Foreign Travel Research Articles

Healthcare Service Provisions for Foreign Travellers: A Case of Thailand

Healthcare Service Provisions for Foreign Travellers: A Case of Thailand

When Heads of Government and State (HOGS) Fly: Introducing the Country and Organizational Leader Travel (COLT) Dataset Measuring Foreign Travel by HOGS

Abstract Despite representing a crucial day-to-day diplomatic tool, travel by heads of government and state (HOGS) has remained an under-investigated topic in international relations, inhibiting our ability to better understand how these visits change foreign aid, interstate conflict, diplomatic affinities, and more. Here, we fill that gap by introducing the first global dataset on the foreign visits of state leaders, the Country and Organizational Leader Travel (COLT) dataset, which allows us to present descriptive analysis and assess the monadic and dyadic drivers of foreign travel by HOGS. We find evidence consistent with previous literature explaining the motives of leader travel: development, trade, conflict, institutional co-membership, and regime type. In addition, we show a potential further application of the dataset, presenting original results on the relation between diplomatic visits and international trade. Overall, these data represent a unique indicator of international interaction that cuts across levels of analysis.

Travel vlogging as an integrated practice: Foreign travel vloggers' practices in the Philippines

Travel vlogging as an integrated practice: Foreign travel vloggers' practices in the Philippines

Modelling the Influence of Inflation on Foreign Travel Dynamics: A Comparative Analysis of Linear and Machine Learning Models

This study investigates the impact of inflation on foreign travel dynamics in Nigeria, focusing on the Headline Inflation Rate (HIR), Core Inflation Rate (CIR), and Food Inflation Rate (FIR) as predictors of the number of passengers travelling abroad (PPF) and the percentage of aircraft travelling internationally (PAF). Secondary data was employed in this study. The Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin 2021 and the Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria (FAAN) records from 2015–2020 were the sources of secondary data. Correlation analysis, the linear regression model, the random forest regression model, and the gradient boosting regression model are among the statistical tools used. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships among variables, with a strong positive correlation between PPF and PAF (0.95384) and between CIR and FIR (0.75894). In contrast, HIR exhibited weak negative correlations with PPF (-0.3024) and PAF (-0.24953). Linear regression models indicated statistical significance (F-statistic = 4.102, p = 0.0106), with HIR and FIR negatively impacting PPF (p = 0.0048, p = 0.0146, respectively) and CIR positively influencing it (p = 0.0419). However, these models explained only 18% of the variability in outcomes (adjusted R² = 0.1362). Machine learning models, particularly Random Forest, demonstrated superior predictive performance, explaining 51.24% and 55.23% of the variance in PPF and PAF, respectively, with the lowest RMSE values. Gradient Boosting also outperformed linear regression. HIR was the most influential predictor for PPF, while FIR dominated for PAF. These findings highlight the nuanced effects of inflation on travel dynamics and underscore the advantages of machine learning in policy modelling. Future research should explore additional factors, such as exchange rates and consumer confidence, to enhance understanding.

P0356 A case of pulmonary nodules in Ulcerative Colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: is it drug or disease?

Abstract Background Pulmonary manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rare, with a broad range of lung diseases including airways, parenchymal, pleural, and pulmonary vascular disease. It is commonly associated with concurrent use of disease-modifying drugs. We present a case of a 26 year old man with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) who developed lung nodules. Methods Case summary: He was diagnosed with PSC in 2017 and ulcerative colitis in 2018. He had active colitis while on an escalated dose of adalimumab, therefore he was switched to vedolizumab. His faecal calprotectin improved but due to ongoing rectal bleeding, the dose of vedolizumab was escalated from 8 to 4 weekly. 5 months after starting vedolizumab he developed night sweats, dry cough, and breathlessness. He has no history of foreign travel, exposure to tuberculosis, industrial exposure, or bird keeping. Results His initial investigations showed a raised CRP and bilirubin. His CT chest showed numerous lung nodules in both lower lobes. His sputum culture, AFB, and fungal blood markers were negative. Samples were also sent from a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid including for pneumocystis jirovecii, which were negative. He was treated with antimicrobials and antifungal, without improvement. He subsequently underwent a lung biopsy, which showed inflammatory changes in an interstitial pattern, which could be related to the biologic therapy, or underlying disease. Staining for fungus, EBV, CMV, HSV were negative. He was treated as bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonitis induced by vedolizumab. Vedolizumab was stopped and prednisolone 40mg was started. His symptoms and inflammatory markers improved, and subsequent pulmonary imaging showed a reduction in the size of the lung nodules. Tapering the prednisolone dose to 10mg unfortunately caused a progression in the lung nodules, despite cessation of vedolizumab, which makes it less likely as the culprit drug. Prednisolone was then increased back up to 40mg, resulting in almost complete resolution of the lung nodules, with the plan for a much slower tapering. Despite the high doses of steroid his colitis is still moderately active on colonoscopy. However, further advanced therapy had to be put on hold while waiting for his lung nodules to resolve. Conclusion It remains difficult to determine whether his pulmonary disease is secondary to the biologic drugs, or the underlying disease process of ulcerative colitis. While pulmonary disease associated with IBD has been widely reported, there is currently unclear understanding of its pathophysiology and treatment. Clinicians need to be aware of this rare entity in IBD in order to improve patient outcomes.

한국의 대테러시스템의 한계와 발전 방안

Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, countries around the world are doing their best to actively prepare for and eradicate terrorism, including reorganizing terrorism-related laws and terrorism policies to respond strongly to terrorism. is responding to. Recently, after COVID-19, the number of foreigners entering the country, including foreign travelers, students, and foreign workers, is increasing, and the number of foreigners settling in Korea due to international marriage is increasing, raising concerns about spontaneous terrorism and terrorism caused by international terrorist groups. Although there have been no incidents in which international terrorist groups intervened in domestic terrorism, cases of support for terrorist groups by foreigners residing in Korea are continuously being discovered, and there are concerns about the emergence of advanced attack methods such as attacks targeting specific or unspecified people or improvised explosive devices, and North Korea's There are also concerns about rear-end terrorism using unmanned aerial vehicles and powered paragliders. In addition, signs of terrorism are appearing in many places in the country, such as conflict over the construction of a mosque, amplification of social conflict such as anti-war protests related to the war in Ukraine, and North Korea's distribution of waste balloons. This paper conducted a literature study by collecting domestic and foreign papers, publications, and response plans issued by each organization, and analyzed the data using academic materials, data from various ministries such as the Counter-Terrorism Center, the National Intelligence Service, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, and the National Police Agency. did. The problems with the domestic terrorism response system derived from this can be summarized in four points. First, it is necessary to form a joint countermeasures headquarters when two or more complex terrorist attacks occur. Second, it is necessary to establish new restrictions on entry into the country for persons at risk of international terrorism. Third, there is a need to expand the scope of deployment of anti-terrorism units. Fourth, there is a need to establish a system for career officers specializing in terrorism, etc.

Promoting collaborative governance to integrated halal tourism development in Bukittinggi city, Indonesia

This study addresses the potential of halal tourism as a promising revenue sector in Bukittinggi City, which has a majority Muslim population with the philosophy of life “Adat Basandi Syarak, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah.” Bukittinggi was chosen as a tourism destination based on its strong local culture, customs, and religion, which are aligned with the vision of halal tourism. Bukittinggi City has potential, but also has to face problems including limited infrastructure, halal tourism awareness, and contention over the socio-cultural impact of the arrival of foreign travelers. This research uses a qualitative method with an explanatory approach and data collection through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. The results of this study indicate that the community, tourism businesses, and the government contribute to integrating halal tourism development in Bukittinggi City by providing services, regulations, supervision, training, socialization, assistance, capacity building, and promotion of halal tourism. An active collaboration is also required to ensure inclusive, authentic, and sustainable growth of the tourism industry, which makes Bukittinggi a desirable halal tourism destination for Muslim visitors from all over the world. Moreover, the effective implementation of collaboration strategies between the local government, business actors, and local communities is expected to increase local economic growth and tourism image.

Relieving xenophobia through fostering resident self-affirmation: the role of identification and collective self-esteem in developing sustainable tourism

ABSTRACT Xenophobia (i.e. fear of foreigners) can threaten the tourism industry and communal interactions between residents and travellers. However, the limited research examining the phenomenon has focused on the negative association between xenophobia and tourists’ visit intention, leaving a research void on exploring how to mitigate xenophobia. Thus, this study focuses on residents’ standpoints, specifically proposing that residents’ identification and collective self-esteem towards the city increase residents’ welcoming attitude toward foreign travellers. The findings of this research suggest that tourism policies must consider the goodwill of the locals to foster inclusive and sustainable tourism.

Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India’s Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel

Abstract As a rising India has sought both standing and recognition in the international system, observers have debated whether revisionist or status quo tendencies have characterized the country’s engagement with the outside world since the end of the Cold War. One way to gain insight into such issues is to study the behavior of its apex leaders. Face-to-face diplomacy and high-level visits are an increasingly prominent feature of India’s international relations. Given the scarce nature of senior officials’ time, where they choose to travel can serve as a key indicator of their priorities. Employing an original data set, we analyze the factors shaping foreign travel by Indian prime ministers and foreign ministers between 1992 and 2019. These indicate that strategic interests—rather than ideological affinity with the Global South, domestic politics, or bureaucratic routine—have the primary role in shaping India’s foreign engagement. Since foreign visits are purposeful, where Indian leaders travel can be assessed for indicators of revisionist or status quo leanings in the country’s foreign policy. Although examination of the specific patterns of overseas visits does not indicate definitive membership of either camp, they do highlight aspects of India’s contested relationship with the current international order.

The Population of Tbilisi as Perceived by Foreign Travellers in the Nineteenth Century

Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, has long been a cultural and poli­tical crossroads between Europe and Asia. Following the establishment of Russian Empire control over Georgia in 1801, Tbilisi underwent a significant transformation in its political function. In this context, the information provided by Europeans regarding the ethno-religious composition of the population of Tbilisi, as observed during their visits to the city in the nineteenth century, is of interest. In order to inv­est­igate the question that has been posed, a variety of sources were consulted, including materials from the archives of the Viennese castle (France), information from travellers' notes and the Parisian press. A comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted to elucidate the ethno-religious composition, social affiliation, customary practices, and occupational distributions within the Tbilisi population. The group of European travellers comprised a diverse cohort of educated individuals. A review of the available evidence indicates that the majority of Tbilisi's population was composed of Armenians and Georgians, with relatively small groups of Muslims, including Tatars and Persians. In the early years of the nineteenth century, Russian military officials and soldiers began to settle in Tbilisi. In the 1920s, Armenians and Germans began to emigrate, prompted by a complex array of factors including military, political, religious, and economic considerations. The accounts of travellers are predominantly constituted by infor­ma­tion gathered in a variety of settings, including streets, markets, cara­vans, and receptions held by local authorities. This material illustrates how the heterogeneous population of Tbilisi, comprising Ossetians, Lezgins, Persians, Circassians, Dagestanis, French, German colonists and numerous other groups, in addition to the multiplicity of langu­ages and costumes, has contributed to the city's distinctive cultural tapestry. While the data collected from travellers is not entirely devoid of subjectivity, this material serves as an invaluable resource for research. In light of the aforementioned evidence, it can be posted that Tbilisi assumed a significant multicultural role throughout the nineteenth cen­t­ury. This was evidenced by the coexistence of representatives of diverse nationalities and religions, which was a defining feature of the city.

The Romanian traditional dwelling in the Prut-Dniester space: sources and historiography of the issue (II)

The Romanian house was initially an object of observation for foreign travelers. In addition to the diplomatic mission carried out in the Romanian states, they were driven by the curiosity inherent in foreigners to learn about the way of life of the local inhabitants. Thus, the Polish envoy W. Chrzanowski on his journey to Iași, the capital of Moldova, observed densely populated villages with beautiful houses along the Prut (1780). After the annexation of Bessarabia by the Russian Empire (1812), travel descriptions became more detailed, as they were written by statesmen and scientists sent by the emperor to collect information about the newly annexed territory. Among them we mention N. I. Nadejdin, A. Zașciuk, V. L. Dedlov. During the interwar period, the Chisinau branch of the Romanian Social Institute conducted monographic research of Moldavian villages. Researches on the dwellings in the villages of Nișcani and Copanca were published in the two volumes of the Institute’s Bulletin. The historiography of the Soviet period was distinguished by fundamental works. The authors emphasized the influence of the Eastern and Southern Slavs on the evolution of the Moldavian dwelling, drawing numerous parallels. The post-Soviet period in the historiography of the problem is the time of the appearance of articles on various topics related to the Moldavian dwelling, monographs on decor and ornamentation, as well as general works.

Historijski tragovi u Južnoj Greveni za vrijeme Osmanske okupacije

The main body of the work is related to the succinct presentation of the historical course of each settlement in the southern part of the Prefecture of Grevena, during the Turkish rule in Greece. The originality of the subject lies in the use of mainly primary literature and the study of the specific area was decided for practical reasons. The specific area is close to the monastic center of Meteora but also to other monasteries, as a result of which there is an abundance of literature sources that can derive from these monasteries. Also, the area was part of the itineraries followed by many foreign travelers, who from Ioannina were heading either to Thessaloniki and Constantinople or to Southern Greece. These reasons, combined with the fact that it would be difficult, if not impossible, to study all the Thessalian settlements and end up to safe conclusions, given the small number of sources for the rest of the Thessalian area, led to this choice. Regarding the chronological limits, the research moved over a period spanning from the 14th century to the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th since the conquest of Thessaly by the Ottomans began at the end of the 14th century and a part of it (today's southern part of the Prefecture of Grevena and the area of Elassona), was liberated in 1912. Consequently, the southern part of the Prefecture of Grevena and the territory of today’s Prefecture of Trikala, constituted then, the area of northwest Thessaly which already from the era of Byzantium was a single geographical entity. Regarding the content of each settlement, the time of its creation (or the first reference to the sources) and dissolution (if it does not exist today) of the settlements, the presentation of population data and data on ownership status, information on the economic and social life (functioning of schools, notable events, monuments of a mainly ecclesiastical nature) and anything else deemed worthy of mention were taken into account. In particular, attention was paid to the detection of all reports of the settlement, in written sources (published and unpublished), so that all the information concerning each settlement, even the simple reports, become known and accessible to the research and also in order to record all types with which each toponym is found, which also facilitates its etymology (although this identification was not always possible). To gather all this material, extensive research was carried out in all kinds of unpublished or published sources (ledgers - texts of Thessalian monasteries - publications of the time - texts of travelers - texts of geographers (Greek and foreign) - collections of sources and documents). Two censuses, the one of 1454/55 carried out by the Ottomans and the one of 1881 carried out by the Greek Ministry of the Interior after the integration of Thessaly into the Greek kingdom (except for the areas of Deskati and Elassona), were the main axes. The research was necessarily extended to sources from the Byzantine era in order to determine how many of the identified settlements existed during this era.

P32 A case of disseminated pneumococcal infection with musculoskeletal manifestations

Abstract Introduction Septic arthritis should be the first consideration in any patient presenting with a hot, swollen joint. Infection may affect one or more joints, and bacteria typically enter the joint through direct inoculation, haematogenous seeding, or spread from adjacent soft tissue or bone infection. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism. Streptococcus pneumoniae is an uncommon cause of septic arthritis, accounting for approximately 5% of cases. We present the case of a 78-year-old male with no significant medical history who presented with a polyarticular pattern of joint inflammation related to disseminated pneumococcal infection. Case description The patient presented with a one week history of gradual onset pain and swelling in the right knee and right wrist. He was previously well and remained physically active. He was a non-smoker, drank moderate alcohol and had no history of intravenous drug use. He had no current or preceding infective symptoms, including respiratory tract symptoms, nor history of trauma or recent foreign travel. Examination revealed a warm right knee effusion with restricted range of movement. There was swelling of both wrists (right more than left), both second metacarpophalangeal joints and the left ankle. There were no heart murmurs or peripheral stigmata of endocarditis. He was afebrile and haemodynamically stable. Admission blood tests showed WBC 21 x109/L, neutrophils 18 x109/L, CRP 369 mg/L, urate 452 µmol/L and procalcitonin 3.84 µg/L. Rheumatoid factor was 25.3 IU/mL with negative anti-CCP. Knee X-ray showed significant medial compartment osteoarthritis. Hand and wrist X-rays were unremarkable. Synovial fluid aspirate from the right knee grew Streptococcus pneumoniae and calcium pyrophosphate crystals were also seen on polarised light microscopy. Blood cultures were positive for the same organism. The patient underwent arthroscopic washout of the knee and was treated with colchicine and intravenous amoxicillin. He was taken to theatre for a right wrist washout, however the wrist was found to be clean and dry intraoperatively. He had two further washouts of the right knee and repeat intraoperative samples and blood cultures were negative. Additional screening for HIV, syphilis and myeloma was negative. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed no vegetations. CT chest showed basal atelectasis but no focal consolidation. Left hand and wrist MRI showed extensor compartment tenosynovitis and second metacarpophalangeal joint synovitis. His antibiotics were switched to intravenous ceftriaxone and oral doxycycline. He clinically improved and was discharged with a plan to complete a 6-week course with outpatient review. Discussion Streptococcus pneumoniae is an uncommon cause of septic arthritis, responsible for approximately 5% of all cases, but more often causes polyarticular infection than other organisms. This may be related to higher rates of bacteraemia in patients with pneumococcal septic arthritis. In one review of 190 cases of pneumococcal septic arthritis, polyarticular infection was present in 36% of patients and 72% had concomitant bacteraemia (compared with rates of approximately 20% polyarticular infection and 30-50% bacteraemia for septic arthritis overall). The joints most commonly affected are the knee, followed by the hip, shoulder, ankle and elbow. The original focus of infection is most commonly pneumonia or meningitis, but up to 50% of patients have no identifiable extra-articular source of infection. Pneumococcal septic arthritis more commonly affects patients with predisposing risk factors, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, joint prosthesis, alcoholism, myeloma and other malignancies, diabetes and immunosuppression. Our patient had no specific predisposing medical conditions other than knee osteoarthritis, and his age was likely to be his main risk factor. It is also important to note that septic arthritis in the elderly can present atypically, with insidious onset and absence of fever or other signs of systemic infection. This was the case in our patient, who despite bacteraemia and markedly elevated inflammatory markers, did not otherwise appear floridly septic or unwell. Our patient presented with a polyarticular pattern of joint inflammation, although joint infection was only ultimately confirmed in the right knee. Also notable was the presence of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in the aspirate. One might theorise whether the infection might have triggered a reactive polyarthropathy or concurrent crystal arthritis. It is well recognised that septic arthritis and crystal arthritis can coexist in the same patient. The case also highlights the value in sampling multiple joints and taking blood cultures in such patients. Key learning points • Polyarthritis does not exclude the possibility of septic arthritis • Joint aspiration should be performed in all patients presenting with a hot, swollen joint • In cases of polyarthritis, consideration should be given to aspiration of all affected joints and taking blood cultures, particularly in the elderly and patients with predisposing risk factors for septic arthritis • Septic arthritis can present atypically in the elderly, with the absence of fever and other typical signs of systemic infection

Community readiness to host a world-class tourism destination: Insights from lake Toba

The research focuses on the potential of the Lake Toba area for internationally recognized tourism and explores whether its local people are prepared to welcome foreign travellers. It also discusses whether traditional customs and behaviour of people around Lake Toba have limited tourism. A web survey was conducted with the aim of gathering information from visitors and locals in Lake Toba and North Sumatra to verify if they knew that the lake has been identified as a Super Priority Destination. The results were analysed based on a six-step content analysis. It is from these results that there will be the potentiality of Lake Toba to be a top-class tourist destination for all, something that should really get and inspire everybody: natural beauty, a variety of fauna and flora, nature preservation, improving infrastructure, and cultural diversity. Community welcoming and support of local culture and ways of living enhance the experience of the visitor in this tourism sector. A good number of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) concur with the research. SDGs 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and 15 (Life on Land) all give priority to conservation and nature's beauty. These two SDGs encourage sustainable operations. SDG 11, which is Sustainable Cities and Communities, stipulates that local culture integrated into tourism supports sustainable cities and communities’ development actions.

군산스테이션 여성선교사 연구

There were 29 female missionaries who were active based in the Gunsan Station in 1896-1940. They were largely women from the new Southern middle class of American society and church in the second half of the 19th century. The missionary ladies who were devoted to their families in Gunsan along with unmarried missionaries originated from the Victorian values of the Southern society of America in the 19th century. It was a patriarchal society, but they opened the religious domain such as overseas missions to women and encouraged their participation. As for the area of service, 17 were wives of missionaries, 4 were in women’s ministry, 2 were in educational ministry, and 6 were in nursing ministry. Hired by the Executive Committee(선교 본부), they exerted their professionalism according to the personnel appointments and institutional(financial) support of the Mission(선교부) within the scope of their designated duties. The unmarried female missionaries suffered the diverse cultural pressures of Korean society in those days just because they were single. Their helplessness of isolation as “the loneliest beings” stroke them often. They engaged in comfortable middle-class economic activities based on their salaries that were not insufficient from the Mission, the infrastructure of the station, and the continuous supply and support from their motherland. They were able to continue their ministry for many years, and the driving force came from their intimate friendship and visits with colleague missionaries inside and outside, parties & play, reading & exercise, domestic and foreign travel, and sabbatical leaves.

The Role of English Language Skills in the Tourism Industry in the 4.0 Era in Kuningan District, West Java Province

Through communication media, English plays a significant role in the sustainable tourism sector with the goal of promoting foreign travel, service, effective communication between foreign visitors and tourism actors, and the surrounding community, all of which are ultimately related to the growth of local tourism in the industrial era's sustainable tourism sector. 4.0 Tourist actors need to be fluent in English, especially in the vernacular, which includes basic discussion, linguistic proficiency, and basic conversation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the advantages of English- speaking culture in West Java Province's sustainable tourism sector during the Industrial Era 4.0. Descriptive qualitative analysis is the analytical technique employed. This study demonstrates the necessity of English-speaking culture in Kunuingan District, West Java Province's sustainable tourism industry in the industrial era 4.0 in order to promote the province's local tourist destinations overseas, increase the number of foreign visitors, and facilitate English-language communication. The ability to speak effectively in English is crucial for both those who work in the tourism business and those who live near popular tourist sites.

Theory of Origin, Administration and Decline of the Great Vijayanagar Kingdom in South Asia

The Vijayanagar Empire is one of the most prominent and well-known empires of South Asia. The empire had arisen in the times of the Delhi Sultanate and sustained for more than a period of three Centuries. It saw four dynasties and its share wars and conflicts with neighboring Muslim forces. Vijayanagar Empire also had an admirable administration system, in the sense that it is counted as highly centralized, just and elaborate. This research paper seeks to examine the administrative and political structure of the Vijayanagar Empire and various nuances related to the same. In this research explores various facets of Vijayanagar’s grand history by critically examining various historical interpretations, including nationalist, colonial, and postcolonial perspectives. The approach seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of the complex factors that influenced its ascent and subsequent decline. It seeks to examine the view foreign travelers like Ibn Batuta, Fernao Nuniz and Dominigos Paes and accounts of prominent historians Ferishta that lived during the time of Vijayanagar like to the modern Scholars like Robert Sewell and Nilakanta Sastri in order to present comprehensive historiographical understanding on the Vijaynagar empire. The Vijayanagara Empire’s profound and enduring impact on the historical and cultural milieu of South India has left an indelible imprint across various domains, including art, architecture, literature, and societal practices. Through a meticulous examination of the ascendance and decline of this ancient civilization, one can glean invaluable insights into the intricate processes underpinning the formation and disintegration of polities in premodern South Asian contexts This research paper uses a variety of sources to shed light on the administrative and political conditions of the Vijayanagar Empire. It also sheds light on the changes in State Structure across the four dynasties, the impact of the administrative system on Justice, the impact of religion on State Politics and finally, the political factors that ultimately led to the end of the Greatest South Indian Empire in the Country.

Drug Prescribing Evaluation to Foreign Travelers in Bali: A Study of Two Travel Clinics

Bali is one of the world's favorite travel destinations in developing countries. Most travelers who travel to developing countries seek medical assistance before, during and after travelling. Irrational prescribing is one of the causes of the higher medical cost. The objective was to evaluate drug prescriptions to foreign travelers in 2 travel clinics in Bali using the WHO prescribing indicators. This retrospective study used a cross-sectional method. Foreign travelers who took medication and received drug therapy at the travel clinics from January until December 2019 and had complete and legible medical record data were included in this study. Drug prescription were evaluated by following the WHO prescribing indicators, including the number of drugs per prescription sheet, the percentage of prescription drugs with generic names, the percentage of antibiotic prescriptions, the percentage of prescribed injections, and the percentage of drugs that were in accordance with the formulary. Drug use was said to berationalifall indicators were in accordance with WHO prescribing indicators where as it was said to be irrational if it did not meet the indicators set by WHO. We found a total number of prescriptions was 220 and the number of types of drugs in this study was 544. We found many poly pharmacy events, low prescriptions with generic names (14,2%), not all prescriptionsmetnationalformulary (64,8%), high prescriptions of antibiotic (50,0%) and injection (29,1%). Through this study, we concluded that there has been a phenomenon of irrational prescribing in those travel clinics.

The Frenchman Who Invented London: Élisée Reclus’s Geographies of the Cité Mondiale, 1860–1879

The French anarchist geographer Élisée Reclus (1830–1905) dedicated several hundred pages to London. Addressing different audiences and adopting different tones accordingly, he produced travel guides, geographic treatises, and meditations (posthumously published) that recounted contemporary London in various ways. This article examines Reclus’s reflections on the city, serving as both a companion for Anglophone readers exploring Reclus’s work and an invitation to view London through new eyes—that is, those of a foreign traveller whose conflictual, yet affectional, relationship with London may still describe that of many today. As this article shows, globalisation, progress, environment, and social habits are recurrent themes in his accounts: at times they are approached with considerable scientific rigour, and at others, they immersed in a romantic indefiniteness articulated by way of a frenetic expressive tempo.

Women and Children in Foreign Mercenary Regiments During the Smolensk War

This article discusses the presence of women and children in early modern military communities with reference to the foreign regiments in Russian service during the Smolensk War of 1632–1634. While gender history has been extensively researched in the context of Western European military history, it has not yet received much attention in studies of seventeenth-century Russian warfare. The article explores possible avenues for such research, drawing primarily on Russian-language archival records of the semi-autonomous regiments for which all non-Russians (mostly Germans, Englishmen, and Scots) were recruited abroad. Other sources include the surviving wills of English mercenary officers, the church records of the Lutheran parish in Moscow, and the accounts of foreign travellers to Russia. The article systematises evidence on the wives, mistresses, and children of foreign soldiers and officers who came to Russia as members of their families or in some other status. These data prove the constant presence of women and children in the foreign regiments during the siege of Smolensk. The article examines the legal situation of these persons and the policy of the Russian authorities towards them. It also discusses their property situation, inheritance issues, and women’s participation in legal and informal conflicts within the military communities, as well as corruption cases related to the illegal service of minors in the regiments. It also examines the social tensions created by marriages between mercenaries and the daughters and widows of foreigners living permanently in Russia. Documentary evidence of any contact between mercenaries and Russian women is almost entirely lacking.