Foreign Literature Research Articles

Self-efficacy: cognitive and affective aspects of the phenomenon

This article analyzes the concept of self-efficacy based on a review of foreign literature. Rather than providing a systematic review of empirical research, the paper aims to describe the nature and structure of the concept. The historical development of self-efficacy is traced, starting from A. Bandura's social learning theory, and the key characteristics of the phenomenon are explored, including cognitive and affective processes, the locus of control, and the role of social experiences in shaping self-efficacy. Self-efficacy, as defined by А. Bandura, refers to the belief in one’s ability to organize and execute the actions needed to achieve specific goals. This belief impacts an individual’s motivation, performance, and psychological well-being. The article examines self-efficacy as a dynamic construct, emphasizing its role in various areas. It highlights how self-efficacy influences persistence, resilience, and coping strategies in challenging situations. The paper explores cognitive processes that underpin self-efficacy, such as how individuals assess their capabilities and the role of past experiences. It also considers the affective components of self-efficacy, including emotional responses to success or failure. Furthermore, the article examines the locus of control, which relates to an individual’s perception of their ability to influence events in their life, as a crucial factor in shaping self-efficacy beliefs. Social experiences, such as feedback and support from others, are also identified as key contributors. By analyzing these elements, the article enhances the understanding of self-efficacy’s significance in psychological practice and research. It underscores the importance of fostering self-efficacy in therapeutic and educational settings to support personal growth and achievement.

Structural and functional features of brain glymphatic system: modern view

Relevance. The research in the field of neuroscience confidently leads. Due to the general trends of population aging in developed countries, combined with the prolongation of active social life of people, delayed termination of professional activity, the study of the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is of particular relevance. For a long time it was believed that the brain lacks a network of lymphatic capillaries and metabolic products from the interstitial fluid of the brain parenchyma are drained into the ventricular system filled with cerebrospinal fluid. However, the discovery of a special glymphatic system of the brain [Jeffrey J. Iliff, Minghuan Wang, Yonghong Liao, Benjamin A. Plogg, Weiguo Peng, et. al.. (2012). A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid β. Sci. Transl. Med.. [1], allowed both neuroanatomy and clinical neuroscience to make significant progress towards understanding the nature of pathologies associated with a violation of the process of clearing the brain from metabolites. Goal. The review reflects the main scientific directions in the study of the functional morphology of the glymphatic system in the normal condition. Material and methods. The analysis of scientific literature in Russian and English in Internet databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, CyberLeninka) was carried out. Results. It has been revealed that research interest in the functional morphology of the glymphatic system is steadily growing. The article describes in detail two theories of liquor outflow based on a critical analysis of domestic and foreign literature. According to scientific data, the normal function of the glymphatic system depends on heart rate, intracranial, pulse and blood pressure levels, as well as the respiratory cycle. Moreover, the quality of sleep, the position of the head during sleep and toxic substances consumed by humans have a direct impact on the functioning of the glymphatic system. Conclusions. Further studies of the morphofunctional features of the glymphatic system in normal conditions can make significant changes in the fundamental concepts of the pathogenesis of diseases, methods of their treatment and prevention.

Opportunities to Identify and Develop the Individual Abilities of Gifted Students in Modern Technological Education

Introduction. The article is devoted to the solution of the problem of identifying and developing individual abilities of gifted students in modern technological education in the context of extracurricular activities and additional education. Focusing on the state significance of the problem of developing the abilities of students in technological education, the need to implement comprehensive work with capable students and the insufficiency of methodological development in this area, the purpose of this article was designated to theoretically substantiate the possibilities of identifying and developing individual abilities of gifted students in modern technological education. Methodology and research methods. When writing the article, the following methods were used: analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature on the problem of identifying and developing students’ abilities. The works of theoretical directions in the study of the problem of giftedness were studied: D. B. Bogoyavlenskaya, L. S. Vygotsky, V. V. Davydov, J. Renzulli, P. Torrens, F. Galton, M. S. Egorova, T. M. Maryutina and others. Results of the study. To identify the potential abilities of gifted children, the spatial concept of R. V. Komarov was adopted. It most fully and at the same time succinctly reveals the structure of the phenomenon of giftedness, and includes a component of potential giftedness. The main problems of identifying abilities are associated with the multifaceted nature and complexity of the phenomenon of giftedness itself. The theoretical conclusions made as a result of the work suggest a shift in emphasis in the existing curriculum in favor of the individualization of educational programs. They also open up new opportunities for the use of such programs in the future and will be useful for teachers of schools and organizations of additional education, working on the development of students’ abilities, both as methodological support and as training materials for advanced training of labor (technology) teachers. Conclusion. In conclusion, it is concluded that an integrated approach to identifying children’s giftedness in the context of modern technological education is a complex process that requires taking into account many factors and conditions. It is aimed at creating a favorable environment for the learning and development of all students. To develop this approach, the main existing methods of diagnosing giftedness were considered, such as: observation, psychological research, test methods, experiment, identification of giftedness through competitive events, expert assessment.

Pityriasis lichenoides: Modern ideas about pathogenesis and risk factors

Introduction. Pityriasis lichenoides (PL) is a group of relatively rare chronic skin diseases, united by some common pathogenetic links, clinical symptoms and pathohistological manifestations. The current state of the problem of PL is associated with significant difficulties not only for diagnosis and treatment, but also for determining all links of pathogenesis, and is also associated with the risk of transformation of PL into skin lymphoma, decreased quality of life and increased mortality in this group of patients. The article discusses literature data on the mechanism of development and provoking factors of PL.Aim. To analyze the literature on the features of the pathogenesis and clinical picture of PL. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of Russian and foreign literature sources for the period 2010–2023 was carried out, describing clinical cases of PL, features of the pathohistological picture, and modern ideas about the pathogenesis of this disease. Literature published before 2010 was not used in the analysis.Results. Many provoking factors for the development of PL have been identified, such as drugs, protein molecules of vaccines, microorganisms, etc., but their role has not been fully studied. The authors of most studies note a certain time interval between the acting trigger factor and the development of PL, as well as similar histopathological manifestations that allow to verify PL, and the clinical effectiveness of various treatment regimens. It is assumed that PL develops as a result of increased expression of certain clones of T-lymphocytes (CD8, CD30), which convert the protein structures of the epidermis into an antigenic target during antigenic cross-stimulation.Conclusion. Currently, there are no clear pathognomonic symptoms of PL, which makes it possible to classify it as a difficult-to-diagnose dermatoses and opens up broad prospects for further study of immunological and histological changes. Crossreactivity between keratinocyte proteins and protein molecules of various antigens makes it relevant to study not only groups of provoking factors, but also (perhaps to a greater extent) the immunological status of patients with PL. Alertness and appropriate diagnostic search on the part of dermatovenerologists are extremely important for timely prediction and detection of PL in a group of patients with a certain immunological predisposition.

Assessing the impact of U.S. economic aid and military support on the strategic dynamics of Pakistan’s foreign policy: a study of diplomatic relations and public sentiment

The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach to address a gap in the existing literature by investigating the impact of U.S. economic assistance, shifts in U.S. military backing, diplomatic disagreements, and public opinion on Pakistan’s foreign policy decisions. Previously, there was a focus on isolated aspects of this relationship, such as economic or military factors. The regression results indicate that U.S. economic aid (− 0.46, p < 0.001) and diplomatic disputes (− 0.31, p < 0.025) have a negative impact on Pakistan’s foreign policy decision-making, whereas changes in U.S. military support (0.25, p < 0.013) positively influence it. The results imply a negative impact of U.S. economic aid, indicating that Pakistan’s policy autonomy is limited due to increased economic dependence. On the other hand, modifications to U.S. military assistance demonstrate a noteworthy positive impact, indicating that increased military collaboration supports assertive policy initiatives. Qualitative results show that Pakistan views the alignment with the U.S. as a way to get financial, military, and diplomatic support from the U.S., enhancing its influence and strategic position in the area. Financial considerations, such as maintaining trade advantages and receiving financial backing from the U.S., influence Pakistan’s decisions about its foreign policy. Pakistan would have to reassess its strategic priorities if U.S. economic aid was cut back or modified. Conditionality allows the United States to achieve certain policy objectives, like counterterrorism cooperation, human rights reforms, and regional stability, by linking aid to desired outcomes. The validity of dependency theory and military support’s effect on asymmetric coalitions illuminate bilateral power dynamics. The research suggests bilateral frameworks, varied economic partnerships, and increased military cooperation to decrease dependency and boost policy autonomy. The findings illustrate aid-politics dynamics by integrating quantitative and qualitative data and contributing to foreign policy analysis literature.

MÜASİR PSİXOLOJİ TƏDQİQİATLARDA KOMPÜTER ƏSASLI QİYMƏTLƏNDİRİLMƏLƏR APARILMASININ GÜCLÜ VƏ ZƏİF TƏRƏFLƏRİ

Computerized assessment tests have created great opportunities for both developers and professionals. They have allowed them to develop psychometrically sound tests that use mathematical procedures and calculations so complex that in previous eras they would have taken weeks or months to complete. This has created new opportunities for user testing and has allowed the creation of custom tests with built-in rating and commenting capabilities that were not previously implemented. For many test users, computerized models of psychological measurements have become a significant improvement, since they had to personally conduct tests and even enter answers in another form before analysis (using a manual calculation template or other device), which resulted in a large loss of time on data assessment and interpretation. The article analyzes modern computerized models of mortality with reference to foreign literature.

The foreign literature in Russian school: the quotation minimum of reader-schooler

Introduction. The equality of cultures and civilisations are emphasised in the United Nations General Assembly resolution (2021) and in the declaration of the Saint Petersburg Cultural Forum (2024). At all times the foreign literature was and is a significant part of the national cultural code for Russia. The aim of the article is to raise the problem of the quotation minimum of reader-schooler in the field of foreign literature on the material of precedent texts of English-speaking literature included in the school curriculum. Materials and methods. Russian Federal working curriculum of basic and general education in literature; Russian and foreign scientific publications on the problems of studying world literature at school; quotations from precedent texts of English-speaking literature included in the school curriculum; the results of three surveys of students from different faculties of Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University. The first survey aimed at identifying the reader's choice. Its participants were 108 students. The second survey aimed at attributing and interpreting quotations from Shakespeare's works – 604 students. The third survey aimed at attributing 25 quotations from texts of English-speaking literature from the school curriculum, the selected texts were for both compulsory and for supplementary study. 134 students of the Philology Faculty took part in the survey. KEYWORDS Results. The research has shown that one of the difficulties of foreign text perception for students is the lack of confidence in the accuracy of translation. A survey on attribution and interpretation of Shakespear’s quotations revealed student’s insufficient level of knowledge and understanding: recognisability of the 4 suggested quotations from Shakespeare's tragedy «Hamlet» ranged from 16 % to 60%; and the quotation from «Romeo and Juliet» was recognized by 18% of recipients. The student’s interpretation was determined more by the students' life experience rather than literary experience. A list of 25 quotations from the school curriculum was compiled to appropriate a possible quotation minimum of English-speaking texts. The results of the survey showed that the most recognizable citation were the quotations from Shakespeare's texts, as well as from other English-speaking literature texts on which popular among children and young people movie and cartoon versions were created («The Hobbit» by J. R. R. Tolkien, «The Jungle book» by R. Kipling, etc.). One more recognisable groups of quotations were the quotations in which names and words are contained the same names and words in book’s title («The Gift of the Magi» by O. Henry, «Brave new world» by A. Huxley, etc.). A quotation from Shakespeare's Sonnet 66, was given in different translations, it remained almost unrecognised. As well the quote from J. D. Salinger's novel «The Catcher in the Rye» was also unidentified. Attention in the article was also paid to erroneous attribution and its causes. A brief review of foreign studies at the lessons revealed that the purposes of work with text in Western countries are students’ socialization and mastering the skills of working with information. There aren't scientific works, which are aimed at understanding and interpreting precedent texts from literary works. Conclusion. The national cultural code is not only Russian precedentic texts, but also a part of precedent texts of world culture. The resarch actualises the problem of the quotation minimum in the field of foreign literature and proposes a list of 25 quotations of English-speaking authors. This list is approximate and creates a space for discussion.

КАЧЕСТВО ЖИЗНИ ЛЮДЕЙ МОЛОДОГО И СРЕДНЕГО ВОЗРАСТА, ПРОХОДЯЩИХ ВОЕННУЮ СЛУЖБУ, ОБУСЛОВЛЕННОЕ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИМ ЗДОРОВЬЕМ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫМИ ОСОБЕННОСТЯМИ

Introduction. One of the main tasks of modern medicine is defined as maintaining an acceptable quality of life, conditioned by the dental health of various age, medical and social groups of the population. Young and middle-aged men in our country in recent years have faced a serious social problem that requires their presence in difficult conditions of a special military situation, and their dental rehabilitation is defined as an important medical and social problem, which determined the relevance of this publication. Objective. Is to analyze the existing Russian and foreign literature devoted to the condition of the organs and tissues of the mouth of military personnel, as well as characterizing their need for dental orthopedic treatment. Methodology. The research method was a theoretical analysis of available Russian and foreign literature sources. During the study, current scientific articles published in various databases were used, containing information on assessing the condition of the organs and tissues of the mouth in a special social group of the male population of the country, in dire need of dental orthopedic rehabilitation. Results. It can be argued that the dental health of young and middle-aged men undergoing military service in the armed forces of the Russian Federation is in serious danger. According to literary data, many of them reliably lose teeth due to various life and professional circumstances and, as a result, lose an acceptable quality of life for people. Dental rehabilitation of this category of citizens is currently one of the priority tasks of modern dentistry. Conclusion. It can be argued that the dental health of young and middle-aged men undergoing military service in the armed forces of the Russian Federation is in serious danger. According to literary data, many of them reliably lose teeth due to various life and professional circumstances and, as a result, lose an acceptable quality of life for people of their age. Dental rehabilitation of this category of citizens is currently one of the priority tasks of modern dentistry.

Nasolabial cyst: a systematic review of the literature

We have conducted a systematic review of foreign and domestic literature covering data on nasolabial cysts. Nasolabial cyst is a benign non-ontogenic, often unilateral and left-sided, formation located in the nasolabial fold and vestibule of the nasal cavity, occurring mainly in women aged 30-50 years. Nasolabial cysts often remain undiagnosed, so the frequency of their detection is very low. Their origin is still a matter of debate; for more accurate data, it is necessary to conduct a thorough histological examination of each cyst using immunohistochemical analysis. Ultrasound can be used for the screening method of diagnosis of nasolabial cysts. Computed tomography of the nose and paranasal sinuses has a number of diagnostic advantages. The choice of surgical treatment depends on the size, location, infection of the nasolabial cyst, the surgeon's experience and the possibilities of conducting anesthesia.

Research on the Financing of Affordable Talent Rental Housing Based on the REITs Model

This article through the domestic and foreign literature research in this field, related concepts and theoretical review, as well as the analysis of our country’s security talent rental housing and REITS development situation, discuss the prospect and development direction of our country’s security talent rental housing public REITs, and put forward suggestions.

N.G. Garin-Mykhailovsky – a writer, «the knight of the railroads», «the merry righteous man», an educator. Review of the collective monograph «Russian wealth N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky: biography – writing – “samara text” – literary context – perception»

This work is a review of the multi-authored monograph (prepared by the staff of the Samara Literary and Memorial Museum named after M. Gorky, Samara National Research University named after S.P. Korolev, Social and Humanitarian Institute (Department of Russian and Foreign Literature and Public Relations) «Russian Wealth» by N.G. Garin-Mykhaylovsky: biography – writing – “samara text” – literary context – perception», published in 2004 (сompiler Editor – M.A. Perepelkin, doctor of philological sciences, director of the Samara Literary and Memorial Museum named after M. Gorky, professor of Samara National Research University named after S.P. Korolev). The editors of the publication, memoirists, philological scientists have done a huge research work, supporting the remarkable Samara tradition in the field of literary local studies. N.G. Garin-Mykhailovsky cannot be classified as a «forgotten and secondary» writer, his works are in demand, and the amazing story «Tyoma’s Childhood» is not only popular, but also depicted in film. Nevertheless, the team that created the two-part monograph did a lot to remind about the features of the biography of the talented writer, tireless traveler, educator, whose works inspired such writers, separated by decades from each other, as A.I. Kuprin, N.N. Zlatovratskyi, K.M. Stanyukovich, M. Gorky, V.T. Shalamov, V.A. Chivykhin. The first part of the reviewed work contains memories of N.G. Garin-Mykhailovsky’s contemporaries (relatives, acquaintances) who reminded of the human charm of this unique person endowed with «an ardent fairy-tale fantasy». In the second part, the works performed in the field of textology and poetics proper are presented, which also contain valuable information about the connections of N.G. Garin-Mykhaylovsky with the writers who were directly related to Samara. We note that the articles of the monograph made significant additions to the «world of Garin-Mykhailovsky».

Improving the efficiency of planning and control as key components of the public management process in the system of the MIA of Ukraine

The publication highlights issues regarding the current state of regulatory and organizational support for planning and control processes in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, as well as in central executive bodies whose activities are directed through the Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. An analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature on the issue of planning and control in the public management system has been conducted. It has been proven that regulatory and legal regulations and provisions relating to the legal status of units responsible for the specified processes require appropriate optimization and improvement. In particular, internal discrepancies in the content of orders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, National Police, State Emergency Service, National Guard of Ukraine on planning and control issues have been identified. The absence of institutional orders on the construction of an internal control system in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and National Police has been emphasized. The directions for improving the regulatory and organizational support of the planning and control processes in the public management system of the bodies and divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are proposed, in particular, in terms of adopting institutional regulatory and legal acts on the planning and internal control system, in particular departmental orders on the introduction of unified approaches, standards, procedures for planning and internal control, bringing the norms of existing departmental documents in accordance with the rules of legislative technique. A list of principles on the basis of which planning and control activities in the Ministry of Internal Affairs system should be carried out is given. The need to develop and adopt documents related to the strategic development of the Ministry of Internal Affairs system taking into account the requirements of the legal regime of martial law is emphasized: strategies for the development of the Ministry of Internal Affairs system taking into account the requirements of martial law, strategies for the development of other central executive bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

PERSONALY-EXISTENTIAL LIMITS OF ACCULTURATION AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION

Summary. The purpose of this study is to line round the possible limits of acculturation from the point of view of personality-existen-tial attitude to it, as well as to clarify the different vectors of the accul-turation process as the process of acquaintance of a certain person belonging to one culture with the principles and patterns of another culture, and also ascertaining of the fundamental possibility for person to incorporate organically into another culture. This problem is quite actually nowadays, since many people find themselves in a similar situation thanks to globalization, active migration, tourist trips, multi-cultural and cross-cultural interactions, acquaintance with translated foreign literature, etc. The methodology of work is based on the next methods: historical, comparative, sociological observation, logical and discursive. Scientific novelty is connected with the study of acculturation as a complex multi-vector process, which does not reduced to simple borrowing of certain norms and patterns of behavior, but also involves the personal value selection of new cultural norms, the psychological aspect of their perception or non-perception, the ability for one person to keep in view not only two cultures (his or her own and new one for himself/herself), but to be enculturated in several cultures at the same time. Summary. Acculturation is not a passive process when person is simply forced to fulfill certain demands; within this process a field of inner freedom remains for man. Even if external circumstances induce a person to externally-behavior acculturation and to fulfillment of certain norms and requirements of another culture, the inner spiritual state of a person may be preserved as necessary for him or her and be the do-minant in his/her inner world.

Scolopendra bite in Crimea (clinical observation)

Scolopendrae represent the best-known genus of centipedes. They are the largest centipedes. There were several reported cases of scolopendra venom poisoning around the world. We report a clinical case of an unusual reaction to a scolopendra bite in Crimea, accompanied by severe acute neurological and articular manifestations and hard-to-diagnose delayed sequela. Despite the full range of medical care provided and active management strategy, the female patient developed allergic and subsequently autoimmune pathologies due to individual immune characteristics, including genetic ones caused by the presence of previously undiagnosed connective tissue dysplasia. The retrospective observation showed how the female patient’s congenital imbalance between humoral and cellular components of the immune system contributed to the more aggravated clinical picture that developed as reaction to the arthropod bite, and it was its venom that initially acted as an allergic, and subsequently as an autoimmune trigger. A review of modern Russian and foreign literature on cases of scolopendra bites was performed. This review highlighted possible complications associated with the effects of the venom. Recommendations on the management strategies for such patients are provided to primary care physicians.

Epidemiological research progress on the association between meteorological factors and suicide

Much evidence shows that meteorological factors are closely related to human health. By combining relevant domestic and foreign literature, this review found that there were currently many studies on the association between meteorological factors such as air temperature, sunshine duration, and relative humidity and suicide. Some studies have found that they are related to suicide, while others have not found such an association. There are relatively fewer studies on the association between other meteorological factors and suicide. The mechanisms for the association between air temperature and suicide include physiological and biochemical mechanisms, behavior and lifestyle mechanisms, brown adipose tissue theory, and psychological mechanisms. There is a lack of research on the mechanisms for the association between other meteorological factors and suicide. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the association between meteorological factors and suicide to clarify their causal relationship and mechanisms to provide a scientific basis for reducing suicides related to climate change.

RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT WITH INTRARETINAL CYSTS: CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGIC ASPECTS, DIAGNOSTIC METHODS AND TREATMENT (LITERATURE REVIEW)

The paper presents a review of domestic and foreign literature concerning historical aspects and modern approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with intraretinal cysts. The necessity of complex diagnostic examination of patients with this pathology is noted, as well as differential diagnostics with other pathologies. The review of publications included an analysis of advantages and disadvantages of surgical treatment methods for intraretinal cysts. Different tactics are reported regarding retinal cysts depending on their localization during surgical treatment of RRD. Based on the collected scientific data, the purpose of further research on the issue under consideration is substantiated. Key words: rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, intraretinal cysts, vitreoretinal surgery, B-scan ultrasound

Integrating IT to foster engagement and reduce anxiety in foreign language learning

The incorporation of technology into the foreign language syllabus significantly helps alleviate students’ language anxiety. Through this integration, students’ foreign language learning skills, self-learning, and students’ collaborative learning activities are improved. Technology integration provides new approaches to learning, thereby reducing students’ Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA). The current study seeks to offer a thorough insight into how foreign literature uses Information Technologies (IT) to design a curriculum to overcome FLA. The research employs a mixed-method approach to collect data from 455 university students through a questionnaire and interviews. The study participants were chosen using purposive sampling methods. The quantitative data were processed using SPSS software, while the qualitative data were examined with NVivo software. This study uniquely examines the role of daily digital storytelling tools in fostering innovation and reducing FLA in diverse cultural contexts. It also provides approaches to enhance student interest and engagement by combining technology integration with foreign language learning strategies. The study findings indicate that integrating multimedia resources into foreign literature courses reduces FLA among students in diverse cultural contexts. The results reveal that the daily use of digital storytelling tools in foreign literature courses fosters innovative thinking (which is measured through questionnaires, interviews, and pre-test/post-test observations), while also decreasing FLA. The research findings contribute to the ongoing educational practices by providing practical guidelines to educators to introduce technology-driven solutions for mitigating FLA. Additionally, it provides insights into effective curriculum design, the development of learning outcomes, and the creation of a supportive environment for language learners.

MODERN ASPECTS OF RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY IN THYROID CANCER

In the last two decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased by almost 28 %, while at the same time mortality has decreased by more than 23 %. This is due to an increase of pathology detection at an early stage. The most favorable prognosis occurs after surgeries combined with radioactive iodine therapy. Radioactive iodine therapy can be used both for the ablation of thyroid tissue remnants after subtotal or near-total thyroidectomy for multifocal invasive cancer, and for the treatment of regional and distant metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer. The use of radioactive iodine is validated by: its selective accumulation by thyroid cells and highly differentiated tumors; the possibility to achieve a high absorbed dose in the accumulation site with minimal damage to surrounding tissues; the absence of complications, reversibility of side effects after drug administration. The article provides a review of domestic and foreign literature on modern and promising areas of radionuclide therapy for thyroid cancer treatment. Pubmed, eLIBRARY and other databases were used as reference sources.

GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR ENGAGEMENT (literature review)

Background. Generalized periodontitis is a disease, the key link in the pathogenesis of which is inflammation. Inflammation is induced by bacterial pathogens through Toll-like receptors (TLR) of resident cells with the involvement of neutrophils, which migrate from the microcirculatory bed and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Under the influence of the latter, osteoclasts are activated and cause alveolar bone resorption. It is important to clarify the polymorphic state of Toll-like receptor genes, which significantly affects the effectiveness of the immune response. Aim: based on the analysis of literature data, to establish the importance of cell signaling pathways, in particular, Toll-like receptors and the polymorphic state of their genes, in the mechanisms of the occurrence of generalized periodontitis. Materials and methods. The subject of the search was scientific publications of Ukrainian and foreign literature over the past 10 years, containing the keywords: periodontal disease, generalized periodontitis, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, Toll-like receptors, TLR4, risk factors, genetic polymorphisms using the open medical scientific database PubMed of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the US National Library of Medicine (NLM). At the first stage, 222 sources were selected, of which 33 were selected for this article. Results. Generalized periodontitis is one of the most common dental diseases, the difficulties of its timely diagnosis and effective treatment necessitate the search for new pathogenetic links that will become the basis for a more in-depth understanding of its pathogenesis and the development of new methods of diagnosis and treatment. TLRs are among the first to interact with pathogenic bacteria and trigger reactions of innate and adaptive immunity. Under the influence of TLRs, the level of cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators increases. TLR gene polymorphism determines the characteristics of individual reactivity, impaired TLR expression can lead to mucosal damage and generalization of the process. The distribution of polymorphisms differs in different populations, which necessitates a separate study in the Ukrainian population.

Теоретичний аналіз використання методів і технік у процесі психологічної реабілітації переміщених осіб

In the article the essence of using methods and techniques in the process of psychological rehabilitation of displaced persons is given. Psychologists and psychotherapists sometimes face a problematic situation in selecting from a large existing arsenal the most effective ways that would help migrants survive traumatic events, severe physical injuries, chronic negative conditions and diseases, acute emotional stress, uncertainty and confusion. The purpose of this article is to systematize the methods and techniques used in the process of psychological rehabilitation of displaced persons. The theoretical analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature was used, which made it possible to identify, summarize and systematize the material, solve the stated tasks; a comparative analysis in the form of comparing different points of view of scientists to the problem of psychological rehabilitation and the use of the most effective methods and techniques, as well as the specifics of their influence in the process of psychological rehabilitation. The most effective methods and techniques in the process of psychological rehabilitation are analyzed, their essence and specificity of influence are revealed. A structural and systemic model of methods and techniques of psychological rehabilitation has been developed, connections and dependencies between methods of different directions have been established within the framework of an integrated interdisciplinary approach. The focus is on psychotherapy, the main method of psychological correction of a patient's behavior and emotions, aimed at overcoming certain fears and complexes, eliminating manifestations of mental trauma, changing a person's attitude to himself and his condition, influencing the human psyche through words, conversations with a person in order to calm a person, get out of a traumatic situation, and clarifying the occurrence of mental disorders. disorders and beliefs in the possibility of self-regulation of certain nervous processes. The comprehensive, integrated use of the proposed methods and technologies, taking into account the needs, problems, and individual psychological characteristics of displaced persons, will provide an opportunity to influence different body systems, different analyzers, which will give effective, positive results in the process of psychological rehabilitation.