Foreign Policy Situation Research Articles

Аналитические и новостные статьи: американская, британская и испанская репрезентация образа государства в сопоставлении

This article is devoted to the study of the representation of the image of the state (Russia and the United States) in the American, British and Spanish analytical and news articles in comparative aspect. The study is conducted on the material of electronic versions of articles taken from modern American (“The New York Times”, “The Wall Street Journal”, “The Washington Post”), British (“The Guardian”, “The Independent”, “The Times”, “Financial Times”) and Spanish media (“El País”, “La Vanguardia”, “El Mundo”) in 2022. The purpose of the work is achieved by applying the complex method of lexico-semantic and stylistic analysis, interpretive analysis, the comparative method. It is established that each state strives to strengthen its positive image in the media space. Often this happens due to the purposeful belittling and deterioration of the image of those states that are considered competitors, ideological opponents, or enemies in the eyes of the readership. We will consider in the article how the media influence the image of the country and how the media image of the state is formed. We have selected analytical and news articles which create the images of two influential states Russia and the USA in comparison in different linguocultures. We examined the image of Russia and the United States based on the classification of V. Slavina and A. Oleinikov. As a result of the study, it was found out that in 2022 the opinion of the American, British and Spanish media about Russia and the United States is formed on the basis of already existing negative or positive attitudes and depends on the events taking place in the world. Public opinion, the moods of the ruling elites, the economic and foreign policy situation are changing, therefore the nature of the coverage of information in analytical and news media articles is also changing. The image of Russia in both analytical and news articles seems to us negative. The image of the United States, created by the American, British and Spanish media in news articles is neutral, there is no assessment of American government and what is happening on the territory of the U.S. In analytical articles, the image of the United States is criticized. An analysis of the factual material showed that the smallest number of articles is devoted to the image of the territory and the image of the people. The images of political leaders - V. Putin and D. Biden - are the main dominants in the formation of the image of the country in news and analytical articles. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the study of the representation of the images of Russia and the United States in American, British and Spanish news and analytical articles in a comparative aspect. The prospect of the research is further consideration of the image of Great Britain and Russia in interviews in comparative aspect.

ВІЙСЬКОВІ ТА ВОЄННІ ЗЛОЧИНИ У ВІТЧИЗНЯНОМУ ТА МІЖНАРОДНОМУ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВАХ

Criminal and international legislation in terms of legal regulation of military and war crimes is analyzed in the article. Conclusions and recommendations of international organizations on the researched issue are made. The views of scholars on the distinction between the concepts of “military” and “war” crimes are considered. It is proved that there is an important difference between military and war crimes. Thus, war crimes can be committed only in conditions of an armed conflict, in turn, military criminal offenses both during armed conflict and during military service. Emphasis is placed on further harmonization of domestic legislation and the Rome Statute in order to bring the perpetrators to justice effectively. It is noted that international treaties and other acts of international law are intended to regulate international disputes between states, but from time to time it is difficult to apply them in reality to ensure that states parties to the conflict in practice. For this purpose, third parties often enter into legal relations, which contribute to the settlement of a conflict between the states and the establishment of a stable domestic foreign policy situation on the territory of each of them. It is found out that the task of international law in this case is to resolve such conflicts with the help of their organizations and institutions, to establish new “rules of the game” in the international arena. And only in this way, by involving all countries of the world in peaceful cooperation and developing an effective mechanism of cooperation, it is possible to achieve world order and peace. To this end, the scope of various conciliation commissions should be extended, and States parties to the conflict should be encouraged to settle disputes peacefully in order to preserve world resources and human lives, which, as mentioned above, are of the highest social value. Key words: military crime, war crime, armed conflict, war, international legal acts.

Analysis of The State of The Tourism Industry in Russia аnd The Direction of Its Development

The purpose of the study. The purpose of the work is to assess the state of the tourism industry using statistical methods, analysis of scientific literature and identification of the main trends and promising directions of its development. The article is devoted to the possibilities of statistical analysis in the conditions of limited statistical information on Russia in relation to the tourism industry.Materials and methods. The following scientific methods are used in the article: analysis of scientific literature, analysis of dynamics and structure, coefficient analysis, correlation and regression analysis, graphical analysis, forecasting of indexes of the tourism industry. The analysis of Russian and foreign literature allowed us to formulate conclusions about modern methods of analysis used to assess the problems of the tourism industry. The analysis of the indexes in dynamics made it possible to identify and describe the main trends in the development of tourist flows, the volume and cost of selling tourist packages. The calculated structure of collective accommodation facilities showed their percentage ratio during the study period and the change in their shares. The use of correlation analysis made it possible to establish the closeness and direction of statistical relationships between individual factors affecting the state of the industry and the volume of tourist trips. A multiple regression model based on indexes characterizing the dynamics of prices for tours sold, the state of the transport sector and the food sector methodology is created. Based on the Box–Jenkins methodology, predictive models were created and medium-term forecasts were calculated for variables characterizing the number of tourist firms and the number of sanatorium-resort organizations and recreation organizations. The initial data for the study were Rosstat data in annual and spatial dimensions for the period 2011–2020.Results. The article highlights the main directions of research in the field of tourism industry, presented in the works of domestic and foreign authors. The foreign approach to its assessment is carried out through evidence-based methods. The research of domestic authors is more focused on the implementation of program-targeted methods and the identification of problems of assessment and prospects for the development of the industry in the Russian Federation. The analysis of the dynamics of inbound and outbound tourist trips showed a tendency to decrease their total number, which is due to the low level of tourist attractiveness, shocks and restrictive measures caused by the SARSCoV-2 pandemic, the tense foreign policy situation. It is established that the most active external tourist flows of the Russian Federation are observed with neighboring countries. Correlation analysis showed the presence of a statistical relationship between the number of trips made with the state of the transport infrastructure and the cost of the tour packages sold. The trend of growth in the implementation of tour packages in Russian destinations and a reduction in their number in foreign destinations, which is due to an increase in the disparity between the average cost of tour packages depending on the destination of the holiday, is established. The carried out regression analysis procedure showed the relationship between the number of tourist packages sold to citizens of the Russian Federation with the variables “average cost of sold tourist packages” and “fleet of aircraft”, which indicates the need to develop transport infrastructure and optimize the cost of recreation. Forecast calculations on the number of travel agencies and sanatorium-resort organizations have shown their decline in the medium term, which indicates the need to take appropriate measures to activate tourism entrepreneurship.Conclusion. Based on the results of the statistical analysis, the analysis of scientific literature and the content of tourism development programs in the Russian Federation, the authors identified common problems and directions of development of the industry. The main problems of the industry are the following: weak tourist attractiveness, insufficient development of tourist and transport infrastructure, lack of accommodation facilities aimed at mass tourists, low quality of domestic accommodation services, and high cost of foreign tours. The priority directions of the development of the domestic tourism business are related to: the introduction of modern digital technologies, active advertising of domestic tourism, optimization of the costs of tourism industry enterprises, activation of state support in difficult economic conditions.

Argentine-Brazilian contradictions as a factor of disintegration in South America

At the beginning of the 21st century, international relations in South America are developing in a paradigm of regionalization, manifested in emergence of multiple social associations on the continent, linked to each other not only geographically but also functionally. In parallel, trends of fragmentation and polarization, resulting from the crisis of Latin American multilateralism and from political heterogeneity established by the results of the next electoral period, are directly or indirectly influencing the nature of regional relations. In this context, and given their impact on regional affairs, the analysis of the current state of relations between Argentina and Brazil, characterized by polarized positions on a range of issues, deserves particular attention. The author chose a systemic approach to the analysis of international relations and the current foreign policy situation as the main methodological tool to achieve the goal of research. This, in turn, allowed the author of this article to consider South America as a regional subsystem, within which political systems and regimes compete, including for the choice of the vector of sub-regional development. The article demonstrates that recently the Argentine-Brazilian contradictions have fueled and strengthened political and ideological heterogeneity of the whole South American continent. In addition, the author cites different visions of formats and vectors of integration development of associations and subregional organizations in South America. According to the author, the actions of the governments of Alberto Fernández and Jair Bolsonaro make it quite difficult to implement and put in practice the necessary measures and formulated strategic goals, as well as to determine the vector of future development for Latin American states.

Политологический анализ реализации информационной политики Российского государства в современных внешнеполитических условиях

The article examines, through a political analysis, the reasons that determine the need for corrective actions in the implementation of the state information policy of Russia in the current foreign policy situation, as well as the countermeasures taken by the Russian Federation in relation to the broadcast of intrusive anti-Russian propaganda by American and Western European media corporations. The author emphasizes the fact that in order to ensure the access of the European audience to a high-quality objective information product, it is necessary to strengthen the work on activation in the field of cooperation with the institutions of the information environment of the eastern partner states for the purpose of mutual exploitation of information platforms, and to rid the Russian mass consumer of information from external insults and threats to block channels with such content, offering as alternatives are domestic Internet resources that exclude information of this kind.

The Process of Transformation of the Policy of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1921-1922.

The subject of the study is the internal processes in the USPD (Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany), as well as external factors from the spring of 1921 to the summer of 1922, which led to a change in the party's strategy and, ultimately, to its unification with the SPD (Social Democratic Party of Germany). Special attention is paid to discussions on the party's strategy in the conditions of crisis for the Weimar Republic, namely, left-radical and right-radical threats, the difficult foreign policy situation and instability of the party-political system. The research methodology is based on the tools of historical and political sciences. In particular, it is important to use a psychological approach in party science, which implies the study of the NSDPG based on the subjective vision of political and socio-economic processes by individuals, a group of individuals or the whole collective, which allows us to analyze the motivation of the actions of independents. The study demonstrates that in the conditions of the extremely unstable situation in the Weimar Republic and competition with other left-wing parties, the NSDPG's action program became unviable, as a result of which the party became closer to the SPD on many key issues. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that, unlike the Social Democrats and Communists in Germany, the history of the NSDPG has been studied to a much lesser extent. Of course, there is a fairly extensive historiography, however, the authors paid close attention to the reasons for the separation of the party in 1917 and the issues of its split due to the issue of joining the Third International in 1920, while the process of rapprochement between the NSDPG and the SPD was considered superficially.

РОЛЬ ИНДИКАТОРОВ В ОЦЕНКЕ УРОВНЯ РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНОВ

A high level of socio-economic development of the regions is the foundation of the national economy and serves as its driver, since without the necessary economic support it is not possible to ensure the full functioning of society, its socio-political and national stability. Recently, the regions of Russia have been functioning in new economic conditions, due to the aggravation of the foreign policy situation and the increase in sanctions pressure. Moreover, the "new economic conditions" have led to global changes and introduced an imbalance in the economic development of the regions and the country as a whole, accelerating asymmetric development, economic stratification and social tensions. Modern tools and methods for diagnosing the level of development of regions allow, from all their diversity, to choose those that are most acceptable for a particular region, and their effective values will be very informative, useful and objective.

Стратегические приоритеты обеспечения технологической независимости при реализации энергетических проектов в Арктике

In the recent past, the open market policy of Russian economy encouraged a close cooperation between domestic and foreign companies. As a result, some Russian companies became technologically dependant on foreign technologies. As the foreign policy situation grew more and more complicated, the Russian oil and gas complex had to face the problem of import substitution. The technological support of the Russian Arctic energy complex has become one of the most relevant state issues as Russia strives to overcome the economic and technological sanctions imposed by the US and the European Union.

Russian Colonialism in Central Asia: to Determine Time and Place

The article is a brief overview of Russian legislative practices in the Central Asian region. Kazakh, Turkestan and Transcaspian lands are considered as a single region, as it was understood by the Russian imperial administration. The administration models implemented in it had a different nature and their own specifics. In this case, the time factor was of paramount importance. Russia had not yet formulated its agenda in relation to its southeastern periphery at the beginning of the 18th century. At that time, St. Petersburg perceived the Kazakh steppe as the outer territory of the empire (colony) and consistently implemented methods of indirect and direct control towards it. The situation changed in the middle of the 19th century. The complication of the foreign policy situation in Europe provoked the intensification of Russia in Central Asia. Active advancement towards the Afghan border entailed the transformation of the Kazakh lands into the inner territory of the empire wanting administrative assimilation with the rest of the state. At the same time, a “non‑colonial” view of the empire’s national outskirts prevailed in the Russian capital. The trend towards the spread of general imperial administrative-political and socio-economic norms and approaches to Central Asian possessions has become the leitmotif of the state policy. The system of military-public administration became manifestation of this policy, introduced in the Kazakh steppe, Russian Turkestan and the Transcaspian province in the second half of the 19th century.

The Baathist Revolution in Iraq in 1968 and its impact on the domestic and foreign policy situation

The Baathist Revolution in Iraq in 1968 and its impact on the domestic and foreign policy situation

External and own «strangers»: Belorussian history textbooks about the German occupation regime and Belorussian collaborators during the great patriotic war

The article explores how the «strangers» are represented in the modern school textbooks on the history of Belorussia. The period of the Great Patriotic War has been chosen for analysis, because it is the event that is most seriously presented in historical memory. The Great Patriotic War is used by the Belorussian propaganda to form a modern sense of patriotism. The «strangers» during the war are divided into two types: «external strangers» — Germany, the Wehrmacht, the occupation authorities, and «own strangers» — persons who collaborated with the occupation regime, collaborators. In the Belorussian textbooks of the latest generation, which are currently being used in schools, there are images of «external strangers». The «external strangers» are presented as the organizers of the genocide of the civilian population, seeking to destroy the established situation. The textbooks reflect the struggle of Belorussians with the «external strangers». However, in the Belorussian textbook published in 2019 there is no mention of the «own strangers» — Belorussians who collaborated with the occupation regime. This information was presented in the textbooks of the previous generation. The Belorussian collaboration was assessed negatively. The current state of affairs can be partly explained by the foreign policy situation. Since 2014 the Belorussian authorities have been actively resisting Russian-Belorussian integration. The government has eased pressure on the Belorussian opposition, which has begun to actively support the official authorities in resisting integration. The Belorussian opposition uses the same symbols used by the Belorussian collaborators during the war. First of all, the white-red-white flag. For some time, the official authorities did not need the symbols of the opposition to be associated with collaboration. However, in August 2020, mass protests against the results of the presidential elections burst out in Belorussia. The main symbols of those protests were white-red-white flags. The authorities had a need to discredit the white-red-white flag by pointing out that it was actively used by the Belorussian collaborators. The textbook returned the mention of the «own strangers» of the war, as well as the mention of the kind of symbols that the «own strangers» used at that time.

Новое регулирование специальных административных районов

The article investigates the goals of creating and functioning of zones of preferential taxation — special administrative regions (SAR), which are located on the territory of the Oktyabrsky island (Kaliningrad region) and Russian island (Primorsky Territory). Initially, the SAR was conceived as an alternative to European low-tax jurisdictions to encourage businesses with Russian roots to move to the Russian Federation. Due to the change in the foreign policy situation, the mode of functioning of the SAR has undergone significant changes and has become, first of all, a tool that allows to protect Russian business and assets from sanctions, as well as to receive significant tax benefits in exchange for investing in the development of your own business and the SAR region. The article analyses the chronology of legislative changes in terms of the functioning of the SAR and the number of benefits provided, considers the pros and cons of the current regime, and the question of who might be interested in moving to the SAR.

RUSSIAN-GEORGIAN WAR OF 2008: REACTION OF UKRAINIAN POLITICUM

The paper analyzes assessments of Ukraine's political environment regarding the Russian-Georgian war of 2008 – the military conflict between Georgia on the one hand and Russia and the separatist groups of South Ossetia and Abkhazia on the other, the «hot» phase of which fell on August 8–12. It is stated that although Ukrainian and foreign historiographies already have some work on this military confrontation in the Caucasus, in all these cases it is mostly an analysis of the events of August 2008 in Georgia only through the prism of political history with a predominant chronology of the conflict. The main stages of the Russian-Georgian military confrontation in August 2008 and further attempts to resolve it through diplomacy are briefly outlined. It was stated that the «hot phase» of the confrontation on the territory of Georgia immediately became the center of attention of Ukrainian politicians. From the first day of the military conflict among Ukrainian political circles, there were two camps – pro-Georgian and pro-Russian – attitudes to which were correlated personal and collective political, ideological, mental, and even pragmatic sympathies, often turning from assessments of the foreign policy situation for disputes and discussions within the country. It is noted that the circles close to the then President Viktor Yushchenko took an openly pro-Georgian side, and the Ukrainian head of state himself visited Tbilisi against the background of the threat of Russian occupation in support of his counterpart Mikheil Saakashvili. It is stressed that the neutral attitude to military actions in the Caucasus prevailed among Ukrainian politicians, especially among Prime Ministers Yulia Tymoshenko and Volodymyr Lytvyn, who headed the bloc of the same name in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. It is shown, that representatives of the Party of Regions and the Communist Party of Ukraine took a pro-Russian stance in assessing the military conflict, blaming official Tbilisi for the start of hostilities and supporting the idea of recognizing Russia’s independence after Abkhazia and South Ossetia. It is concluded that despite the presence of such a diverse palette of views, it was not possible to adopt a clear consolidated official position within the walls of the parliament, despite the relevant appeals of Speaker Arsenii Yatseniuk. Keywords Russian Federation, Georgia, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, war, politicum, Ukraine.

THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIO-POLITICAL VALUES OF THE YOUTH IN MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY: REGIONAL ASPECT

At the present stage of the development of Russian society, which is carried out in the conditions of a tense foreign policy situation, the deterioration of the socio-economic situation, additionaly associated with the spread of COVID-19, protracted transformation and modernization processes, the problems of the younger generation in the field of socio-political activity and the formation of appropriate values are particularly acute. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe the structure of socio-political values of the youth, as well as latent factors affecting the construction of a hierarchy of values of the youth. Due to the fact that the modern young generation is very differentiated by the level of education, culture, financial situation, socio-professional status, the authors used methods of generalization, comparison, causal analysis in the present research. The article presents the results of the authors’ sociological study “Socio-political activity of the youth aged 25-35 years of Ulyanovsk” conducted in July — August 2021 and carried out with the financial support of the Ulyanovsk Public Foundation “Regional analytics. Professional research. Ratings” (RAPIR), part of which was dedicated to the study of the structure of socio-political values of the youth. To collect sociological information, the method of a sociological survey in the form of a questionnaire using the Quizer service and focused interviews in groups was used. To structure socio-political values of the youth aged 25-35 years of Ulyanovsk, a score-rating scale was applied. The factor analysis made it possible to identify hidden (latent) factors influencing the construction of a hierarchy of values among young people and making it possible to typologize groups of the Ulyanovsk youth aged 25-35 years with different levels of presence of socio-political values. The article demonstrates that the system of socio-political values of the youth has a complexly differentiated structure; most of the values are verbally declarative in nature with a strong paternalistic orientation and the predominance of individual values over collective ones.

Технологии позиционирования оборонно-промышленного комплекса в стратегии российского национального брендинга как ответ на глобальные угрозы и вызовы

The article is aimed at studying the symbolic and political grounds for the formation of a strategy for national branding of the Russian Federation using the innovative competencies of the domestic military-industrial complex and their positioning in the context of modern global challenges and threats. A study of the foreign policy situation indicates an increase in geopolitical tension and an increase in the values of national security and defense capabilities, which form the basis of the identity of the national brand of the Russian Federation. The intensification of efforts in the field of international branding of armed forces and military associations indicates the need for similar measures by Russia. The study is based on value and historical approaches that allow us to determine the competitive identity and symbolic foundations of the Russian national brand in the field of defense industry, method of unincorporated observation, the induction method in terms of studying certain successful practices of positioning the defense industry for their possible further replication as part of the implementation of the national branding strategy. An important part of the national branding strategy is the implementation of an active memory policy in order to consolidate in the mass consciousness a special perception of some historical events to design a projective image of the future. Political elites and the state as a whole play a key role in carrying out events within the framework of the policy of remembrance and national branding in general. The topic of the defense industry occupies a significant place in the rhetoric of the Russian top leadership, including Russian President Vladimir Putin, which indicates the possibility of implementing national branding in this way. Imagery and visualization in systematic messages about products, projects and developments in the domestic defense industry, which is strategically significant and one of the most innovative industries in the Russian economy, ensure the effectiveness of the national branding strategy of the Russian Federation. The modern policy of innovation contributes to the fillability of the national brand, specifies it. The use of innovation tools by innovative actors in strategic industries, including in the field of defense and security, allows us to identify Russian “innovative belts”, whose representatives can co-realize the strategy of national branding. The article identifies key target audiences and subjects of national branding, offers recommendations for its practical step-by-step implementation. A forecast of the prospects for the implementation of the policy of forming a national brand on the basis of innovative competencies of the defense industry in the domestic and foreign policy aspects has been given. A conceptual model of the national branding of the Russian Federation is presented, based on the innovative competencies of the defense industry and including a memory policy.

МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНГРЕССЫ И СИМПОЛЗИУМЫ: ОТРАЖЕНИЕ В ДОКУМЕНТАХ НАУЧНО-ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИХ ИНСТИТУТОВ СССР В 1950-1960-Е гг.

The article is based on the materials of the Soviet research institutes of the energy profile which are deposited in the Russian State Archive in Samara. The authors consider the forms of scientific communications, the topics of the issues discussed, the influence of the foreign policy situation on the development of international scientific relations in this area in the middle of the twentieth century. The successes achieved by that time in the electric power industry could increase with the acceleration of its transmission over long distances and the creation of unified energy systems. Such a common understanding of the prospects contributed to the active international interaction of scientists and practitioners in the field of energy.

Military actions and activities of the Russian and Austrian administrations in Pokuttya in 1914-1915

The run of military operations on the one of the strips of the Eastern front – Pokuttya as a part of the Western Ukrainian land territory is studied in the article. The preconditions of the war are shown by the author; the characteristic features of the military mobilization of the Austrian and Hungarian army on the territory of Pokuttya on the eve and at the beginning of the war are defined; the peculiarities of the Russian regime formation on the land are revealed; not simple relations between the occupying authority and the local population are traced.The eve and beginning of the World War I showed the escalation of mass political hysteria on the part of the Austro-Hungarian authorities. The official authorities were prejudiced against the population of the region, accusing it of Russophilia. At the same time, local authorities tried to demonstrate their loyalty to the Austrian emperor by holding a series of «patriotic» events.The capture of Pokuttya by the Russians in the autumn of 1914 was accompanied by the requisition of inventory and property, the persecution of representatives of the Ukrainian national movement and residents of Jewish nationality, and the brutality of Russian Cossack units. The hostilities of 1915 showed the weakness of the positions of Russian troops in Pokuttya. In some parts of the front, the positions of the warring parties often changed, which, in turn, depleted the material resources of the inhabitants of the region. In the early summer of 1915, Austrian troops liberated Pokuttya for a time. However, the events of 1916 will show that the front in the territory of Eastern Galicia will «come to life» and this will lead to a brutal, but short-lived, occupation of Pokuttya by Russian troops.The problem of Russian occupation in the current foreign policy situation is more important for our country than ever, and the occupation practice used on the Crimean peninsula and in Eastern Ukraine has its historical analogies with the period 1914-1915. That is why from the standpoint of protection of state sovereignty, national security, the study of this problem becomes especially relevant.

The Transfer of Power in Post-Petrine Russia: The Fate of Empress Anna’s Throne

This paper publishes a previously unknown historical source, a note supposedly written by A. I. Osterman, a major political figure in the reign of Empress Anna. The note is devoted to the search for a matrimonial match with a foreign prince for Anna Leopoldovna, the empress’ niece and potentially mother of the future heir. The note testifies to its author’s deep knowledge of the foreign policy situation and dynastic ties in Western Europe and ability to outline the most rational and useful vector for Russia’s dynastic policy. Having carefully analysed the foreign policy and dynastic situation in Germany, the note’s author is inclined to count on Prussia’s help in choosing a match for Anna Leopoldovna, either from the Prussian House of Hohenzollern or from the House of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.

А. Н. Куропаткин о культурно-историческом значении железнодорожного сообщения на востоке Российской империи

The paper reveals A. N. Kuropatkin’s views on cultural, historic and strategic importance of railways in the Russian Far East. The authors provide a comprehensive analysis of A. N. Kuropatkin’s views on railway development in the Far Eastern region, trace their evolution depending on the foreign policy situation, and herein lies scientific originality of the study. As a result, it is shown that A. N. Kuropatkin was especially concerned with the Far Eastern railway development, emphasizing its strategic and economic importance. At the same time, he manifested an ambiguous attitude to the Chinese Eastern Railway project, because, on the one hand, it was a shorter route and, consequently, fewer resources were required to protect the railway, but on the other hand, the railway was supposed to run through Manchuria, which worsened Russia’s relations with China and Japan. Before the Russian-Japanese war, Kuropatkin insisted that the railway should run entirely through Russia and considered it possible to abandon the Chinese Eastern Railway project in order to avoid the war with Japan, or at least postpone it.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ РЫНКА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ ДОБАВОК В РОССИИ

Today, the Russian pharmaceutical market is one of the most actively developing, which is due to the high importance of pharmaceutical products in maintaining and improving the health of the population. At the same time, the market of biologically active additives (BAA), the use of which is aimed at improving health, is among the relatively new directions in this market. The popularity of dietary supplements is due to the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and life and the strengthening of opinion about the role of dietary supplements in its maintenance. In the course of the study, the analysis of indicators of the dynamics and structure of sales of dietary supplements in Russia in 2015-2019 was carried out, to identify the main trends and their causes. It has been established that today the BAA market as an integral part of the Russian pharmaceutical market is gradually developing. The change in the foreign policy situation against the background of the conflict with Ukraine led to a recession in all industries, including the pharmaceutical market. However, the negative impact of these events on the market development manifested itself only in 2017-2018. At the same time, by 2019 the total sales in this market are 63.4 million rubles, and in physical terms - 324 million units. In value terms, more than 50% of the sold dietary supplements are imported, however, when studying the situation in kind, it was revealed that more than 80% of the sold packages are domestic. This indicates that domestic products are most popular in the domestic dietary supplement market, which is due to their lower cost compared to imported dietary supplements.