Foreign Linguists Research Articles

List jako źródło do rekonstrukcji historii polskiego językoznawstwa

Correspondence between linguists, apart from their scientific work, is a source of knowledge about the origins and evolution of Polish linguistics in contemporary version on the turn of the 20th century. This article analyses letters of five scholars: Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan Łoś, Kazimierz Nitsch, Jan Michał Rozwadowski and Henryk Ułaszyn. The letters originated during the period 1898–1931; the correspondence between Nitsch and Ułaszyn continued until 1955. Emphasis was put on selected topics: conducted original work, establishment of Rocznik Slawistyczny – a critical journal in the field of Slavic Studies, shaping the scientific profile of the following journals: Poradnik Językowy and Język Polski. Letters, as factual material, demonstrate not only academic relations between Polish and foreign linguists, but also daily life, attitudes and plans of the scholars. Their analysis may be a valuable supplement to data derived from biograms, memoirs and theoretical elaborations.

ПОНЯТТЯ НАРАТИВНОГО АНАЛІЗУ І ОСНОВНІ ПІДХОДИ

The article is devoted to a general overview of the concept of narrator, an analysis of its main characteristics and functions as an important subject of the science of storytelling. Considerable attention is paid to the definitions of the category of narrator by domestic and foreign linguists and to the typology of the narrator. The problems of identifying narrative categories have been identified. The concept of a narrative structure according to V.Ya. Propp. The functions of the narrator in the literary text are determined and an attempt is made to classify them. The aim of the article is to theoretically substantiate the concept of narrative analysis. One of the main categories of narratology is the category of the narrator. The article describes in detail the concept of narrative temporality (time), which is one of the most important properties of narrative works. The problem of actualization of narrative discourse in literary studies arises not by chance - the contours of the new methodology are largely determined by the possibility of multiple theoretical modifications of the modern research process.The narrator, as the central essence of the concept, arises as a complexly organized subject with many ways of his own expression, an intermediary between the real world, to which the biographical author belongs, and the fictional world of a work of art; depicted by the symbolically significant world of the literary work and the cognitive competence of the reader. The narrator's phenomenon is diverse and multifaceted. Each new work of art is a new narrator. That is why the problem of grammatical manifestations of the narrator and his typology open a wide space for further theoretical and practical research in the field of narratology and semantics of discourse. Due to the considerable freedom of the text, the narrator has the opportunity to penetrate into the inner world of the characters, to address the readers, to enter into controversy with the author. The problem of the narrator in fiction opens wide opportunities for further theoretical and practical research in the field of narrative science and semantics of discourse.

COMMUNICATIVE ROLES OF SERIAL KILLER CHARACTERS BASED ON AMERICAN FICTION OF XX CENTURY

The article reveals the study of communicative roles of serial killer characters. The study is based on American fiction of the twentieth century. (“American Psycho” by Bret Easton Ellis, “The Silence of the Lambs” by Thomas Harris, “Misery” by Stephen King and “Along Came a Spider” by James Patterson). In the process of research the problem of role differentiation is learned; the main approaches to the study of the concept of “communicative role” proposed by leading Ukrainian and foreign linguists are analyzed; the interpretation of the concept of “communicative role” is given; three types of communicative roles are studied: categorical, operative and related communicative roles; categorical, operative and related communicative roles of serial killer characters are singled out; each role is illustrated with examples from American fiction of XX century. The categorical roles are singled out on the basis of sociocultural and professional background of the serial killer characters. Operational roles have been studied on the basis of frequently repeated communication situations. Related roles have been explored by means of transactional analysis. The findings showed that characters perform common categorial role of a killer and other categorical roles according to their social status and professions (doctor, reporter, director, etc.). The serial killer characters also perform operative roles of the thinker, the joker and the host of the situation, which confirm their desire to manage not only the process of communication, but also real life situations and to draw people’s attention to their own personalities through jokes, demonstration of their knowledge or expression of their thoughts. Their relative role of the parent indicates that these characters consider themselves to be more intelligent than others and strive to influence the lives of others. Fiction characters verbalize their intentions in communicative situations created by the author, which helps to research their communicative roles taking into consideration lingual and extralingual factors in the process of their interaction.

Диференційні ознаки сурядності

The article analyzes and systematizes the different views of domestic and foreign linguists on the category of coordination. An attempt has been made to characterize it in terms of formal-grammatical, semantic-syntactic, typological and communicative approaches. We proposed our own definition of coordination – a linguistic category, which, when correlated with syntagmatics, manifests itself at the level of syntactic connection, which ensures the relative formal and grammatical equality of the components and the preservation of their semantic independence. Coordination in relation to syntagmatics and paradigmatics has been considered, and the positioning of this category at the communicative-pragmatic level also has been determined. The debatable issue is the functioning of coordination in sentences and phrases. We made an attempt to identify the main features of coordination, such as: relative grammatical independence of components, their equality and interdependence, the presence of open / closed connection, form of coordination and correlation, expression of connecting meaning with its typological variability, possibility of repeatability of connectors, lack of interposition, at communicative level the presence of illocutionary force of each component. Our own vision of the main problematic issues related to the nature and functioning of harmony has been offered.

Лингвополитическая персонология (метафорический ракурс исследования)

The article was accomplished at the intersection of such relevant areas of modern linguistics as political linguistics, linguistic personology and linguistic metaphorology. The purpose of the article is to provide an overview of the work of foreign and domestic linguists for 2009-2019, devoted to the analysis of metaphorical models in the idiolics of politicians, to identify the main trends in research of this kind. The analysis showed that linguistic-personal research on metaphorics in political communication is carried out in a cognitive, pragmatic, stylistic, rhetorical, semiotic, psycholinguistic perspectives. It was revealed that according to the criterion “object of analysis” they can be characterized in territorial, status, ideological, gender, chronological, temporal and comparative aspects. The analytical review presented in the article demonstrates that there is a research asymmetry in modern linguistic-political personology: the work on federal politicians predominates over the work on regional politicians, the work on representatives of the political elite over the work on political opposition, the work on male politicians over the work on politicians - women, work on existing politicians - on work on the great politicians of the past. The authors believe that due to the indicated asymmetry in the objects of research, the task of linguopolitical personology should be to fill in the existing gaps.

Метафора как средство создания нового значения (на материале прозвищ российских военнослужащих)

We analyze the linguistic metaphor as a means of creating a new meaning of word. We consider the varieties of metaphor – cognitive and conceptual – in the understanding of foreign and domestic linguists of the precognitive and cognitive periods. We conclude that the terminological combination is correctly applied conceptual metaphor in relation to a linguistic phenomenon. This question is relevant at present, since associative transfer when assigning naming objects and persons is widespread in modern onomastics. In addition, in professional groups, as part of jargon existence, a metaphor is a universal tool for the formation of nicknames. The work provides an example of conceptual metaphor usage to create nicknames for Russian military personnel. From a cognitive point of view, we describe naming, data for the features of the appearance, behavior, character of the army representatives. The study is based on living language material collected by the method of questioning and direct interviewing of military personnel of St. Petersburg. The ma-terial and results of the study can be used in the educational process both in civilian and military universities at seminars and special courses in onomastics, as well as in the compilation of the “Dictionary of Military Nicknames”.

Полилингвальное переключение кодов в академическом дискурсе

The article considers the problem of code switching in the academic discourse as a type of language contacts when English is used as the main component due to its flexibility and popularity. Approaches of Russian and foreign linguists to the interpretation of bilingualism and multilingualism from the theoretical point of view are analyzed. Types of code switching and their peculiarities are described. Multilingual code switching and its features are focused on. The fragment of the lecture in the academic course “Safety and durability of buildings and structures” as a kind of the academic discourse is examined in order to identify cases of code switching typical of the participants of the discourse, namely students from Iraq who have come to Russia to do a Master’s course in “Civil Engineering”, and to explain the factors that affect the choice of a language in a specific situation.

LEXICAL UNITS WITH DIFFUSE SEMANTICS IN POLITICAL TEXTS OF GERMAN MEDIA

The article deals with words with diffuse semantics frequently used in political texts in the German mass media of 2019-2020. It presents an overview of approaches of Russian and foreign linguists to the phenomenon of semantic diffusion. Difference between broad semantics and diffusion is shown on the basis of a descriptive contextual semantic analysis in comparison with earlier texts and lexicographic sources, including the National Corpus of the German language (DWDS). Semantic diffusion is interpreted as ability to demonstrate universal dynamic variability of lexical meaning in a context while preserving the nominative semantics. The aim of the article is to reveal certain characteristic features of linguistic units with diffuse semantics. The study contains primary conclusions about the origin, dynamic nature, reflection of value-based benchmarks of a linguistic community, universal character of meaning and usage, and lacunarity of word definition and translation. Universality of meaning and frequent usage in media texts allow distinguishing a special group of universal political metaphors with diffuse semantics. The article touches upon the problem of communicative purposes of application of units with diffuse semantics. Their usage makes it possible to avoid direct nomination of the referent and hence lexical units with diffuse semantics can be referred to the group of universal political metaphors with the dominant function of euphemization and argumentation. Universal euphemisms with diffuse semantics are characterized by the following: universal usage; origin from the sphere of ethics, economy and management; fuzzy semantics; recognizability, absence of heuristic metaphorization; international use across languages, formal translatability and difficulty of precise translation. The findings of the study can be used to develop automated lexicography and natural language processing.

THE MAIN ASPECTS CONCERNING THE LANGUAGE STABILITY IN UKRAINE

The problem of linguistic durability becomes very relevant and attracts the scientific interest of leading researchers. Special attention was paid to this issue by the foreign linguists: U. Altermatt, F. Boas, M. Geller, R. Vishinsky, E. Smolich, S. Ossovsky, R. Harris, as well as Ukrainian ones: B. Azhnyuk, O. Bondar, L. Lazarenko, L. Masenko, O. Selivanova, O. Taranenko, O. Tkachenko and others. The purpose of the article is to analyze the scientific approaches to language durability, to convey a brief analysis of linguistic durability in Ukraine. According to the stated goal, the tasks are defined as follows: to characterize the sources that support linguistic durability, ascertain what the linguistic durability of the people depends on, how the linguistic durability in Ukraine can grow into linguistic stability. The analysis of scientific approaches to language durability in sociolinguistics makes it possible to formulate a number of conclusions. It is necessary to make a serious analysis of the past, a critical analysis of the current state of the language issue and the development of a plan for the future. It is necessary to form an ideology that will not separate people, but will unite them. Efforts should be made to popularize and spread the Ukrainian language among Ukrainians themselves. And here, it is necessary to emphasize the role of state leaders, public authorities, writers in this important matter. Until each of them feels all responsibility for their work, and perceives it as a national mission, we should not be surprised at the decrease of interest in the Ukrainian word. National tradition, national consciousness and solidarity, national culture, national peace and cooperation with all peoples, and firstly with those with whom we live together in one territory – these are the sources that nourish linguistic durability, gradually bringing people to linguistic stability. The linguistic resilience of the people, as evidenced by the examples given, depends not so much on circumstances, but on the desire of the people and will. If one wishes, one could resurrect even the dead or half-dead language, if one does not want it – one could turn a living language into a dead one.

LANGUAGE PICTURE OF THE WORLD AS A PART OF NATIONAL CULTURE

The concept of “world picture” refers to fundamental scientific concepts, the research of which leads to the study of the specificity of individual languages as components of national cultures. The article analyzes and summarizes the views of Ukrainian and foreign linguists concerning the language structure and conceptual world pictures peculiarities. The paper focuses on the existence of general and specific in language. The role of culture in the formation and evolution of national world pictures and the influence of the national language on the formation of the speakers’ worldview are reviewed. The problem of national specificity of the language is analyzed not only in terms of the language and thinking, language and reality relation, but also in terms of the correlation of language and culture, their interaction and interplay. Culture is presented in the study as a complex phenomenon, in the framework of which the peculiarities of knowledge of reality are fixed by one or another lingua-cultural community. He existence of different views concerning the peculiarities of the structure of world pictures, the presence / absence of the interrelation of language, culture and national language specifics in the concepts of language and conceptual world pictures, the absence of a clear interpretation of the concept of “world picture” show the complexity of the investigated phenomenon, the need for a thorough study of the question of the correlation of general and specific in the language determine the actuality of the study. The language world picture is considered as one of the main components of culture and as a means of transferring lingua-cultural peculiarities. In modern linguistics the connection of thinking, language and culture is recognized by the majority of researchers. Culture is a complex phenomenon, in the framework in which traditional, mass and elitist components are distinguished. Despite the considerable amount of scientific researches, the question of the relationship between language and culture and the role of national language peculiarity remain relevant, open and controversial and require further research.

FUNCTIONALISM AND THE THEORY OF OPPOSITION AS THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF STUDYING THE MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING CONTRAST IN THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ARTISTIC DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to the problem of functionalism and the theory of opposition as the main principles of studying the means of implementing the contrast in the English-language artistic discourse. Functionalism as a linguistic direction is investigated and its main characteristics are analyzed. It has been found out that the contrast can be used to describe the whole terminology of the “body» of the language in its paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects. On the material of the works of domestic and foreign linguists it is proved that the contrast is realized in the text space with the help of a number of interacting opposition.

Phraseological Units as a Mirror of National Mentality

The relevance of the study is caused by the continuing interest of linguists to the problem of phraseology as a special – national – sign in the language system, reflecting the national-cultural features of the perception of the world, national mentality, ideological and mental attitudes of native speakers. The analysis of scientific literature showed that the phraseological layer reflecting the national character of a person is rather understudied. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify the features of the national mentality of the British based on the analysis of the internal form of phraseological units (PUs), reflecting the nature of a person. In the given study there were analyzed the theoretical works of Russian and foreign linguists on the problems of definition of the term “phraseological unit”; there were analyzed semantic features, sources of origin and figurative bases of the selected PUs; were identified the specific characteristics inherent in the British, based on the frequency parameter of the components of phraseological units. The analysis of figurative sources of PUs, reflecting the national character of a person, revealed a large number of PUs with the following components: zoonyms, somatism, phytonyms and colors (46%); this indicates the national-cultural specificity of PUs, which is expressed in the figurative content of these units and is associated with the cultural and national features of the British. The practical significance of this study is that the results can be used in the lectures and courses of intercultural communication, linguoculturology and lexicology.

МЕСТО СИНХРОННОГО ПЕРЕВОДА В СИСТЕМЕ ВИДОВ ПЕРЕВОДА И ЕГО ОСОБЕННОСТИ

The article is devoted to the problems of classifying translation types. In particular, the author identifies the place of simultaneous translation in this system and analyses its peculiarities. Domestic and foreign linguists suggest different foundations for classifying translation types. The author clarifies them and suggests his own vision of this problem. The originality of the study lies in the fact that the researcher emphasizes the necessity to consider psychological factors influencing a translator’s activity. Special attention is paid to the formation of translators’ stress tolerance for working in different translation situations. In this connection, the author identifies the prospects of studying the biological feedback method as a means to overcome the negative influence of stress in the process of translation.

Понятия «проекция» и «проективный смысл» в терминосистеме когнитивной лингвистики

The paper proposes a nontrivial approach to the study of the mechanism of associating meanings and words in speech, which allows us to consider not their equal connection, but the projection of the unknown and/or incomprehensible to the elements of experience – a collective, molded in usual compatibility of language units, or an individual that creates occasional compatibility. The purpose of the study is to provide a detailed theoretical justification for the use of the term “projection” in cognitive linguistics and in cognitive poetics as an emerging paradigm of knowledge about the artistic text, as well as the term “projective meaning”, which allows us to approach such traditionally distinguished paths as metaphor, comparison and metamorphosis from a single point of view. The theoretical basis of the research is the concept of grammaticality of abstract substantives with secondary predicates developed by the author, the method of modeling culturally developed and artistic ideas on the abstract phenomenon calculated in projective meanings, and the principles of linguistic modeling of the semantic structure of artistic text. The argument of the relevance of the term “projection” in linguistics is based on the scientific achievements of domestic and foreign linguists, but the historical perspective requires recognition of the priority in developing a method that later received the name “conceptual analysis of the word” for such domestic linguists as A. Bely and V. A. Uspensky. In the mathematical term “projection”, which is adopted by linguistics relevant for cognitive science, the idea of dependence of the unknown on the known in the process of its mental development, as well as the idea of the “picture plane”, which can be interpreted as applied to linguistic tasks as an object plane filled with the results of everyday experience. Projective meanings (projectives) are proposed to be considered as sensual and logical images of an abstract phenomenon, in which its meaningful cultural profiles (sides, aspects) are conceptualized and which guide the compatibility of its name, and the set of projectives is a verifiable model of the content of an abstract name. The article proposes the establishment of similarity (by projectivity) of cognitive metaphors and comparisons and their cognitive and structural differences: logical redundancy of comparison and the logical need for a cognitive metaphor for the discursive existence of abstract names. In comparison, as a kind of widely understood metaphor, there is a “form-building instinct” (O. Mandelstam), in which knowledge prevails over vision, metaphysics over physics, individual over universal.

A Study on the Application of Input Hypothesis in English Teaching of Junior High School

Since Input Hypothesis was proposed, it has attracted the attention of domestic and foreign linguists. However, Input Hypothesis is still a “virgin land” in the teaching practices of primary and high schools. This paper aims to investigate the teaching of junior high school English so as to find out the applications of Input Hypothesis in junior high school English teaching and then propose a series of strategies that can be applied in junior high school English classes in accordance with the four principles of Input Hypothesis. The study was carried out in seventh grade of a junior high school. The researchers observed the English lessons of two classes in seventh grade for three months, analyzed the teaching plans and interviewed the teacher of the two classes. This paper found out that many teaching strategies that the teacher used are theoretically related to Input Hypothesis. However, the teacher has never learned about this theory. In order to bridge the gap between Input Hypothesis and English teaching in junior high school, this paper explained four principles of this hypothesis and put forward some possible strategies. This paper hopes to make contributions to the application of linguistic theories in English teaching og junior high school and urge teachers to equip themselves with these theories.

УЧЕНИЕ О КЛАССАХ СЛОВ В ИСТОРИИ КИТАЙСКОЙЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙТРАДИЦИИ

The concept of the parts of speech in Chinese linguistics is essentially different from understanding parts of speech in Indo-European language studies. Some Chinese and foreign linguists are trying to elaborate a classification for the parts of speech based on corresponding systems of other languages and thus disregarding the relevant properties of Chinese. This article reviews the history of identification of word classes in Chinese linguistic tradition that correlate with the parts of speech in modern Chinese, and presents an attempt to trace the development of the word classes theory in traditional Chinese grammar. Literature analysis on the issue shows that the preliminaries of the theory were formed by Chinese scientists employing philosophic approach that bore a certain amount of subjective attitude and were determined by semantic criterion. As a result, all words were divided into the ones that bear certain meaning and the ones that are deprived of it but are able to change the initial meaning, although word class affiliation was not determined at those times...

АКТУАЛЬНІ ПІДХОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ АНАФОРИЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ У ФРАНКОМОВНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern approaches to the study of anaphoric processes based on the material of French-language discourse. Explications of the concept of anaphora by Ukrainian and foreign linguists are interpreted. The newest methodological principles of comprehensive analysis of anaphoric units in French discourse, namely the combination of linguistic and literary methods, have been further developed. It was revealed that the study of anaphoric elements is not limited to the classical problem of repetition, it must be considered in a communicative aspect. In the framework of the cognitive-communicative process, the method of discourse analysis is described. It is proved that in the process of studying the anaphoric nomination of linguistic analysis is not enough, it is necessary to appeal to the discursive context and discursive memory. The cognitive operations that the speaker performs on anaphoric nomens in his own discourse are defined. The pragmatic and functional aspects of the anaphora phenomenon, which are the subject of the study of interactionist linguistics, are considered. The paper states that in the cognitive-pragmatic aspect the anaphoric nomination performs important functions within the framework of the connectivity of the discourse. This phenomenon is broad, which can be presented not only explicitly but also implicitly, that is, the reader himself has to guess what is said in the text, based on his own experience, knowledge and associations. Anaphora can correspond both to the communicative and cognitive requirements, because it not only captures the fragments of the knowledge and experience of the speaker, but also gives him a certain form in accordance with the communicative plan and the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. The article contributes to further systematization of anaphoric means of language, characterized by expressive and informative potential. Consideration of the features of functioning of anaphoric nomens as the structure components of the French-language discourse can contribute to the further study of the semantic-stylistic organization of discourse in general.

ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНИХ МЕТАФОР У НОВЕЛІСТИЦІ Л. ПІРАНДЕЛЛО (на матеріалі циклу новел "Novelle per un anno")

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern approaches to the study of anaphoric processes based on the material of French-language discourse. Explications of the concept of anaphora by Ukrainian and foreign linguists are interpreted. The newest methodological principles of comprehensive analysis of anaphoric units in French discourse, namely the combination of linguistic and literary methods, have been further developed. It was revealed that the study of anaphoric elements is not limited to the classical problem of repetition, it must be considered in a communicative aspect. In the framework of the cognitive-communicative process, the method of discourse analysis is described. It is proved that in the process of studying the anaphoric nomination of linguistic analysis is not enough, it is necessary to appeal to the discursive context and discursive memory. The cognitive operations that the speaker performs on anaphoric nomens in his own discourse are defined. The pragmatic and functional aspects of the anaphora phenomenon, which are the subject of the study of interactionist linguistics, are considered. The paper states that in the cognitive-pragmatic aspect the anaphoric nomination performs important functions within the framework of the connectivity of the discourse. This phenomenon is broad, which can be presented not only explicitly but also implicitly, that is, the reader himself has to guess what is said in the text, based on his own experience, knowledge and associations. Anaphora can correspond both to the communicative and cognitive requirements, because it not only captures the fragments of the knowledge and experience of the speaker, but also gives him a certain form in accordance with the communicative plan and the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. The article contributes to further systematization of anaphoric means of language, characterized by expressive and informative potential. Consideration of the features of functioning of anaphoric nomens as the structure components of the French-language discourse can contribute to the further study of the semantic-stylistic organization of discourse in general.

THE LEADING LINGUISTS RESEARCH REVIEW CONCERNING THE NATIONAL PECULIARITY OF LINGUISTIC AND CONCEPTUAL WORLD PICTURES REFLECTION

The article analyzes and summarizes the views of Ukrainian and foreign linguists concerning the language structure and conceptual world pictures peculiarities. The paper focuses on the existence of general and specific in language. The role of culture in the formation and evolution of national world pictures and the influence of the national language on the formation of the speakers’ worldview are reviewed. The problem of national specificity of the language is analyzed not only in terms of the language and thinking, language and reality relation, but also in terms of the correlation of language and culture, their interaction and interplay. Culture is presented in the study as a complex phenomenon, in the framework of which the peculiarities of knowledge of reality are fixed by one or another lingua-cultural community. The language world picture is considered as one of the main components of culture and as a means of transferring lingua-cultural peculiarities.

О ПРОЦЕССАХ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ АВИАЦИОННОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ И ОБЩЕУПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ (В НЕМЕЦКОМ, АНГЛИЙСКОМ И РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ)

The article examines the processes of the determinologization of colloquial words, the despecialization and determinologization of aviation terms as a result of the interaction between common colloquial vocabulary and aviation terminology in the Russian, English and German languages. The author considers domestic and foreign linguists’ views on terminologization and determinologization, differentiates the conceptions “despecialization” and “determinologization”, discovers the stages of these processes, identifies the common features of terminologization, specialization and determinologization in the Russian, German and English languages.