Foreign Trade Activities Research Articles

Development of system-methodological bases to increase the efficiency of foreign economic activities of industrial enterprises

The paper proposes a methodology for analyzing the system of interaction between an industrial enterprise and customs authorities in the process of carrying out foreign trade activities based on the classification and assessment of the system elements functions for performing customs operations and customs control. Foreign economic activity, which is a set of functions of organizations focused on the foreign market in terms of the chosen foreign economic strategy, as well as the forms and methods of work in foreign markets is considered as one of the key factors in the efficiency of an industrial enterprise. Analysis of the foreign economic activity of an industrial enterprise using the developed methodology will make it possible to determine the optimal and cost-effective options for performing customs operations related to the declaration and release of goods in accordance with the declared customs procedure. The focus on large participants of foreign economic activity, which are industrial enterprises, will allow using the results of the study to reduce non-production costs associated with the implementation of foreign trade activities by these enterprises. We have chosen an enterprise of the metallurgical industry that carries out foreign economic activity in cooperation with the customs authorities of the Russian Federation as the object of the system analysis in this research. At the same time the object of analysis is considered as a unified system that has the main system properties: integrity and divisibility, the presence of significant stable links between the elements of the system, the organization and the hierarchical structure of the system, integrative qualities. The object of the research is a complex-structured system of interactions between industrial enterprises that are participants of foreign economic activity and the customs authorities of the Russian Federation. The schemes of interactions of all elements of the four-level hierarchical structure of the analyzed system are illustrated.

Japanese commercial activities in French Indochina from the late 19th century to 1945

From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, Japan promoted trade and investment in Southeast Asia, including French Indochina. As a subregion with an abundance of natural resources and potential consumption market, Indochina became an attractive destination for Japanese merchants and companies. The Japanese merchants moved into French Indochina from the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century together with the great surge of Japanese immigration to Southeast Asian countries since the end of the Meiji period. In the first phase, the number of Japanese merchants in Indochina was relatively small and mainly engaged in importing and exporting activities or grocery trading. In addition to merchants, Japanese economic zaibatsu and companies started to open representative offices or branches in Indochina such as Mitsui Bussan, Mitsubishi, Menka which focused on purchasing rice and coal. However, from the early 20th century to the late 1930s, commercial activities of Japanese merchants and companies in Indochina were restricted due to various reasons. From the late 1930s to the 1940s, along with Japanese commercial policy towards Southeast Asia, especially the entry of Japanese military into Indochina, the Japanese merchants and companies expanded their commercial activities in this region, through which the great impacts were put upon foreign trade activities in Indochina as well as the commercial relationship between Japan and Indochina.

О перспективах запрета и контроле экспорта лесоматериалов

Based on the analysis of the legal framework, the official statistics of the Federal Customs Service of Russian Federation and world practice, the article discusses the issues of banning the export of round timber outside the Russia. The potential economic effect for individual regions and for the country as a whole as a result of such a ban is estimated, as well as the impact on the foreign trade activity of the Russian Federation. In addition, the potential risks associated with the ban on the export of round timber are assessed.

АНАЛИЗ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ И ЕАЭС НА СООТВЕТСТВИЕ ПРИНЦИПАМ ВТО (Analysis of the Economic Legislation of the Russian Federation and the EAEU for the Compliance with the WTO Principles)

Russian Abstract: В статье рассмотрены акты РФ и ЕАЭС, вызвавшие вопросы у членов ВТО в связи с нарушением национального режима или созданием неоправданных технических барьеров в торговле. Установлено, что требование предустановки российских программ на импортируемые электронные средства не относится к понятию «качество товара», определенному Гражданским кодексом. Создавая базу для дополнительного налогообложения производителей, эта мера является более обременительной, чем может быть необходимо. Анализ технического регламента «О безопасности алкогольной продукции» приводит к выводу о недопустимости включения требований, которые не могут быть единообразными для производителей ЕАЭС и иностранных поставщиков. Существует несогласованность между нормативными актами России и ЕАЭС, регулирующими алкогольный рынок. Требования маркировки ряда промышленных товаров кодами идентификации не отвечают целям технического регулирования в РФ. Сертификация цемента представляет собой непрозрачную дискриминационную меру. Поскольку «обеспечение выполнения обязательств Российской Федерации по международным договорам» является основным принципом регулирования внешнеторговой деятельности, престиж страны на международной арене требует, чтобы возникающие проблемы решались должным образом. English Abstract: The article examines the acts of the Russian Federation and the EAEU, which raised questions from the WTO members in connection with the violation of the national treatment or the creation of unjustified technical barriers to trade. It has been established that the requirement to pre-install Russian programs on imported electronic gadgets can’t be applied to the concept of product quality as defined by the Civil Code. By creating a basis for additional taxation of producers, this measure is more burdensome than might be necessary. Analysis of the technical regulation On the safety of alcoholic beverages leads to the conclusion that it is inadmissible to include in the document requirements that cannot be uniform for EAEU producers and foreign suppliers. There is inconsistency between the regulations of Russia and the EAEU at the alcohol market. The requirements for marking a number of industrial products with identification codes do not meet the goals of technical regulation in the Russian Federation. Cement certification is an opaque discriminatory measure. Since “ensuring the fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation under international treaties” is the main principle of regulating the foreign trade activities, the country's prestige in the international arena requires that emerging problems be properly resolved.

The content analysis of regional entrepreneurship

Subject. The study determines directions for developing the business activity in the Russian regions. Methods. The study is based on the systems approach and methods of statistical, neural network and cluster analysis. Results. I review the current aspects of the regional business development when business rules are changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The article scrutinizes the concept of entrepreneurship in terms of historical development and legal status. Having conducted the content analysis of the business activity in a lagging region of the Russian Federation, I found its highest concentration, with small businesses (and microbusinesses) taking the lead and maintaining the employment. Businesses tend to trade in goods of other producers, thus decreasing the average headcount for smaller businesses, including microbusinesses. Studying the hierarchy of economic activity types small businesses engage in by share of investment in the capital stock (in terms of new and imported fixed assets), I note the unprofitable investment n such foreign trade activities, such as Agriculture, forestry, hunting, fisheries and fish farming, and Construction. The dynamism of small businesses drops earlier, longer and deeper if compared to sole proprietors. In a lagging region, smaller business forms can evolve only if they deal with trade. Conclusions and Relevance. The content analysis of the Russian regional business gave an understanding of its development limits from perspectives of a lagging region, which determines the growth rates of business activity in Russia. The content analysis reveals high growth rates of trade in goods that smaller businesses sell, without being their producers. The findings contribute to the knowledge and competence of specialists working for the Russian Ministry of Economic Development to make consistent managerial decisions concerning the distribution and redistribution of investment resources.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВНЕШНЕТОРГОВОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ КУРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The development of Russia's foreign trade is facing a number of difficulties caused primarily by the instability of the external environment of the world market and its politicization, which negatively affects all participants in relations. Political tensions in 2014 and subsequent counter-restrictive measures had a negative impact on the development of export-import relations in the regions of the country, the Kursk region was no exception. The region has a significant foreign trade potential in accordance with its industrial and agricultural specialization, in connection with which the study of the features of the current development of foreign trade activity is an urgent area of analysis. In the course of the study, the features of the development of foreign trade activities of the Kursk region in 2014-2019 are considered, the prevailing trends and their causes are identified. It has been established that over the past 6 years, the foreign trade turnover of the Kursk region has varied in waves: the period of decline is due to a change in the political situation in 2014, which led to a significant decline in foreign trade activity in the period 2015-2016. However, by 2017, the pace began to recover, and in 2019 it exceeded the pre-crisis level. Since 2016, the region has a stable positive trade balance, which indicates a more active development of exports than imports and emphasizes the export orientation, as well as the implementation of the import substitution strategy. An assessment in the context of the main foreign trade directions showed that over the past 6 years there has been a structural shift: if earlier the main importing countries were the CIS countries, and the exporters were non-CIS countries, today the overwhelming share of foreign trade operations falls on the far abroad.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ИМПОРТА КУРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОГО ЭМБАРГО

For quite a long period of time, Russia has been developing its foreign trade activities, the main directions of export are energy resources, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as minerals. At the same time, the change in the political situation against the background of the conflict with Ukraine and the subsequent introduction of a package of sanctions by the EU countries inevitably had a significant negative impact on the country's export-import relations. In response to sanctions pressure, Russia introduced a food embargo in 2014, thereby restricting the import of imported goods, which brought financial losses for the main importing countries, but also affected the country's food supply. During the study, an assessment was made of the development of imports of the Kursk region under the conditions of the food embargo, the main trends and their causes were identified. It was found that the volume of imports in the Kursk region in the last 5 years has been changing in a wave-like manner: in the period 2015-2016. there was a decrease in the import of goods, and since 2017, the upward trend has resumed. Reduction in import volumes in 2015-2016 due to the introduction of the food embargo and the intensification of the policy of import substitution, however, it soon became obvious that it was not possible to meet the emerging needs from internal resources.

Financial bubbles and crises in the light of the new theory of money

Subject. The article investigates the formation of financial bubbles and crises, using the concepts of the New Theory of Money. Objectives. The aim is to show that the use of tenets of the New Theory of Money enables to reduce the consequences of crises and slows down the growth of financial bubbles. Methods. The study employs methods of economic analysis, comparison, expert assessments, scientific skepticism, content analysis of literature sources and statistics, the systems approach, analogy, and the project method. Results. The findings are essential for public domestic and foreign policy, aimed at streamlining the money circulation within the country and in foreign trade activities based on the use (application) of the national currency in bilateral and multilateral relations with other States; for reforming the stock exchanges and the banking system to focus their activities on investing in the economy and eliminating (weakening) the speculative nature of banking and exchange business. Conclusions. The use of the New Theory of Money makes it possible to develop and apply a set of scientifically grounded measures to reduce the negative impact of economic crises and the rate of financial bubbles formation, ultimately enabling the economy to grow faster, without shocks and collapses.

Государственная информационная политика и динамика федерального финансирования распространения результатов научных исследований и разработок США

Introduction. The traditionally high level of government participation in scientific and technical, innovation and implementation and foreign trade activities of the United States presupposes the active nature of federal funding for activities and information policy instruments related to the dissemination of the results of American R&D both in the national economy and in the international market. The study of the dynamics and structure of the distribution of allocations for the dissemination of special scientific and technical information and documentation is an urgent socio-economic problem, reflecting the level of scientific and technological development of the United States and the innovative activity of advanced sectors of the national economy for a long period of time. The theoretical analysis was carried out in the context of organizational and administrative institutions of the federal government (specialized departments), endowed with financial powers, subordinate to the central body generating a unified US information policy strategy for the dissemination of R&D results. An empirical analysis based on US official statistics made it possible to assess the specifics of financing scientific and technical information in the field of R&D by types, categories and departments – domestically for 1965–2019, as well as to calculate changes in the balance of US foreign trade with scientific and technical information and documentation in 2001–2019. Results. The general resulting conclusion is that any innovative information on the results of R&D provides a certain monopoly for a certain period, which gives the industry that created and introduced it, the department and the country as a whole, a certain advantage in the export of a new product. Since the United States has the most powerful national financial and innovation system among all states, with a developed structure, it provides its economic residents and their counterparties with ample opportunities for conducting fundamental and applied research and development and, of course, has an advantage in the production of innovative products with high competitiveness both in the domestic and in the global market, subject to the classic price-quality ratio.

How does trade openness impact carbon intensity?

This work is aimed to investigate the effect of trade openness on carbon intensity in 104 countries/regions from 2000 to 2014 through a panel threshold model. The results show that trade openness and foreign direct investment have significant asymmetric effects on carbon intensity. With foreign direct investment as the threshold variable, the impact of trade openness on carbon intensity is negatively correlated. In addition, the impact of trade openness on carbon intensity is heterogeneous. In the high-income and lower-middle-income groups, trade openness reduces carbon intensity. Unlike the upper-middle-income group, trade openness increases carbon intensity. A better understanding of the relationship between trade openness and carbon intensity provides theoretical support for countries to better use foreign trade activities to achieve low-carbon development.

Зовнішньоторговельні відносини України з країнами ЄС: стан, тенденції та пріоритети розвитку

In modern conditions, the involvement degree of any country in the international economic relations is determined to a significant extent by the state of its foreign trade activities. For Ukraine, the European Union is a key trading partner. The signing of the Association Agreement with the EU provided Ukrainian producers with the opportunity to increase their presence in European markets, but at the same time it was accompanied by a number of problems and risks. The main ones are tariff quotas and high technical barriers to entry into the EU market. This study aims to analyze the state and development trends of foreign trade relations between Ukraine and the EU under the conditions of the Association Agreement and the resulting benefits and risks for domestic producers and, on this basis, substantiate the priorities of deepening these relations, taking into account national interests as a prerequisite for increasing the competitive economy of Ukraine. It was found that Ukraine has the potential to enhance export opportunities in general and with the European Union in particular. Amendments to the Association Agreement, the signing of the ACAA Agreement is a necessary institutional framework, a driver that will allow Ukraine to intensify, deepen and diversify its trade activities with the EU countries. It was revealed that raw materials prevail in the structure of Ukraine's merchandise exports to the EU, however, compared to 2013, its share has significantly decreased - by 14.3%. The structure of Ukraine's merchandise imports from the EU is more diversified, it is based on engineering and pharmaceutical products, as well as mineral products, polymer materials and plastics. The share of these products in the total volume of Ukraine's merchandise imports during 2013-2020 remains high and ranges from 54-56 %. Such trends testify to the import dependence of the Ukrainian economy and require an urgent solution. Based on the results of the analysis, it was determined that machinery-producing industries are promising from the point of view of further increasing the export opportunities of Ukraine to the EU. To support and develop them, it is proposed to carry out systematic and systematic measures, taking into account the obligations that Ukraine assumed by signing the Association Agreement with the EU. Special economic zones, science parks, technology parks and clusters are considered as tools to support the export potential of domestic engineering and the economic potential of the national economy. The effectiveness of these structures has been confirmed by numerous studies and successful international experience.

РОЗВИТОК ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ В УКРАЇНІ

The article is devoted to the study of the international e-commerce market and trends in the development of e-commerce in Ukraine, one of the key trends in the progressive development of the national economy and the world economy as a whole is international electronic commerce. Within accelerated development of information technology growing socio-economic needs influence Internet commerce constantly, as far as access to the resources of the global Internet information network opens up new opportunities. Therefore, the tendency to increase the volume of e-commerce and the importance of its optimization is obvious. The subject of the study is the analysis of the market of international e-commerce and Internet commerce in Ukraine at the present stage. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of e-commerce in Ukraine on the basis of information technology implementation tools and develop proposals for its further development in accordance with global trends. Objective: to study the development trends of international e-commerce and Internet commerce in Ukraine in connection with the growing role of computerization in the global dimension. The normative base of legal regulation of e-commerce in Ukraine, the concept of e-commerce and the main forms of Internet commerce are given. The number of Internet users in the world, the socio-demographic structure of regular Internet users in Ukraine, the net profit of world leaders in e-commerce, the dynamics of marketplaces with the Android application are analyzed. The following results were obtained: the analysis of the current state of e-commerce indicates the dynamic development of e-commerce in the world, including in Ukraine. It is investigated that the world leaders in e-commerce are Amazon and Alibaba, and in the Ukrainian e-commerce market – olx.ua, rozetka, prom.ua. It is established that e-commerce is a promising area of intensification of Ukraine's foreign trade activities. Conclusions: for the further development of e-commerce in Ukraine, increasing its volume in line with global trends and expanding actors in the e-commerce market, it is necessary to create appropriate conditions that would promote the inclusion of the state in the segment of international trade relations.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СТАТИСТИЧНИХ МЕТОДІВ В УПРАВЛІННІ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЮ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ КОМПАНІЇ

The purpose of this article is to study the specifics of the application of statistical methods to study the state and trends of international road transport in modern conditions. At the present stage of development of the world economy there are an internationalization of production in various industries and the growth of economic interdependence of economies of different countries. The globalization of economic processes in the world has a qualitative and quantitative impact on foreign economic activity. Application of statistical methods to assess the foreign economic activity of the transport company, which provide practical recommendations for the organization of continuous and selective statistical observations to obtain complete and timely information in conditions of socio – economic tension, high levels of dynamism and uncertainty of external and internal environment, closed border with COVID pandemic. It is defined, that the organization and conduct of statistical research of foreign economic activity of the transport company includes four consecutive interrelated stages. There is a relationship between the various stages of statistical research, which is determined by the sequence of their use, according to the conditions studied by the problems in the transport market, secondary processes, the use of which will allow specific and systematic research. The main indicators of Ukraine’s foreign trade activity during the three quarters of 2020–2021, in particular, exports and imports of goods and services, has been analyzed. It was determined that in Ukraine’s foreign trade there was an increase in exports over imports by 1 billion dollars USA (7.7%). This positive situation for Ukraine has led to a partial reduction in the negative balance of foreign trade in goods. The physical volume of exports of Ukrainian goods exceeds more than twice the physical volume of imported goods, because the structure of goods is mainly raw materials. A large amount of cargo cannot be transported by Ukrainian transport companies because of insufficient environmental permits for trucks to travel in foreign countries and the lack of a clear, well-established system of distribution, as result foreign forwarders enters to domestic market.

Management of innovation development: critical evaluation of the international economic relations

The problem of the geopolitical stability of the country has always been the basis of sustainable economic development. CIS countries and their closest neighbours are the international centres where important transport and communication routes from Asia to Europe intersect. They have a wide range of various raw material reserves, which focuses the world community's attention and builds a separate vector of economic relations. The transformation processes that have taken place in recent years in countries have been due to scientific and technological progress, the intensity of global innovation, and globalization trends, which encourage the country to move to a new level of development. This article summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the place and prospects of CIS countries' international economic position in the formation of the basis for innovative development. The main purpose of the study is to confirm the hypothesis about the functional links between foreign trade and investment activities of countries and the level of innovative development of the country according to the level of economical development. The study's methodological tools were the methods of correlation-regression analysis and simultaneous structural equations, which allow formalizing both explicit and latent relationships between the studied objects. The study period was chosen from 2011 to 2018 because of statistical data availability. In this regard, the array of input data is presented in the form of regressors which identify the level of innovation development countries and three dependent variables (regressands) which indicate the dynamics of foreign trade turnover, doing business and total internal economic conditions. Besides, the variables from each defined block participate as both dependent and independent variables during the construction of the structural model. The results of the study could be useful for The Innovation Agencies, which are established under the Ministry of Transport, Communications and High Technologies of these countries that assist local business entities in acquiring modern technologies and technological solutions

Cross-Border Cooperation between Russia and China: Overcoming Deep Obstacles

Interregional and cross-border cooperation between Russia and China is not only an important part of bilateral interactions, but also an incentive for the accelerated development of border territories. Studying the results of Russian-Chinese cross-border cooperation over the past 30 years makes it possible to track the institutional changes of the two countries, as well as the overall dynamics of their foreign trade and investment activities. The main feature of the current state of Russian-Chinese cross-border cooperation is the gradual fading of interest in it on both sides, which is in contradiction with the growing number of state programs, framework agreements and initiatives with serious political support. In order to understand the reasons for such an imbalance, this paper consistently analyzes the main dimensions and indicators of Russian-Chinese cross-border cooperation, as well as the regulatory framework and the results of the implementation of state programs and projects. On the example of successful and failed cases, an attempt is made to identify the deep obstacles to the development of interregional cooperation at different levels and compare them with the problems that Chinese experts highlight

РОЗВИТОК МІЖНАРОДНОГО ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ

Development of international cooperation in the context of globalization as an important component of the foreign economic activity has been considered. One of perspective areas of the foreign economic activity for Ukraine is the development of economic cooperation with the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results of analytical assessment of the economic cooperation effectiveness are being in need for the development of the effective foreign economic strategy. The purpose of this article is to identify the development trends of economic cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ukraine as an analytical basis for the formation of the effective foreign economic strategy. Nowadays, the new completely different stage of cooperation and diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ukraine begins. Major irreversible changes are occurring in the post-Soviet space and in the Commonwealth of Independent States free trade zone which are including the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ukraine. These factors predetermine the need for the form adjustment of cooperation between countries. Methodological approach in order to conduct the research and to quantify the development of economic cooperation with the Republic of Kazakhstan has been developed. Research by using estimates of the international organizations has been conducted. Formation of the information databases with the main indicators for the analysis of economic cooperation between countries has been foreseen. Analysis of the dynamics of foreign trade with the quantitative assessment on the base of the generated databases has been performed. Analysis of the structure of the foreign trade and investment activities has been presented. Developed methodological approach allows to form the analytical basis for the Ukraine’s foreign economic strategy. Indicators of the foreign trade in goods and services, information about results of the intellectual activity for the analysis of economic cooperation have been used. Particular attention is being paid to the study of investments as a form of the international capital flows. Trending algorithms for commodity markets with the identification of possible export reserves have been developed. Analytical bases of the effective foreign economic strategy of Ukraine and development of economic cooperation with the Republic of Kazakhstan have been formed.

КЛЮЧОВІ АСПЕКТИ ПРОЦЕСУ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПОСЕРЕДНИЦЬКОЮ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ, ОРІЄНТОВАНИХ НА ЗОВНІШНІЙ РИНОК

The article reveals the basic theoretical aspects of the process of managing intermediary activities in enterprises that are focused on the foreign market. The essence of the concepts of intermediary activity in foreign economic activity and management of this activity is substantiated. The first of the above concepts is the implementation of foreign trade activities through trade agents-intermediaries, who perform intermediary functions on behalf of suppliers or buyers. Disclosure of the essence of the actual management process of this type of activity is based on identifying strategic management objectives, which are to determine the benefits of economic and social development in the implementation of innovation, investment and foreign economic activity of enterprises. In general, it is determined that the process of management of intermediary activities is based on such strategies as protectionism, competitiveness, integration. The essence of these strategies in relation to the process of management of intermediary activities at enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity is revealed. The theoretical essence of the category «mechanism» is specified from the point of view of its «duality» on the basis of the structural-functional approach concerning studying of this economic term, on an example of a separate case of the control mechanism. Thus the basic stages of process of management of intermediary activity are formulated, namely: Setting development goals; Assessment of the current situation; Identify key issues; Development of management decisions; Determining the composition and interacting resources; Calculation of economic efficiency. The structure of the management mechanism is revealed in the generalized kind which is presented by the following elements: functions and principles of management, means of realization of administrative influence and practical realization. Thus, the article defines that the mechanism of management of intermediary activities in enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity should be understood as a set of different forms, legal, economic, administrative methods and tools that interact and complement each other and perform the function of deterrence and stimulation in interactions. and successful implementation of foreign economic activity of enterprises.

Перспективы формирования экспортоориентированной модели как способ повышения экспортного потенциала лесного комплекса региона (на примере Хабаровского края)

The development and formation of export potential is a priority for development of the economy of many countries. Of particular importance to foreign trade activity is the export of products, goods, which affects the formation and development of socio-economic situation of the state, the region. Export policy becomes the basis for the formation of external and internal economic potential of the country, importance of which lies in the formation of «future» of the economy: establishment of priority areas, building and improvement of the export-economic relations. This article reflects the prospects for formation of the export-oriented model as a direction for increasing the export potential of the Khabarovsk territory forest complex. The main prospects for formation and development of exports of competitive products at the foreign markets are becoming the goal of economic policy of the Khabarovsk territory forest complex. The objectives of formation and development of competitive products’ export in foreign markets are: orientation of the main directions of development of the timber industry complex to support the business community; regulation of customs and tax policy; regulation of public administration in this area; establishment by the state authorities of priority areas in this area; development of programs and projects defining specific conditions and directions of development of the forest complex. The author, in this article, showed the priority directions for development of the Khabarovsk territory forest complex, identified ways to develop the export-oriented industries, showed the actions of the regional program, the level of development of the large-scale projects in the Khabarovsk territory forest complex, developed an export-oriented model as a way to increase the export potential of the region's forest complex. The essence of this model reflects the level of development of the investment climate of the region in the forest complex and the competitiveness of the products of the forest complex, focused on the domestic and foreign markets, in the impact of regional authorities on the level of formation of the export-oriented industries.

АНАЛИЗ СТРУКТУРЫ ЭКСПОРТА И ИМПОРТА АЛЖИРА

In the context of the trends of integration and internationalization characteristic of the world economy, it seems natural to be interested in assessing the role and nature of the participation of individual countries in world trade. With the reduction of barriers to trade, the expansion of the totality of integration associations (including global ones, the WTO format), participation in world trade as a factor of economic growth plays an increasingly important role for developed and developing countries. An important feature of the participation of countries in world trade is the formed structure of exports and imports, reflecting the state of competitiveness of the national economy, the nature of participation in the world market and, in some cases, the chosen model of economic growth. Historically, the formation of the sectoral and commodity structure of Algeria's exports was influenced by factors that were not fully favorable for the country. During the period of colonial management of the Algerian economy by France (until the 1960s), the export structure was mainly represented by agricultural products entering the French market. Subsequently, hydrocarbons dominate the export structure. The current state of export-import relations is being influenced by negative factors in the form of a decrease in world prices for energy resources (the main commodity exported by the country), stagnation in the target markets of the country's foreign economic activity (EU). At the same time, for Algeria, the stability of economic development, as well as the level of development of public finances, largely depends on the stability of energy supplies. For this reason, there is some interest in both the impact on the state of the country's foreign trade activity of the consequences of the deterioration of the macroeconomic conjuncture of the energy market, and the likely changes in the structure of Algeria's export-import relations, which could reduce dependence on the state of the energy market.

ВНЕШНЕЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ МАКРОРЕГИОНА КАК ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ, СПОСОБСТВУЮЩАЯ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОМУ РАЗВИТИЮ И БЛАГОПРИЯТНЫМ УСЛОВИЯМ ДЛЯ ПРИВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ

The foreign economic activity of macroregions acts as a form of competition, ьallows the use of economies of scale, expands the access of regional producers and consumers to world resources and markets, becomes an incentive for economic activity and an instrument for implementing the strategy of territorial development. The article studies the spatial characteristics and foreign economic potential of the Central Black Earth macroregion. The effectiveness of foreign trade activities of the macroregion is analyzed, the competitive positions of the foreign economic complex of the subjects of the Chernozem region are revealed. Particular attention is paid to attracting foreign capital and the development of innovative projects in the macro-region, as factors of economic activity and the expansion of foreign economic activity. The analysis made it possible to highlight the problems and determine the priority areas for ensuring the foreign trade self-sufficiency of the macroregion, which include the development of transport infrastructure, improving the investment climate, increasing the export potential, establishment of international cooperation in innovative projects of the macroregion.