Footprint Model Research Articles

Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve in the five most complex countries: Insights from a modified ecological footprint model

Several researchers have focused on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis to analyze environmental degradation using carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and ecological footprint as dependent variables. However, analyzes based on these variables neglect the supply side of environmental sustainability. To address this shortcoming, this study aims to examine the determinants of the ecological footprint pressure index (EFPI) in the context of the EKC hypothesis. The EFPI provides a more detailed picture of environmental issues by considering both ecological footprint and biocapacity. Thus, the study aims to add scientific value to the existing literature by analyzing the EFPI under the EKC hypothesis for the first time. Building on this, our research investigates the effects of economic complexity (ECX), per capita income, and renewable energy consumption (REC) on the EFPI by adopting a novel econometric approach. The results of the Fourier autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method show a cointegration relationship between income, ECX, renewable energy and EFPI in Germany, Switzerland and Sweden. The long-term elasticities indicate that ECX reduces the EFPI in Germany and Switzerland, while renewable energy mitigates environmental pressure in Switzerland and Sweden. Our findings also confirm the validity of the EKC hypothesis for Germany and Sweden. Based on these findings, the study suggests that ECX, renewable energy and economic growth can all be used as policy instruments to reduce environmental pressure in the three member states of the European Union.

Comparison of carbon footprint and water scarcity footprint of milk protein produced by cellular agriculture and the dairy industry

PurposeThis paper studies the carbon footprint and water scarcity footprint (WSF) of a milk protein, beta-lactoglobulin, produced by cellular agriculture and compares this to extracted dairy protein from milk. The calculations of the microbially produced proteins were based on a model of a hypothetical industrial-scale facility. The purpose of the study is to examine the role relative to dairy of microbially produced milk proteins in meeting future demand for more sustainably produced protein of high nutritional quality.MethodsThe evaluated process considers beta-lactoglobulin production in bioreactor cultivation with filamentous fungi T. reesei and downstream processing for product purification. The model considers four production scenarios in four different locations (New Zealand, Germany, US, and Australia) with a cradle-to-gate system boundary. The scenarios consider different sources of carbon (glucose and sucrose), different options for the fungal biomass treatment (waste or animal feed) and for the purification of the product. Allocation to biomass was avoided by considering it substituting the production of general protein feed. The carbon footprint and WSF (based on AWaRe factors) modelling is compared to calculations and actual data on extracted dairy protein production in NZ. The uncertainties of modelled process were addressed with a sensitivity analysis.Results and discussionThe carbon footprint of microbially produced protein varied depending on the location (energy profile) and source of carbon used. The lowest carbon footprint (5.5 t CO2e/t protein) was found with sucrose-based production in NZ and the highest (17.6 t CO2e/t protein) in Australia with the glucose and chromatography step. The WSF results varied between 88–5030 m3 world eq./t protein, depending on the location, type of sugar and purification method used. The avoided feed production had a bigger impact on the WSF than on the carbon footprint. Both footprints were sensitive to process parameters of final titre and protein yield from sugar. The results for milk protein were of similar magnitude, c.10 t CO2e/t protein and 290–11,300 m3 world eq./t protein.ConclusionsThe environmental impacts of microbially produced milk protein were of the same magnitude as for extracted dairy protein. The main contributions were sugar and electricity production. The carbon footprints of proteins produced by cellular agriculture have potential for significant reduction when renewable energy and more sustainable carbon sources are used and combined with evolving knowledge and technology in microbial production. Similarly, the carbon footprint of milk proteins can potentially be reduced through methane reduction technologies.

Detecting Hot Spots of Methane Flux Using Footprint-Weighted Flux Maps.

In this study, we propose a new technique for mapping the spatial heterogeneity in gas exchange around flux towers using flux footprint modeling and focusing on detecting hot spots of methane (CH4) flux. In the first part of the study, we used a CH4 release experiment to evaluate three common flux footprint models: the Hsieh model (Hsieh et al., 2000), the Kljun model (Kljun et al., 2015), and the K & M model (Kormann and Meixner, 2001), finding that the K & M model was the most accurate under these conditions. In the second part of the study, we introduce the Footprint‐Weighted Flux Map, a new technique to map spatial heterogeneity in fluxes. Using artificial CH4 release experiments, natural tracer approaches and flux chambers we mapped the spatial flux heterogeneity, and detected and validated a hot spot of CH4 flux in a oligohaline restored marsh. Through chamber measurements during the months of April and May, we found that fluxes at the hot spot were on average as high as 6589 ± 7889 nmol m−2 s−1 whereas background flux from the open water were on average 15.2 ± 7.5 nmol m−2 s−1. This study provides a novel tool to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of fluxes around eddy‐covariance towers and creates important insights for the interpretation of hot spots of CH4 flux, paving the way for future studies aiming to understand subsurface biogeochemical processes and the microbiological conditions that lead to the occurrence of hot spots and hot moments of CH4 flux.

Eddy covariance measurements highlight sources of nitrogen oxide emissions missing from inventories for central London

Abstract. During March–June 2017 emissions of nitrogen oxides were measured via eddy covariance at the British Telecom Tower in central London, UK. Through the use of a footprint model the expected emissions were simulated from the spatially resolved National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory for 2017 and compared with the measured emissions. These simulated emissions were shown to underestimate measured emissions during the daytime by a factor of 1.48, but they agreed well overnight. Furthermore, underestimations were spatially mapped, and the areas around the measurement site responsible for differences in measured and simulated emissions were inferred. It was observed that areas of higher traffic, such as major roads near national rail stations, showed the greatest underestimation by the simulated emissions. These discrepancies are partially attributed to a combination of the inventory not fully capturing traffic conditions in central London and both the spatial and temporal resolution of the inventory not fully describing the high heterogeneity of the urban centre. Understanding of this underestimation may be further improved with longer measurement time series to better understand temporal variation and improved temporal scaling factors to better simulate sub-annual emissions.

Spatiotemporal evolution of sustainable utilization of water resources in the Yangtze River Economic Belt based on an integrated water ecological footprint model

Sustainable utilization of water resources (SUWR) is the basis of water resources management , allocation, and efficient utilization, which is crucial to promoting high-quality development and ensuring a region's water security. Appraising the sustainability of water resources and achieving a healthy regional water balance is a critical and complex problem. This study proposed an integrated water ecological footprint (IWEF) model that considered the water ecosystem service function and characteristics of human water consumption. The water ecological footprint, carrying capacity, water ecological pressure index ( EPI w ), ecological load index ( ELI w ), and eco-economic coordination index ( ECI w ) are developed to examine the level and degree of SUWR. The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) is selected as the study area to comprehensively assess the spatiotemporal differentiation and dynamical evolution of SUWR. The results show that the EPI w and ELI w decreased by 50.27% and 64.29% in the YREB from 2011 to 2018, revealing the upward trend of SUWR. In terms of ECI w , the east part of the YREB experienced more strong decoupling states of water resources consumption and socio-economy. In the western part, the ecological safety state, sustainable development conditions of water resources, and the coordinated relationship of water pollution discharge toward economic growth are better than in the middle and eastern part of the YREB. This study helps to understand the complex interrelation between water and socio-economy at different spatial-temporal scales and provides a novel framework that can be used as an evaluation index and policy insights for the sustainability of water resources. • A novel framework is proposed to evaluate the sustainability of water resources. • The ecological footprint method is improved by considering water pollution factors. • Natural and socio-economic features are incorporated into the assessment model. • Assessing the sustainability of water resources in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. • Water sustainability is improving but the spatiotemporal differentiation is evident.

Source decomposition of eddy-covariance CO2 flux measurements for evaluating a high-resolution urban CO2 emissions inventory

We present the comparison of source-partitioned CO2 flux measurements with a high-resolution urban CO2 emissions inventory (Hestia). Tower-based measurements of CO and 14C are used to partition net CO2 flux measurements into fossil and biogenic components. A flux footprint model is used to quantify spatial variation in flux measurements. We compare the daily cycle and spatial structure of Hestia and eddy-covariance derived fossil fuel CO2 emissions on a seasonal basis. Hestia inventory emissions exceed the eddy-covariance measured emissions by 0.36 µmol m−2 s−1 (3.2%) in the cold season and 0.62 µmol m−2 s−1 (9.1%) in the warm season. The daily cycle of fluxes in both products matches closely, with correlations in the hourly mean fluxes of 0.86 (cold season) and 0.93 (warm season). The spatially averaged fluxes also agree in each season and a persistent spatial pattern in the differences during both seasons that may suggest a bias related to residential heating emissions. In addition, in the cold season, the magnitudes of average daytime biological uptake and nighttime respiration at this flux site are approximately 15% and 27% of the mean fossil fuel CO2 emissions over the same time period, contradicting common assumptions of no significant biological CO2 exchange in northern cities during winter. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of using trace gas ratios to adapt eddy-covariance flux measurements in urban environments for disaggregating anthropogenic CO2 emissions and urban ecosystem fluxes at high spatial and temporal resolution.

A Design of the Ecotourism Individualized Route Planning System Based on the Ecological Footprint Model.

In this study, aiming at the huge amount of information in the tourism field, the pressure of ecological environment, and tedious personalized route planning, an ecotourism personalized route planning system based on the ecological footprint model is designed. In order to recommend routes that meet the time limit and the starting and ending points of the user's choice, the tourist route recommendation problem is studied as a directional problem on the basis of comprehensively considering the popularity of scenic spots and the user's interest preferences as the scenic spots score. The scenic spot scoring strategy is scenic spot scoring, and the iterative local search strategy is used to plan tourist routes according to the optimization goal with the largest route score, and improve the real tourist routes, food, and accommodation strategies. On the basis of launched tourist routes, they recommend tourists' favorite food and accommodation. The model finally completes the fine arrangement of scenic spots, food, and accommodation in the whole tourist route. The system test results show that the system has obvious advantages in personalized path planning effect, excellent user feedback effect, and certain application value.

Multi-UAV Coverage Path Planning for Gas Distribution Map Applications

Aerial coverage for Gas Distribution Map (GDM) using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with olfaction capabilities has become a key for effectiveness and cost improvements. In this work, the main contribution is the application of Coverage Path Planning (CPP) approaches adapted to survey gas plumes using an autonomous fleet of UAVs. Indeed, the mission is carried out in four steps. First, a gas plume model was integrated to simulate the environment. Then, based on the sensor’s footprint model and the Voronoï diagram, an exact cellular decomposition method is proposed to generate and distribute measurement points or Points Of Interests (POIs) effectively. To take measurements from all these POIs, two planning approaches were proposed in the third step. One is based on the separation of missions between UAVs using the K-means algorithm principle and modeling each path as a Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). While the second approach models the global mission for all UAVs as a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). The resolution of the two mathematical models is achieved using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) and Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithms, respectively. Eventually, the GDM is reconstituted based on triangulation-based cubic interpolation. The evaluation of the proposed simulation techniques based on comparative analyses shows their efficiency, speed and flexibility. The proposed methods take into account the UAV’s flight autonomy and the desired coverage quality, and they provide solutions for a variety of coverage applications, particularly for GDM.

An improved emergy ecological footprint method for ecological security assessment and quantitative analysis of influencing factors: a case study of Zhejiang Province

A scientific ecological security assessment framework is critical to regional ecological security. This paper improves the emergy ecological footprint model which optimizes the traditional emergy ecological footprint by adding the water supply service, to assess ecological security, and quantitatively analyzed the factors affecting ecological security by partial least squares regression. Zhejiang Province, one of the most developed provinces in China, was selected as a case study. The results show that (1) the emergy carrying capacity (ECC) per capita suffered a reduction from 2004 to 2018. (2) The emergy ecological footprint (EEF) per capita presented a rising trend, with a growth rate of 70.13% from 2004 to 2018. (3) The emergy ecological footprint per capita of biologically productive land has increased except for grassland and waters. (4) There was an ecological surplus in the period of 2004–2009, but an ecological deficit appeared after 2009. (5) The ecological insecurity in Zhejiang Province was increasing, which transformed from a comparably safe state to a relatively unsafe state. (6) The dominant influencing factors affecting Zhejiang’s ecological security were population density, urban built-up area per capita, secondary industry output value, etc. These findings could provide valuable decision support to policy makers in formatting policies on ecological management and sustainable regional development.

Assessing the sustainability of freshwater consumption based on developing 3D water footprint: A case of China

Sustainable development requires that resources use should be kept within boundary values. This paper provided a complete explanation of the theoretical concepts of the three-dimensional water footprint model (3D WF model) and improved the 3D WF model by extending it to both water quantity and water quality assessment perspectives. Size and depth of blue water footprint (BWF) and grey water footprint (GWF) help assess the sustainability of regional water resources in terms of both source and sink appropriation, which emphasizing the importance of freshwater resources as critical natural capital. Then, the improved 3D WF model was used to explore the sustainability of regional freshwater resource utilization by taking the freshwater resource utilization status of 31 provinces in mainland China as an example. The values of blue water footprint size (BWFsize) and grey water footprint size (GWFsize) in China from 2003 to 2015 were 575.6 billion m³ and 1552.3 billion m³, corresponding to the dominant factors of agricultural sources (64.0%) and domestic sources (75.3%), respectively. The high value areas of blue water footprint depth (BWFdepth) and grey water footprint depth (GWFdepth) were mainly located in North, East and Northwest China, with a high mismatch between freshwater resource stock and flow possession. After clustering, Xinjiang was in a source deficit dominated region; Beijing, Tianjin, Shaanxi, Shanghai and Henan were in a sink deficit dominated region; Ningxia, Hebei, Liaoning and Shandong were in a dual source and sink deficit region. The water footprint size (WFsize) and water footprint depth (WFdepth) reflect the intra- and intergenerational equity in the sustainable use of regional water resources, and the improved 3D WF distinguishes types of unsustainable regional water resources (source shortage or sink shortage, or both), which is important for raising awareness of water conservation among residents and helping managers to tailor water management policies to local conditions.

Sustainable evaluation of the eco-economic systems in the π-shaped Curve Area of the Yellow River basin of China: a study based on the 3D ecological footprint model

Sustainable evaluation of the eco-economic systems is crucial to resolve the contradiction between environmental protection and economic development and promote healthy urban development. This paper constructed an SEC framework for sustainable development index (SDI) evaluation of the eco-economic systems in the π-shaped Curve Area in the Yellow River basin based on the 3D ecological footprint (EF) model. The study was conducted from three aspects: the capital utilization scale and equity during the ecological supply and demand process, the development efficiency and capacity of the eco-economic systems, and the relations between the systems embodied by the coordination and security evaluation. Also, the SDI and its influence mechanism were studied using the fully arrayed polygon diagram and geographic detector. Findings include the following: EF depth is higher in cities with poor natural resources, while EF size is higher in cities with vast territories and rich resources. The arrangement of EF depth and EF size presents nearly a reverse trend, and the consumption of capital flow and capital stock complements each other. Cities can be classified as heavy utilization type, moderate utilization type, mild utilization type, and low stock appropriation type. From 2005 to 2019, the area's SDI and the three aspects presented evident spatial heterogeneity and formed clusters. The role of government, energy consumption, scientific innovation, industrial structure, urbanization rate, population, economic level, and openness level impact SDI differently. This study proposed a new insight for the sustainability evaluation of eco-economic systems.

A new assessment method of sustainable water resources utilization considering fairness-efficiency-security: A case study of 31 provinces and cities in China

• An evaluation method for SWRU was developed based on water ecological footprint model. • Assessing the performance of SWRU in terms of fairness, efficiency and security. • WSUI was at a relatively unsustainable level in China over the period 2005-2019. • Low water resources efficiency is the most prominent factor limiting SWRU. • Findings can provide scientific reference for improving regional water resources sustainability. Accurate assessment of sustainable water resources utilization (SWRU) is one of the basis for alleviating the growing human-water conflict. However, there are some unavoidable defects in previous research, such as poor holistic considerations, subjectivity in judgment process and limited methodological applicability. Therefore, after determining the triple attributes of SWRU (i.e., fairness, efficiency and security), Gini coefficient, data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique and water ecological footprint (WEF) model were used to establish water resources fairness index (WFI), water resources efficiency index (WEI) and water resources ecological security index (WESI). The three indices were then integrated into water resources sustainable utilization index (WSUI) with Euclidean distance, thus forming the SWRU quantification method system, which can effectively overcome the above shortcomings. Finally, the temporal and spatial characteristics of SWRU during 2005-2019 were diagnosed in 31 provinces and cities of China. Results reveal that: (1) Over half of provinces have a mismatch between population and water distribution, especially in the north, where the contradiction of more people and less water is chronic; (2) The decline in water resources efficiency has not attracted sufficient attention for a long time; (3) WESI in the south was below threshold 1 and water resources ecology is safe, while the northern regions are basically at an insecure level; (4) WSUI multi-year average was within [0.44, 0.51] in China, which has been at relatively unsustainable level, and low water resources efficiency is the most prominent factor limiting SWRU. These findings can provide scientific reference for improving the sustainable utilization of regional water resources.

Exploring the Regional Coordination Relationship between Water Utilization and Urbanization Based on Decoupling Analysis: A Case Study of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

Understanding the potential association between the urbanization process and regional water shortage/pollution is conducive to promoting the intensive utilization of local water resources. In this study, the water footprint model was used to estimate water utilization status in terms of both water quantity (virtual water footprint (VWF)) and water quality (grey water footprint (GWF)) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region (China) during 2004–2017. Their potential coordination relationship with the local urbanization process represented by the gross domestic product (GDP), population (POP), and built-up area (BA) was examined using the Tapio decoupling model. The results showed that from 2004 to 2017, (1) VWF in Beijing and Tianjin showed non-significant decreasing trends, with reductions of 1.08 × 109 and 1.56 × 109 m3, respectively, while that in Hebei showed a significant increasing trend, with an increase of 5.74 × 109 m3. This indicated a gradually increasing water demand in Hebei and decreasing demand in Beijing and Tianjin. In all three regions, the agricultural sector accounted for a relatively high proportion of VWF compared to other sectors. (2) GWF in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei all showed declining trends, with reductions of 2.19 × 1010, 2.32 × 1010, and 1.66 × 1011 m3, respectively, indicating considerable local water quality improvement. The domestic sector contributed as the main component of GWF in Beijing, while agriculture was the main contributor in Hebei. The major contributor in Tianjin transitioned from the domestic (before 2015) to the agricultural sector. (3) We found good coordination between VWF and GDP in all three regions, as their local economic development was no longer overly dependent on water consumption. However, the expansion of urban built-up area or population would bring about accelerated depletion of water resources. (4) GWF in the three provinces showed good coordination with GDP, POP, and BA in most years, implying that the development of urbanization no longer strongly caused the pollution of water resources. In sum, policymakers should focus on improving agricultural irrigation efficiency and residents’ awareness of water conservation, so as to gradually achieve sustainable water resource management in the BTH region.

Assessment of eco-environment impact and driving factors of resident consumption: Taking Jiangsu Province, China as an example

Taking Jiangsu Province as an example, this paper uses a three-dimensional ecological footprint model to analyze the sustainable development of the region, and on this basis, the PLS model is used to reveal the important driving factors of the three-dimensional ecological footprint of Jiangsu Province. The analysis shows that: (1) the ecological and environmental impacts of residents’ consumption in Jiangsu Province are increasing year by year, and the carrying capacity of the ecological environment is decreasing year by year. (2) The resources of cultivated land and forestland used by the consumption of Jiangsu residents are decreasing year by year per capita, and the resources of occupied construction land are increasing year by year. The change of cultivated land resources is the main factor affecting regional natural capital flows. This study recommends that the government rationally allocate land resources and strictly control the scale of land usage for urban construction. (3) Due to the consumption by the Jiangsu residents, the ratio of stock usage to flow usage of natural capital will increase year by year, among which the ratio of stock usage to flow usage of natural capital will increase most significantly for grassland and water bodies. This study recommends that modern animal husbandry and fishery development would help increase the yield per unit area of grassland and water bodies. (4)The expansion of urban scale and the improvement of residents’ consumption level are the main driving forces for increasing the three-dimensional ecological footprint in Jiangsu Province. The expansion of ecological construction, the improvement of science and technology, and the rapid economic development play a positive role in alleviating the increase of three-dimensional ecological footprint. In the future, the sustainable development of Jiangsu can be realized by changing the consumption mode, optimizing the energy utilization structure, further strengthening the ecological construction, and improving the level of science and technology.

Construction of Ecological Compensation System for Water Environment Resource in Public Places Using Grey Correlation

In the geographical locations where drinking water sources are available, ecological compensation is a potent environmental economic tool for conservation of the environment. The existing systems cannot analyze the extent of ecological damage to water environment resources due to the increase in compensation cost and reduction in compensation efficiency. Therefore, an ecological compensation system of natural water resources in public places is proposed in this paper for preserving one of the most important natural resources, “water.” The system obstacles in the implementation of ecological resource compensation mechanisms for water protection regions of public places are analyzed using grey relational analysis. The status of payment and benefits in the upstream and downstream sections of public places is determined on the basis of a study of compensation theory. Then, the ecological compensation system of the river basin is established by calculating accommodation of water footprint model. Moreover, the key factors of the extent of ecological damage to water environment resources in public space are analyzed by an improved grey relational analysis method. The water footprint model has analyzed the safety and pressure analysis of water resources in public attractions places. The results are retrieved in a simulated environment which shows that the designed system can effectively enhance the compensation efficiency and reduce the compensation costs. The ecological compensation system is developed to actualize the economy and natural resources for the sustainable growth.

Using an improved ecological footprint model to analyze the sustainable utilization of water resources in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region

Using an improved ecological footprint model to analyze the sustainable utilization of water resources in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region

Electrospraying Zwitterionic Copolymers as an Effective Biofouling Control for Accurate and Continuous Monitoring of Wastewater Dynamics in a Real-Time and Long-Term Manner.

Long-term continuous monitoring (LTCM) of water quality can provide high-fidelity datasets essential for executing swift control and enhancing system efficiency. One roadblock for LTCM using solid-state ion-selective electrode (S-ISE) sensors is biofouling on the sensor surface, which perturbs analyte mass transfer and deteriorates the sensor reading accuracy. This study advanced the anti-biofouling property of S-ISE sensors through precisely coating a self-assembled channel-type zwitterionic copolymer poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate-random-sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PTFEMA-r-SBMA) on the sensor surface using electrospray. The PTFEMA-r-SBMA membrane exhibits exceptional permeability and selectivity to primary ions in water solutions. NH4+ S-ISE sensors with this anti-fouling zwitterionic layer were examined in real wastewater for 55 days consecutively, exhibiting sensitivity close to the theoretical value (59.18 mV/dec) and long-term stability (error <4 mg/L). Furthermore, a denoising data processing algorithm (DDPA) was developed to further improve the sensor accuracy, reducing the S-ISE sensor error to only 1.2 mg/L after 50 days of real wastewater analysis. Based on the dynamic energy cost function and carbon footprint models, LTCM is expected to save 44.9% NH4+ discharge, 12.8% energy consumption, and 26.7% greenhouse emission under normal operational conditions. This study unveils an innovative LTCM methodology by integrating advanced materials (anti-fouling layer coating) with sensor data processing (DDPA).

Effects of Measurement Height and Low-Pass-Filtering Corrections on Eddy-Covariance Flux Measurements Over a Forest Clearing with Complex Vegetation

Flux measurements over heterogeneous surfaces with growing vegetation and a limited fetch are a difficult task, as measurement heights that are too high or too low above the canopy adversely affect results. The aim of this study is to assess implications from measurement height in regard to low-pass filtering, footprint representativeness, and energy balance closure for a clear-cut site with regrowing vegetation of varying height. For this, measurements from two open-path eddy-covariance systems at different heights are compared over the course of one growing season. Particular attention is paid to low-pass-filtering corrections, for which five different methods are compared. Results indicate significant differences between fluxes from the upper and lower systems, which likely result from footprint differences and an insufficient spectral correction for the lower system. Different low-pass-filtering corrections add an uncertainty of 3.4% (7.0%) to CO2 fluxes and 1.4% (3.0%) to H2O fluxes for the upper (lower) system, also leading to considerable differences in cumulative fluxes. Despite limitations in the analysis, which include the difficulty of applying a footprint model at this study site and the likely influence of advection on the total exchange, the analysis confirms that information about the choice of spectral correction method and measurement-height changes are critical for interpreting data at complex sites.

Implementation of carbon footprint modeling with supply chain

This study focuses at discussing the effect of emissions of carbon owing to the different stages in an industry's supply chain. A short overview of different environmental concerns, emissions, carbon footprints and carbon estimation methods will be discussed. The most common method –LCA – is discussed in depth, including its stages and procedure for estimating emissions. A sample of the manufacturing of oatmeal is carried out. The data are gathered for outcomes and evaluated. In the formulation of a model, the Balan et al method also is utilised to get results. Based on the findings, suggestions were received for improving the oats sector supply chain system. The benefits to be environmentally friendly and to make the supply chain of an industry green and improvise its sustainability are shown.

Research on ecological evaluation of Shanghai port logistics based on emergy ecological footprint models

With the advent of economic globalization, port logistics industry in China has developed rapidly, but the energy consumption and pollution emissions brought by the development of port logistics are also increasing, which has seriously affected the regional environment. This study improves the traditional calculation method of ecological footprint based on the theory of emergy analysis and builds the emergy-ecological footprint (EEF) model of port logistics. Through data collection and analysis, the ecological situation of Shanghai port logistics from 2009 to 2018 is studied. The results show that the energy footprint of Shanghai port logistics is the largest component of the ecological footprint of port logistics, followed by the pollution footprint. Although the development of port water logistics promotes the development of natural resources and improves the ecological carrying capacity of port logistics, the ecological footprint is higher than the ecological carrying capacity, and Shanghai port logistics is still in an ecological deficit state. Therefore, this paper puts forward some strategies and suggestions to improve the ecological situation of Shanghai port logistics from the aspects of the formulation of laws and regulations, the improvement of port production and operation facilities, the improvement of collection and distribution structure and the strengthening of propaganda. Not only is it beneficial to the development of Shanghai green port logistics, but it also brings certain reference significance to the construction of other green ports.