Form Of Cancer In Women Research Articles

The feasibility of including human papillomavirus vaccine in Iran's national immunization program

AimCervical cancer is the second most common form of cancer in women. In order to prevent this disease, several vaccines like Cervarix [2vHPV], Cecolin, Cervarix quadrivalent and Gardasil [9vHPV]), have been included in the vaccination program of some countries. This study as a part of Health Technology Assessment (HTA), aimed to assess the feasibility of inclusion of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine in the national vaccination program of Iran. Subject and methodsThis is a qualitative case study composed of semi structured interviews with a purposive sample of experts working extensively in the field of women's health. Data saturation reached at the 12th interview. The data was analyzed using the framework method. ResultsA total of 14 subthemes under 6 themes of the need for vaccines, lack of knowledge, cost factors, administration at early ages, creating a negative mindset, and empowering the society were identified. ConclusionIncluding HPV vaccine in the national vaccination program not only seems justifiable, but also its absence in the vaccination program violates some aspects of medical ethics principles. Therefore, the government must take steps to increase public awareness about human papillomavirus and include the aforementioned vaccine in the national vaccination program.

Identification and verification of promising diagnostic genes in bisphenol A-associated breast cancer development via in silico analysis

Lifestyle patterns and exposure to toxic chemicals or environmental pollutants are the strongest risk factors for the chances of developing breast cancer, the leading and most lethal form of cancer in women. Bisphenol A (BPA), found in various consumer products, is known to deregulate multiple cellular signaling pathways, but its effect on cancer initiation and development in breast tissue has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the identification of hub drivers is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying BPA-related malignancy and may help determine novel diagnosis and treatment strategies. This work aims at elucidating the molecular actors and mechanisms of action involved in BPA-induced breast cancer development using a bioinformatics analysis approach. A microarray dataset suitable for the study purposes was obtained from the publicly available Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository, followed by DEG (differentially expressed genes) extraction, enrichment, and protein-protein interaction analyses to identify the hub genes. Expressional patterns, prognostic potentials, and immune infiltration levels of identified targets were tested and validated in silico using GEPIA2 and KM-plotter tools. According to PPI network results, CCNA2 and CCNB1 were identified as critical hub genes. Validation analyses clearly indicated that the identified genes are extremely critical in BPA-associated breast cancer processes. Findings from this study revealed that CCNA2 and CCNB1, two cell cycle signaling-related hub genes that are overexpressed as a consequence of BPA exposure, are strongly associated with breast cancer.

Sử dụng dấu ấn miễn dịch trong việc định typ ung thư biểu mô tuyến vú

Breast cancer, a prevalent form of cancer in women, presents various categories that pose challenges in defining specific treatment approaches. Immunohistochemistry, a combination of immunology and histology, has made significant advancements in identifying specific surface receptors on cancer cells. This information serves as the basis for guiding appropriate treatment regimens and predicting prognosis for patients. A survey conducted on 75 tissue samples revealed the diversity of breast carcinoma types, with the infiltrative tubular form being the most common, accounting for 73.3% of cases. By utilizing immunoassay markers on these tissues, the expression rates of ER (estrogen receptor), PR (progesterone receptor), and Her2/neu were determined to be 29.2%, 52%, and 22.7%, respectively. Classification of breast cancer based on these markers showed that the ER/PR+HER2- group accounted for 24% of cases. The ER-/PR+HER2- group accounted for 18.7%, while the ER+/PR+HER2+, ER-/PR+HER2+, and ER-PR+Her2+ groups each represented 12% of cases. The ER-/PRHER2+HER2+ group accounted for 8%, and a subgroup where all three markers were negative accounted for 22.7% of cases. Estrogen and progesterone expression showed a moderately positive correlation (0 < r = 0.445 < 0.5; p <0.05). However, the expression of Her2/neu in ER-negative tumors did not show statistical significance (p > 0.05) and exhibited a reverse correlation with r = -0.016.

Clinical and Translational Applications of Serological and Histopathological Biomarkers in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the most common form of cancer in women. A large proportion of patients begin with localized disease and undergo treatment with curative intent, while another large proportion of patients debuts with disseminated metastatic disease. In the last subgroup of patients, the prognosis in recent years has changed radically, given the existence of different targeted therapies thanks to the discovery of different biomarkers. Serological, histological, and genetic biomarkers have demonstrated their usefulness in the initial diagnosis, in the follow-up to detect relapses, to guide targeted treatment, and to stratify the prognosis of the most aggressive tumors in those with breast cancer. Molecular markers are currently the basis for the diagnosis of metastatic disease, given the wide variety of chemotherapy regions and existing therapies. These markers have been a real revolution in the therapeutic arsenal for breast cancer, and their diagnostic validity allows the classification of tumors with higher rates of relapse, aggressiveness, and mortality. In this sense, the existence of therapies targeting different molecular alterations causes a series of changes in tumor biology that can be assessed throughout the course of the disease to provide information on the underlying pathophysiology of metastatic disease, which allows us to broaden our knowledge of the different mechanisms of tissue invasion. Therefore, the aim of the present article is to review the clinical, diagnostic, predictive, prognostic utility and limitations of the main biomarkers available and under development in metastatic breast cancer.

7-Geranyloxycinnamic Acid Isolated from Melicope lunu-ankenda Leaves Perturbs Colon Cancer and Breast Cancer Cell Lines' Growth via Induction of Apoptotic Pathway.

Globally, breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer in women and there is a need for alternative therapies such as plant-derived compounds with low systemic toxicity and selective toxicity to cancer cells. The aim of this study is to assess the cytotoxicity effects of 7-geranyloxycinnamic acid isolated from leaves of Melicope lunu-ankenda, a traditional medicinal plant, on the human breast cancer cell lines. Dried leaf powder was used for the preparation of different crude extracts using different solvents of increasing order of polarity. The structure of the isolated compound from the petroleum ether extract was elucidated by 1H and 13C NMR, LC-MS, and DIP-MS spectroscopy. The cytotoxic activity of the crude extract and 7-geranyloxycinnamic acid analyzed using MTT assay. Apoptotic analysis was evaluated using Annexin V-PI staining, AO/PI staining, intracellular ROS measurement, and measurement of activities of caspases 3/7, 8, and 9. Crude extracts and the isolated pure compound showed significant cytotoxicity against tested cancer cell lines. 7-geranyloxycinnamic acid was found to exert significant cytotoxic effects against breast cancer cell lines such as the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The cytotoxic effects are attributed to its ability to induce apoptosis via accumulation of ROS and activation of caspases in both breast cancer cell lines. The pure compound, 7-geranyloxycinnamic acid isolated from the leaves of M. lunu-ankenda, can exert significant cytotoxic effects against breast cancer cell lines without affecting the normal cells.

Abstract 3900: In vivo inhibition of metastatic HER2 positive trastuzumab resistant breast cancer using engineered destabilized 3UTR ARE of HER2 improves survival outcomes

Abstract Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women with mortality of about 58% in developing countries. HER2+ breast cancers are treated with trastuzumab in various forms in combination with chemotherapy and has been successful in targeting HER2 overexpression in HER2+ breast cancer and improving survival as a standard first line therapy for more than a decade. However, about 25% of early and 75% of late stage HER2 driven breast cancers are resistant to trastuzumab. For these patients, the clinical outcomes are grim. We report the destabilization of HER2 3‘UTR ARE which degraded oncogene HER2 transcript, protein expression, HER2 dependent kinases and interactome. In vitro, we transfected the engineered destabilizing HER2 constructs into BT474 clone 5 trastuzumab resistant breast cancer and within days, we inhibited cancer cell growth and degraded HER2 transcript and protein. The degradation of HER2 leads to loss of many kinases especially YES1 and WNK1 that are known causes of chemoresistance in HER2 positive trastuzumab resistant breast cancer. In vivo, we administered the destabilizing constructs as naked constructs or as complexed with nanocages to mice bearing tumors of BT474 clone 5 trastuzumab resistant cells. We found that our constructs, both the naked and nanocage-delivered, conferred significant survival (p values: 0.0178 and 0.00492) to about 60% of the exceptionally surviving mice compared to the controls. Taken together, we have developed a new therapy to target trastuzumab resistant HER2+ metastatic breast cancers with increased survival outcomes. Citation Format: Chidiebere U. Awah, Joo Sun Mun, Baris Boylu, Alooka Paragodaarachchi, Chika Ochu, Hiroshi Matsui, Olorunseun O. Ogunwobi. In vivo inhibition of metastatic HER2 positive trastuzumab resistant breast cancer using engineered destabilized 3UTR ARE of HER2 improves survival outcomes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3900.

Classification of Cervical Cancer Using an Autoencoder and Cascaded Multilayer Perceptron

Cervical cancer is the most frequent and potent form of cancer in women. The complications caused by it can be avoided if it is detected and treated promptly. In oncology, artificial intelligence has improved the prediction accuracy in the preliminary stages of cervical cancer. In this work, a novel machine learning-based approach is introduced to predict and categorize the healthy and anomalous cervical cells. Initially, an adaptive median filter is utilized to eliminate the noise artefacts in the pap smears from the Herlev dataset. The auto-encoder (AE) is employed to extract the features and reduce the dimension of features to progress the training process. Consequently, a cascaded multilayer perceptron (c-MLP) is employed for the classification of the normal and abnormal cervical cells. The c-MLP was trained using the Bayesian Regulation algorithm to generate the best classification accuracy of 97.63%. As a result, the classification using the c-MLP is more accurate and effective for classifying healthy and malignant cervical cells than the classic ML classifiers. The proposed ML-based framework progresses the overall accuracy range by 3.61%, 4.40%, 5.07%, and 4.66% better than SVM, XGB, RF, and DT, respectively.

A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding breast self-examination among women in a selected Sri Shakthi Welfare Group at Mangaluru

Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer morbidity and mortality among women in most parts of the world. Breast cancer has been considered as a major health problem in females, because of its high incidence in recent years. Breast cancer is the commonest form of cancer in women in western countries and second most common in women in developing countries like India. In the absence of an exact etiological agent for breast cancer, the most appropriate way of controlling it is by early detection and treatment Breast self-examination (BSE) has a role in early diagnosis and prevention of morbidity and mortality rate of breast cancer.Methodology: An evaluative research approach with Quasi experimental one group pre-test post-test design was adopted for this study. The design did not include any control group. Fourty Samples were selected by simple random sampling technique.The study was conducted for the women in one group, as they gathered together for their monthly meeting at one place. On the first day, the demographic data was collected and pre-test was conducted by using structured knowledge questionnaire and planned teaching programme regarding BSE was administered. Post-test was conducted on the seventh day by using the same structured knowledge questionnaire. Results: The mean post-test knowledge score (x̅2=22.6) was greater than pre-test knowledge score (x̅1=13.2).Also Area wise post-test mean score was higher in all the aspects such as meaning and purpose of BSE, breast changes and warning signs, risk factors and early detection, time schedule and instructions, steps and methods, and general information compared to the pre-test score. The mean difference between the post-test and pre-test knowledge score was highly significant (t39=23.79) (table value: t39=2.02, p≤0.05) at 0.05 level of significance. The mean difference in post-test and pre-test was 9.4. The findings are highly significant and it can be inferred that planned teaching programme regarding breast self-examination was highly effective in improving the knowledge of women regarding breast self-examination. There was no significant association between pre-test level knowledge score and selected demographic variables such as age (χ2=2.19), marital status (χ2=0.5), occupation (χ2=0.327), and education (χ2=2.597), at 0.05 level of significance.Conclusion: Findings of the study showed that the knowledge of the self-help group women regarding breast self-examination was less before the administration of the PTP. The PTP facilitated them to gain more knowledge about breast self-examination which was evident from the post-test knowledge scores.

Symmetry-based regularization in deep breast cancer screening.

Breast cancer is the most common and lethal form of cancer in women. Recent efforts have focused on developing accurate neural network-based computer-aided diagnosis systems for screening to help anticipate this disease. The ultimate goal is to reduce mortality and improve quality of life after treatment. Due to the difficulty in collecting and annotating data in this domain, data scarcity is - and will continue to be - a limiting factor. In this work, we present a unified view of different regularization methods that incorporate domain-known symmetries in the model. Three general strategies were followed: (i) data augmentation, (ii) invariance promotion in the loss function, and (iii) the use of equivariant architectures. Each of these strategies encodes different priors on the functions learned by the model and can be readily introduced in most settings. Empirically we show that the proposed symmetry-based regularization procedures improve generalization to unseen examples. This advantage is verified in different scenarios, datasets and model architectures. We hope that both the principle of symmetry-based regularization and the concrete methods presented can guide development towards more data-efficient methods for breast cancer screening as well as other medical imaging domains.

Evaluating the Acceptance and Usability of an App Promoting Weight Gain Prevention and Healthy Behaviors Among Young Women With a Family History of Breast Cancer: Protocol for an Observational Study.

Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women, and around 20% of cases are associated with factors such as adult weight gain, overweight and obesity, and potentially modifiable health behaviors including high alcohol intake, smoking, lack of physical activity, and breastfeeding. Significant weight gain occurs between the ages of 18 and 35 years; hence, this age group could benefit from weight gain prevention interventions. Population studies have reported that women at increased risk of breast cancer account for a disproportionate amount of cases. Thus, there is a particular need to target weight gain prevention and other health behavior interventions for women at increased risk. A literature review identified no evidence-based apps that cover all relevant health behaviors. With patient and participant involvement from the target population, we have developed a new app to promote healthy behaviors among young women at increased risk of breast cancer. Alongside the app, a Facebook group provides peer support, and a virtual welcome event provides an overview of the project and the opportunity to meet the research team and other study participants. The aim of the intervention is to prevent weight gain via changes to eating habits and physical activity levels, and improve other health behaviors associated with breast cancer. The app includes goal setting and self-monitoring of health behaviors and provides education about breast cancer. This study aims to assess the acceptability and usability of the app in young women at increased risk of breast cancer, and the feasibility of the study procedures for a future, larger efficacy study. Young women (n=35, age 18-35 years) at increased risk of breast cancer (>17% lifetime risk) will be recruited via 2 recruitment procedures: mailed invite from the local breast cancer family history, risk and prevention clinic, and advertisements on social media and websites. Participants will have access to the app and the private Facebook group for 2 months. They will complete questionnaires regarding their health behaviors and breast cancer risk belief at the start and end of the study, complete app rating scales in the middle and at the end of the study, and be invited to give feedback on the app during the study period. Approximately 20 participants will have a semistructured interview at the end of the study regarding their views on the app and trial procedures. The trial is ongoing, and the publication of results is anticipated in 2023. The trial will provide evidence regarding the acceptability and usability of the newly developed app for young women at increased risk of breast cancer. Feedback obtained will be used to improve the app. The trial will also assess the feasibility of the study procedures and how these can be refined for a future efficacy study. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05460650; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05460650. PRR1-10.2196/41246.

Perceived Awareness of Risk Factors of Breast Cancer, Health Beliefs and Screening Behaviours of Working Women

Background: Breast cancer is a prevalent form of cancer in women. In a majority of the cases, it is detected either during screening or after a woman identifies an abnormal lump in the breast. As a result, it has become a significant health concern. Objective: The research goal of this study was to determine the perceived awareness of risk factors, health beliefs, and screening behaviours regarding breast cancer. Materials and methods: A descriptive survey was conducted among 200 working women selected using the simple random sampling technique. The following tools were used to collect the data: i) demographic proforma (19 items); ii) structured perceived awareness scale on risk factors of breast cancer (20 items); iii) structured health belief and screening behaviour scale on breast cancer (40 items). Descriptive and inferential statistics analysed the findings. Results: The majority (97.0%) of the participants had moderate perceived awareness regarding breast cancer risk factors. The mean scores of the subdomains of health beliefs and screening behaviours were found to be high. The relationship between perceived awareness with perceived benefits (p<0.001) and cues to action (p=0.006) was found to be statistically significant, whereas the relationship between perceived awareness and other subdomains was observed to be non-significant. Conclusion: High perceived barriers to breast cancer screening could cause a lower rate of breast cancer screening practices. Hence, breast cancer awareness initiatives are needed to improve women’s overall health by improving preventive and screening behaviours.

Effect of 8 Weeks of Physical Activity to Improve the Physical and Psychological State of 13 Women Under 30 Undergoing Treatment for Breast Cancer at the Saint Nicolas Clinic in Porto-Novo

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer in women. Several studies have shown the benefits of physical activity (PA) before and after treatment on the physical and psychological components of patients. Almost all of the studies mentioned are carried out on non-African patients over the age of 40. And no experimental studies have been carried out in young patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer. This is how we asked ourselves the question of whether a physical exercise program carried out on young Beninese women under the age of 30 undergoing treatment for breast cancer at the Saint Nicolas clinic in Porto-Novo could it have the same effects on their physical and psychological components? Our objective through this research is to study the potential effect of a physical activity program on the physical and psychological state in women under 30 years old (27±5.8 years) undergoing treatment for a breast cancer at the Saint Nicolas clinic in Porto-Novo. An experimental study was then carried out with 13 patients (very low rate of women in this section suffering from breast cancer) undergoing treatment throughout 2022 at the Saint Nicolas clinic in Porto-Novo. The experimental group followed a physical activity program consisting of aerobic and muscular exercises; over a period of 8 weeks. According to the data collected and the feedback from the patients, the physical activity program seems to have been beneficial for most of them. There is an improvement in the quality of life and the physical condition of the patients. In addition, the management of physical fatigue and psychological fatigue also seem to improve. There was also a marked improvement in the ability to concentrate and self-esteem. The physical activity program has improved the physical and psychological state of Beninese women with breast cancer.

A systematic assessment of stress insomnia as the high-risk factor for cervical cancer and interplay of cervicovaginal microbiome.

Cervical cancer is a dreaded form of cancer in women, the fourth most common cancer, with around 0.3 million females suffering from this disease worldwide. Over the past several decades, global researches have focused on the mitigation of cervical lesions and cancers and have explored the impact of physiological and psychological stress and insomnia on cervical pathogenesis. Furthermore, disruption of the cervicovaginal microbiome profiles is identified as an added high-risk factor for the occurrence of cervical cancer. The physiological regulation of stress has an underlying mechanism controlled via hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) and sympatho-adrenal medullary (SAM) axes. Disruptions in these axes have been identified as the factors responsible for maintaining the homeostasis balance. Recent studies on microbiomes have offered novel ways to combat cervical cancer and cervix infection by exploring the interplay of the cervicovaginal microbiome. Moreover, the integration of various immune cells and microbiome diversity is known to act as an effective strategy to decipher the cervix biological activity. Cytokine profiling and the related immune competence, and physiological stress and insomnia impart to the regulatory networks underlying the mechanism which may be helpful in designing mitigation strategies. This review addressed the current progress in the research on cervical cancer, HPV infection, immune cell interaction, and physiological stress and insomnia with the cervicovaginal microbiome to decipher the disease occurrence and therapeutic management.

A Meta-Analysis of Induced Abortion, Alcohol Consumption, and Smoking Triggering Breast Cancer Risk among Women from Developed and Least Developed Countries.

The most prominent form of cancer in women is breast cancer, and modifiable lifestyle risk factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, and induced abortion, can all contribute significantly to this disease. This study's primary purpose was to assess the prevalence of breast cancer among women in developed and developing countries and the association between three modifiable hazard factors (induced abortion, smoking behavior, and alcohol use) and breast cancer. This study performed a systematic literature database review up to September 21, 2021. We employed meta-analytic tools such as the random effects model, forest plot, and subgroup analysis to conduct the research. Additionally, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of outliers. According to the random effects model, smoker women have a higher risk of developing breast cancer from different countries (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.08-1.97). In the case of induced abortion, the pooled estimate (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.01-1.53) indicated a significant link between abortion and breast cancer. Subgroup analysis revealed that smoking substantially influences breast cancer in developing and developed countries. Breast cancer was more common among women who smoked in developed countries than in developing nations. The observed findings give sufficient support for the hypothesis that smoking and abortion have a significant influence on breast cancer in different nations. Health organizations should individually design comprehensive scientific plans to raise awareness about the risks of abortion and smoking in developed and developing countries.

Colposcopic Findings of Cervix in VIA (Visual Inspection of Cervix by Acetic Acid) Positive Cases at BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the most common form of cancer in women in developing countries and the second most common form of cancer in the world as a whole. An estimated 468,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 233,000 deaths occurred in the year 2000. Cervical cancer constitutes about 26 % of female cancer in different areas of Bangladesh. Objective: To find out the role of VIA for the detection of precancerous and early cancerous lesions of the cervix with co-relation of Colposcopic findings and ultimate. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from January, 2010 to June 2010 on 100 women attending at the "Colposcopy Clinic" of Gynae Oncology Division of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of BSMMU, Dhaka. Only VIA positive cases were taken into consideration for the study. Results: The mean age of the participants were 33.39 years (range 18-60) with 41.0 % in the age group between 36-45 years. Among all the subjects, the majority (75%) was housewives and 70.0% the patients hailed from urban area. The yearly incomes of 46% families were between 50,000 to 60,000 Tk. The mean parity of the respondents was 1.75 and 4. More than 4 children were found in 14% cases. Up to 35.0% had 2 children only. About 46.0 % had experienced menarche at the age 13 years and the range was 12-14 years. In regard to risk factors, 64% used hormonal methods. Among the participants 80% experienced first coitus of age between 13-20 years. Excessive vaginal discharge and backache were the principal complaints. Colposcopy evaluated 65 cases as CIN (CIN I 34 %, CIN 11-17%, CIN-III 14%) and 3.0% as invasive lesions. Biopsy evaluated 45% as CIN (CIN I-20% CIN-15%, CIN-III 10%) and 1% as invasive lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of colposcopy were 82.14 % and 50.00% respectively. This suggests the role of colposcopy in the evaluation of CIN and cervical cancer. Conclusion: The study concludes that the VIA and colposcopy are the important methods of diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of cervical pre-malignancy. VIA may be used as a tool for screening in underdeveloped countries and may be associated with a referral procedure for further methods like colposcopy and biopsy. Colposcopy is an indispensable procedure in the evaluation of unhealthy cervix through it requires considerable training and experience.

A Review on Thermal Imaging-Based Breast Cancer Detection Using Deep Learning

Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women. Its aggressive nature has made it one of the chief factors of high female mortality. Therefore, this has motivated research to achieve early diagnosis since it is the best strategy for patient survival. Currently, mammography is the gold standard for detecting breast cancer. However, it is expensive, unsuitable for dense breasts, and an invasive process that exposes the patient to radiation. Infrared thermography is gaining popularity as a screening modality for the early detection of breast cancer. It is a noninvasive and cost-effective modality that allows health practitioners to observe the temperature profile of the breast region for signs of cancerous tumors. Deep learning has emerged as a powerful computational tool for the early detection of breast cancer in radiology. As such, this study presents a review that shows existing work on deep learning-based Computer-aided Diagnosis (CADx) systems for breast cancer detection. In the same context, it reflects on classification utilizing breast thermograms. It first provides an overview of infrared thermography, details on available breast thermogram datasets, and then segmentation techniques applied to these thermograms. We also provide a brief overview of deep neural networks. Finally, it reviews works adopting Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) for breast thermogram classification.

DYNAMICS OF MMP8 AND OSTEOPONTIN CONTENT IN ORAL LIQUID OF PATIENTS WITH ORAL DISEASES IN THE PRESENCE OF ONCOPATHOLOGY

According to WHO, breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in women. In 2020, 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer and 685,000 deaths from the disease were reported worldwide. This research aims to study the dynamics of the concentration of MMP8, osteopontin, and Ca2+ ions, as well as the pH level in patients with breast cancer during chemotherapy and specific dental treatment. Materials and methods. The study involved 60 patients, both men and women. All respondents were divided into groups by their oncological diseases: group 1 consisted of 20 patients with stage II and III breast cancer after chemotherapy, without prior dental treatment, group 2 comprised 20 patients with breast cancer after chemotherapy, with previous dental treatment, the control group included 20 people without cancer and dental pathology. Results and discussion. Dental diseases in patients of both groups were manifested by significant changes in bone metabolism, which was accompanied with sharp rise of MMP8 concentration in oral fluid during reducing osteopontin concentration. It is worth noting that the above pathobiochemical changes occurred against the background of a fall in the Ca2+ ion content and a pH shift towards the acidic side. The increase in Ca2+ is associated with a decrease in MMP8 level and the elevation in pH and osteoponine. In turn, the pH has medium power feedback with MMP8 and a direct relationship of medium force with osteoponin. MMP8 and osteopontin are associated with strong feedback, that is, an increase in the level of one of them can be displayed about reducing osteopontin. Conclusion. This study has established a statistically significant increase in MMP 8 against the background of the reducing concentration of osteoponitis. Pathobiochemical changes in bone tissue were found against the background of significant loss of Ca2+ ions and pH. Dental treatment for this category of patients has led to the improvement in the concentration of these markers. The data obtained justifies the necessity of their use as diagnostic markers and laboratory screening of the effectiveness of dental treatment in patients of this category.

Significance of Bcl-2 expression in breast cancer

Introduction and Aim: The most prevalent and lethal form of cancer in women, breast carcinoma is thought to account for 2,088, 849 (11.6%) of all new cases each year. Protooncogene Bcl-2 is primarily present in the perinuclear membrane. Examining the significance of Bcl-2 expression as a predictive factor in breast cancer is the goal of the current investigation. Materials and Methods: From December 2019 to January 2021, a tertiary care hospital in Chennai conducted this investigation on 42 cases of mastectomy specimens. Using tools from Path Insitu, Bcl-2 marker immunohistochemistry was carried out. Scores were taken after observing Bcl-2 expression in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Results: Total 42 cases were studied, and the age of patient ranged from 33-80 years. Out of 42 cases of IDC-NST (Invasive ductal carcinoma- No special type) 19 cases (45%) showed positive expression and 23 cases (54%) showed lack of staining for Bcl-2. Tumor size and grade of IDC-NST has significant relationship with Bcl-2 expression with p value of 0.05. No correlation has been found between lymph nodes harboring malignant cells and Bcl2 expression with p value >0.05. Conclusion: The staging and prognosis of breast cancer depend heavily on the size, grading based on histopathology, and lymph node harboring tumor cells. Hormonal receptor tests are frequently used in the process of treating breast cancer. The goal of the current investigation was to assess Bcl2's value as an additional marker for prognosis. Significant Bcl-2 expression was seen in tumors of modest histologic grade and size.

DYNAMICS OF INDICATIONS OF INCIDENCE OF MALIGNANT NEUTRALS OF THE MAMMARY GLAND AND CERVIX AMONG THE FEMALE POPULATION OF POLTAVA REGION

Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women, its share in the structure of all oncological morbidity in the European region is 28%. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. We analyzed the statistical data of the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine for 2012–2021, data of the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine, and data of the European Union of WHO as well as form No. 7 “Report on morbidity of malignant neoplasms”, Poltava. The analysis of dynamics from 2012-2021 was carried out. Data entry and statistical analysis were performed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Science (IBM SPSS) version 25.0. The comparative examination of the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the breast and cervix in the female population of the Poltava region with the indicators for Ukraine demonstrates that neoplasms of the breast in women of the Poltava region occur 21.2% more often than in Ukraine as a whole, at the same time, cervical cancer among women of the Poltava region is registered 33.7% more often than in Ukraine. Over the period of 10 years, the mortality of the female population from malignant neoplasms of the breast and cervix has shown slight fluctuations. When compared with 2012, the mortality of women from cervical cancer tends to decrease. Hence, in 2020, the rate decreased by 13.6% (from 9.2 per 100.000 people in 2012 to 7.95 per 100.000 people in 2020). However, in 2021, this indicator increased to 9.3 per 100.000 people. The prevalence of breast neoplasms among the female population of the Poltava region indicates a 41.4% increase over the past 10 years (601.7 per 100.000 people in 2012 to 850.7 per 100.000 people in 2021). Over the past 10 years, the prevalence of cervical cancer tended to increase (+ 26.1%). In 2021, compared to the previous year, there was a slight reduction in the registration of this pathology, and there was also a drop in the growth rate (241.3 per 100.000 people in 2012 to 304.3 per 100.000 people in 2021).

Lifestyle and environmental factors-a critical correlation of breast cancer

In India, most common form of cancer in women is breast cancer (BC). Every year more than 1,00,000 new breast cancer patients are diagnosed in India. Though itis completely treatable if detected in early stage, the rate of cure in India is less due to lack of awareness, lack of access to health care facilities, ignorance of symptoms and socio-cultural attitudes. There are several environmental factors associated with BC. Research has shown that the risk factor of BC is higher to the women who work at night as light exposure at night suppresses the melatonin secretion and gives rise to cancer. Exposure to Xenoestrogen (present in plastic containers, pesticides etc.), Parabens (present in preservatives and cosmetics), alkylphenols, phytoestrogen are really harmful and can cause BC. Besides, consumption of excessive alcohol, obesity, use of Hormone Replacement Therapy and late onset of menopause are equally responsible for breast cancer.