in this case as: 1) education; 2) place identity, networks, and research; 3) social entrepreneurship and social innovation; and 4) state-society trust and accountability. These levers can be activated through participatory and education-centered community development strategies that provide important roles for local people and civil society, and a nuanced role for international organizations which is sensitive to power dynamics. Such development strategies would give ‘voice’ to communities in their struggles for change. Strengthening, networking and scaling community level innovation that shows promise of transformation, such as the case of Bellevue-La-Montagne, would contribute to Haiti’s attempts to forge a new narrative, and to evolving international development planning policy and practice.

A Preliminary Overview of Community Orcharding in the United States

Community orchards are a type of urban agricul­ture project bringing fruit- and nut-bearing trees and shrubs to neighborhoods across the U.S. While urban agriculture is receiving substantial attention in food studies literature, community orchards are still largely absent from academic conversations. We conducted a qualitative, inductive survey of community orchard organizations in the U.S. to establish a baseline understanding. This survey was addressed to orchard organizers and focused on two questions. First, what is driving the rise of community orcharding projects in the U.S.? Second, how are the organizations affecting local food systems? Organizations were selected to be recipients of our survey, which garnered a 42.64% response rate, if they had an Internet presence and active e-mail account; identification of survey participants was Internet-based, and as a result, little is known about orchards that do not have an Internet presence. Findings showed that commu­nity orchards are primarily established on public land, often facilitated by municipal parks and recreation departments, and range in size from pocket orchards of just a few trees to multiple acres of diverse planting. Primary motivations for beginning community orchards include concern for the environment, education, and a sense of com­munity. A preliminary understanding of this impact lies at the nexus of these final two motivations. Community orchard organizers predominately reported fruit and nuts produced in the orchard would feed residents in the geographic area immediately surrounding the site. This arrangement of public fruit and nut production and volunteer orchard manage­ment is leading to a novel form of community development that merits further research.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT PADA DESA WISATA KANDRI KECAMATAN GUNUNG PATI KOTA SEMARANG

Jatibarang dam construction in 2010 made an impact on the livelihoods of Kandri Village’s communities who has majority as farmers because of several hectares of agricultural land sunk into the reservoir. Kandri village’s communities who are affected by the construction of Jatibarang reservoirs need to prepare themself because the impact of dam construction with community empowerment. This research aim to describe the forms, the results, and identifying constraints on community empowerment Kandri Tourism Village. The method in this research is taxonomy analysis of the overall data with detailed focus on a particular domain that is useful to describe the phenomenon or problem of the study. The results showed that the forms of community development in the Kandri Tourism Village are culinary, crafts, and special interest education. Empowerment results in this research which are community needs, the range of productive resources, and the level of community participation are not maximized. The community development constraints in Kandri Tourism Village are constraints of the individual which have a lack of stability of business, leading commodities were stopped when there is a loss, there is still a dependency with outsiders, lack of confidence, and concerns about insecurity, while the constraint of the social system is obstacles of interest groups.

ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI COORPORATE SOSIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) BERDASARKAN PRINSIP GOOD COORPORATE GOVERNANCE DI PT. BIO NUSANTARA TEKNOLOGI

This research aims to investigate the implementation and factors that impede the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) which is based on the principle of Good Corporate Governance Good Corporate Governance (GSG) in PT. Bio Nusantara Teknologi. This research uses a descriptive method of analysis with a qualitative approach and data collection performed by the method of instrumental case studies, documentary studies, and natural observation (observation depth). The results show that six areas of activity that the CSR programs have been implemented by PT. BNT to improve well being communities are Education, Social Affairs / Religion, Health, Infrastructure, Economic and Environmental Affairs. Second, funds budgeted in the implementation of CSR programs at the PT. BNT were fit with the intelligence of UUPM No.25 Tahun 2007 in the amount of 1-5% of the company's profit after tax. Third, the social sector undertaken by PT.BNT to the CSR programs simply touch the community, where it is seen from the social program / religion that has been done, the areas of health and education.As for the program of environment and the economy has not been so touching peoples. Fourth, CSR applied by PT. BNT based GCG show that the implementation is not visible transparent principles, accountability, responsibility and fairness. Fifth, the existence of CSR programs in the form of community development that has been carried out by PT.BNT still lacks of impacts and benefits to improve the welfare of the local community, because of lack of fulfilling wishes of local communities, especially in the fields of economics, education and infrastructure development.And sixth, the implementation of CSR programs in the form of community development in the PT.BNT reap many obstacles and challenges, such as lack of budget funds and the scope and location of the village area around the company, so that distribution is not equitable relief. Keywords: implementation analysis, corporate social responsibility, good corporate governance

Vistas in Common: Sharing Stories about Heritage Landscapes

Rural communities in the United States have faced mounting pressure to develop their local economies in ways that threaten their historic agrarian landscapes and cultural practices. However, these communities are often wary of, if not hostile to, top–down approaches to historic preservation and landscape conservation. Community‐engaged heritage protection strategies shift the focus from managing cultural and natural heritage as discrete resources to envisioning heritage and its protection as a form of community development. This paper presents a case study from rural New England in which the intergenerational sharing of narratives about heritage landscapes moves beyond simply commemorating the past, to contributing to the present and future welfare of community members. In this case, heritage narratives shed light on residents’ changed relationships toward their land and each other, while also revitalizing a sense of a collective past and, more importantly, a shared future.

Towards unsettling community development

Community development was born out of a commitment to practising ways of empowering people to take collective control of their own lives. It requires profound changes in the ways in which societies are organized, and has held out the promise of heroic change. Although community development practitioners have been able to secure spaces for community development processes and policies, overall the successes of community development have been uneven and often quite modest. Indeed, the story of community development so far is one of the considerable unfinished businesses. Drawing on two research projects, this paper considers whether third-sector organizations, which are the main sites within which community development practice takes place, generate and nurture the types of active citizenship that are appropriate to community development activities. The paper develops a typology of active citizenship and considers manifestations of the types in seven countries. The applicability of the types to community development is dependent upon what form of community development is being considered. The paper argues that we need more than a settled form of community development based around social maintenance and defensive active citizenship. An unsettled and edgy community development is also needed that requires critical, proactive, visionary, cosmopolitan and active citizens who are prepared to challenge the existing power relations.

Not Just Talk: What a Psychosocial Primary Care Mental Health Service Can Do

This descriptive study reports on the development of an inner-city, multi-disciplinary primary care mental health service which expanded its mainly problem-based casework approach to incorporate a well-being focus in the form of community development, health promotion, teaching and training. Work undertaken over one year (2006–2007) with a total of 762 service users is examined for the service population's profile and the range and type of direct work undertaken, with examples. Indirect work is outlined to illustrate the service's collaboration with other mainstream and third-sector agencies. Mutual learning across settings and disciplines was central to this mixed, psychosocial portfolio. The team's work reflected their perspective that mental disorder and mental health are embedded in community processes, and that policies and services which seek to remedy mental disorder by individualised therapies or risk management alone may fail to address the connectedness of service users' mental health with their material, social and personal environments.

Youth Mentoring as a Tool for Community and Civic Engagement: Reflections on Findings of an Irish Research Study

Youth mentoring programs such as Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) are traditionally considered to be a vehicle for youth development rather than community development. In fact, the notion that the one-to-one engagement that characterizes the mentoring process acting as a form of community development appears somewhat counterintuitive. However, the authors use evidence from research among adult mentors with an Irish Big Brothers Big Sisters Program to argue that such programs are a valuable resource in terms of both community and youth development. Firstly, by encouraging awareness and empathy with young people and their families, such programs are extending the range and possibilities for civic engagement. Secondly, there is a demand among mentors for horizontal support and for the creation of a community of mentors. Support for such initiatives by program staff could help to overcome criticisms of formal mentoring programs for their individualized nature and go some way toward the creation of “mentor rich communities.” Such actions could help to complement the bridging social capital aspect of mentoring with the creation of bonding social capital among pro-social and civic-minded adults. Finally, it is argued that youth mentoring programs would benefit from the introduction of community development principles. For example, use of locally participatory structures could help to develop programs, make them responsive to the needs of youth, and act as a support for the recruitment of volunteers.

Second Growth: Community Economic Development in Rural British Columbia

Second Growth: Community Economic Development in Rural British Columbia, Sean Markey, John Pierce, Mark Roseland and Kelly Vodden, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2005, pp. 352.This theoretically rich, community economic development (CED) work, written by four members of the Centre for Sustainable Community Development (formerly the Community Economic Development Centre) at Simon Fraser University, is the product of a three-year participatory-action-based research project involving four “forest-based” British Columbia communities. Two Aboriginal communities and two municipalities were case studied as part of an action-learning exercise in order to gain “insight into the apparent conflict between the economic imperative and fluidity of capital versus the lived worlds of rural and small time places” (3). Through their empirical studies of the four communities, the authors argue that CED, fostered at the local level, can allow for the kind of capacity building that is needed to create diversified, sustainable economic futures for resource-based rural and small-town communities. They are careful, however, to distinguish between the use of CED as a “localized and palliative strategy” for marginalized communities caught in the throes of political and economic dependency, and the possibilities for a more robust (theoretically balanced) version of CED, which can become part and parcel of rural and small-town locally-based planning and development. While recognizing the appropriateness of CED in either situation, they argue that a host of negative economic and political factors, which are intensifying under the direction of neo-liberal ideological thinking, have resulted in a pressing need for the more robust form of community development and corresponding revitalization strategies.

Global flows: Terror, oil & strategic philanthropy

US involvement in Africa is growing following threats of terrorism and interruptions in oil production and because of desires by foreign corporations to expand their activities on the continent. The response of American policymakers has been to establish a stronger military presence that will engage in counterterrorism initiatives and police oil installations. The goals and extent of this buildup, and the ideology legitimating it, are new. They are departures from Cold War policies. Similarly, the response of American business leaders to weaknesses in the infrastructure and political order of African states leads them to establish their own forms of community development, known as strategic philanthropy, in order to protect and expand local markets. Despite these major developments, the media are not informing the public. This article examines the implications of these military and business initiatives for African nations and the reasons for lack of information about them. Editor's Note: This article was delivered as the presidential address to the African Studies Association, New Orleans, 12 November 2004. It first appeared in the African Studies Review, Vol. 47, No. 5, April 2005:1–22, the principal scholarly journal of that Association. On the role of the US in Africa, also see Daniel Volman, ‘US Military Involvement in Africa’ and Michel Chossudovsky, ‘New Undeclared Arms Race: America's Agenda for Global Military Domination’ in ROAPE 103, March 2005.

Global Flows: Terror, Oil, and Strategic Philanthropy

Abstract:U.S. involvement in Africa is growing following threats of terrorism and interruptions in oil production and because of desires by foreign corporations to expand their activities on the continent. The response of American policymakers has been to establish a stronger military presence that will engage in counterterrorism initiatives and police oil installations. The goals and extent of this buildup, and the ideology legitimating it, are new. They are departures from Cold War policies. Similarly, the response of American business leaders to weaknesses in the infrastructure and political order of African states leads them to establish their own forms of community development, known as strategic philanthropy, so as to protect and expand local markets. Despite these major developments, the media are not informing the public. This article examines the implications of these military and business initiatives for African nations and the reasons for lack of information about them.

Self-care in urban settings.

A variety of indicators favors the development of self-care systems for inner-city populations. This cannot be conceived as an isolated individual or a family enterprise. To be effective, self-care must be a community concept. This type of system requires (1) an information base; (2)an organized method of dissemination in a community; (3) support structures; and (4) an evaluation sybsystem. A community-oriented system would be an alternative and a complement to formal health services; individuals and families would manage common health problems, but would have ready access to formal services through community organizations. Links must also be provided between personal self-care and other forms of community development.