Dietary Supplements Research Articles

Preventing a Public Health Issue by Quantification of Illegally Added Sexual Enhancers in Natural Dietary Supplements

The lack of regulation for "natural" dietary supplements raises public health concerns as they may contain undisclosed active ingredients, without proper labelling. Natural libido boosters, marketed as dietary supplements for male sexual function improvement, have been linked to serious side effects, prompting health authorities to issue warnings. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods are commonly used to detect non-regulated substances in these supplements. In the present work, an LC-MS/MS method was validated to verify that it provides robust and reliable results, with enough sensitivity (LOD ≤ 10 µg·kg-1 and LOQ ≤ 45 µg·kg-1), precision (RSD ≤ 15%), and accuracy (80–120% recovery). Then, the concentration of sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, yohimbine and desmethyl carbodenafil was evaluated in several dietary supplements commercially available in Spain. 17 samples were analyzed, and 4 presented contaminations of sildenafil, yohimbine or tadalafil. The outstanding results lead to a robust analytical method that can be used to detect and prevent fraud, ensure food security and prevent public health issues.

Efficacy of dietary polyphenol supplement in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a network meta-analysis

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a public health issue worldwide. Dietary polyphenols are naturally occurring plant active ingredients and are widely employed in the treatment of NAFLD. However, the therapeutic effect is still controversial. In this study, a network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed to appraise the effects of various polyphenols on metabolic indices of NAFLD.MethodsPubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were retrieved for English studies on dietary polyphenols in the treatment of NAFLD. Outcome measures were extracted from the included studies and compared using a Bayesian NMA model, encompassing body mass index (BMI), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).ResultsIn total, 54 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this study, including 3,132 participants. It involved 13 single (or combined) dietary polyphenols. Naringenin could reduce serum TC (surface under the cumulative ranking curve: 94.59%) and TG (99.00%) in NAFLD patients. Catechin could decrease BMI (77.74%) and serum ALT (94.21%), AST (93.56%), TC (92.26%), and increase HDL-C (93.72%). Dihydromyricetin (DHM) was effective in reducing serum LDL-C (73.22%), and quercetin decreased serum TNF-α (99.47%).ConclusionCatechin may be the most appropriate dietary polyphenol supplement for NAFLD. Future studies should incorporate more RCTs to further validate the efficacy of dietary polyphenols (like DHM and quercetin), which are limited in sample sizes, in treating NAFLD. On the other hand, it is essential to investigate improvements in the bioavailability of these dietary polyphenols and to clarify their safety profiles.

From Waste To Wealth: Pistachio Green Hulls as a Novel Source of Antioxidants and Dietary Supplements

From Waste To Wealth: Pistachio Green Hulls as a Novel Source of Antioxidants and Dietary Supplements

Sportuotojų maisto papildų poreikiai kūno kompozicijai koreguoti

The article aims to determine which dietary supplements athletes choose to correct body composition. The study analyzes the motivation and supplement choices of athletes who visit dietary supplement stores to improve body composition. The study draws attention to the significant influence of social media networks and peers on supplement use, indicating the need for evidence-based information campaigns promoting science-based choices among athletes.

Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Biological Characterization of Peel, Pulp, and Seed Powder from the Fruits of Berberis mikuna and Berberis burruyacuensis: Potential as a Functional Ingredient.

Berberis mikuna Job. (common name "mikuna") and Berberis burruyacuensis O.R. Dantur, S. Radice, E. Giordani and Papini (common name "sacha mikuna") are endemic native plant species from northwestern Argentina. The aim of this work was to evaluate, for the first time, the potential of the pulp, seed, and peel powders from B. mikuna and B. burruyacuensis fruits as functional food ingredients, with the purpose of adding value to these native resources and promoting their sustainable use. All powders exhibited nutritional value due to their protein, lipid, fiber, and ash content, especially the seed powder. Phenolic compounds (including xanthone, phenolic esters, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanins), alkaloids, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins, totaling 33 compounds, were identified in the pulp, seed, and peel of both Berberis fruits through UHPLC-PDA-ESI-QT-MS/MS. High anthocyanin content was observed in the pulp and peel, mainly in B. mikuna (195.55 ± 7.75 and 283.49 ± 6.55 g C3GE/100 g of powder, respectively), while tannins were abundant in the seeds (3.64 ± 0.11 and 6.09 ± 0.06 mg PB2/100 g of powder for B. mikuna and B. burruyacuensis, respectively). The powders exhibited antioxidant activity (ABTS•+; H2O2) and the capacity to inhibit enzymes related to metabolic syndrome, such as α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and lipase. These findings suggest the potential of B. mikuna and B. burruyacuensis fruit powders as functional food ingredients, dietary supplements, or natural functional colorants for foods and beverages.

Development of Highly Sensitive and Specific and Genetically Encoded Biosensors for Calcifediol and Calcitriol Detection.

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) are essential steroid metabolites that serve as key indicators of vitamin D3 status in the human body. However, conventional detection methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are costly, time-consuming, and labor-intensive, limiting their accessibility for routine analysis. Here, we engineered genetically encoded biosensors by leveraging the human vitamin D receptor (VDR) and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA) to enable precise detection of calcitriol and calcifediol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The biosensors were designed as two-component modules by fusing the VDR ligand-binding domain to the S. cerevisiae GAL4 DNA-binding domain and RXRA to the VP16 activation domain, facilitating ligand-dependent transcriptional activation. To enhance sensitivity, we increased the copy number of the reporter module and incorporated a transcriptional amplifier, improving the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) to 23.3 nM for calcitriol and 219.8 nM for calcifediol. Furthermore, biosensor specificity for calcitriol was optimized by screening VDR mutations using a URA3-mediated dual-selection system, yielding the VDRCT mutant, which exhibited no response to 10 μM calcifediol. The biosensors demonstrated high accuracy in measuring calcifediol in dietary supplements and calcitriol in pharmaceutical formulations, showing strong concordance with HPLC results. These findings suggest that the proposed biosensors may provide a cost-effective, rapid, and reliable alternative for food safety inspection and clinical diagnostics.

Shohani Save Guard (SSG): Dietary Supplement to Support Drug Addiction Treatment

Shohani Save Guard (SSG): Dietary Supplement to Support Drug Addiction Treatment

Effect of gum Arabic (GA) on Lipid Profile in Sudanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus an endocrine disease characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. Gum arabic (GA) is one of the oldest and greatest natural gums and a valuable natural product generated by Acacia Senegal trees. GA is a cash crop in Sudan. Aim. The main aim of this study was to assess the effect of GA on lipid levels (cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins) on diabetic patients. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among Sudanese volunteers with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thirty samples were collected from diabetic patients. The same patients served as controls via measurements made before the use of GA. Results. The results showed that the serum total cholesterol and (LDL) levels were significantly (P< 0.05) decreased following using of gum Arabic by diabetic patients. In addition, the level of serum total cholesterol decreased significantly after the administration of gum Arabic compared to the all subject on the same group before using. The level of plasma LDL decreased significantly (P< 0.05) after the administration of GA.Conclusions. In prediabetic and diabetic patients, adding GA to food supplements lowers the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins.

Chromatographic Detection and Determination of Cyproheptadine and Dexamethasone as Adulterants in Weight Gain Supplements.

The increasing popularity of herbal medicines and dietary supplements has raised concern about potential adulteration with pharmaceutical drugs. To detect and determine cyproheptadine (CYP) and dexamethasone (DEX) as adulterants in weight gain herbal supplements found in the Iraqi market. Nine herbal supplements marketed as natural weight gainers were purchased from local pharmacies and were screened using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for qualitative and quantitative detection of CYP and DEX. CYP was detected in seven of the nine products at levels of 2.65-8.6 mg per dosage unit. DEX was detected in all test solutions at levels of 6.2-18.75 mg per dosage unit. A large proportion of herbal weight gain supplements were found to contain undeclared pharmaceuticals with severe health implications. The findings call for the immediate institution of tighter regulatory control and regular quality control tests in the name of consumer safety. Herbals and supplements for weight gain are increasingly popular but may be adulterated with pharmaceutical drugs which impose serious health risks for consumers. Urgent need for regulatory enforcement and routine quality checks are recommended.

Assessment of growth status and nutritional management of prematurely born infants after hospital discharge: A position paper of the ESPGHAN Nutrition Committee.

The aim of the manuscript is to provide evidence-based or expert consensus-based recommendations for growth assessment and nutritional management of preterm-born infants during the post-discharge period. The search was conducted in Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews using the MESH terms: infant, preterm infant, low birth weight, infant food, nutritional status, nutrients, breast feeding, infant formula, human milk, dietary supplements, vitamins, iron, vitamin D, minerals, energy intake, weaning, and baby led. Overall, 402 papers were identified and screened, from which 101 publications were included in the present position paper. In the absence of evidence, recommendations reflect the authors' combined expert opinion. Final consensus was obtained through multiple e-mail exchanges and meetings with the Committee of Nutrition of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Continuous growth monitoring through measurements of weight, length, and HC post-discharge is recommended to identify growth faltering (GF) or undernutrition. To prevent disproportionate growth, weight-for-length z-scores should be included in the assessment when term equivalent age is reached. Infants discharged with a significant drop in weight and length, exceeding a -2 standard deviation loss, require tailored nutritional support to address long-term growth challenges and to support recovery to normal growth rates. Breastfeeding is highly recommended for all infants when feasible. Infants needing to catch up in growth should be given supplements, such as HMF For those fed with formula, an adequate protein: energy ratio, minerals, and trace elements should be supplied to facilitate catch-up growth. The start of solid foods should coincide with the infant's neurological developmental milestones, rather than adhering strictly to a set age. Vitamin D and iron supplementation (with regular ferritin monitoring) is recommended through at least 12 months CA. For preterm infants, close monitoring of growth after discharge and nutritional assessment is essential to identify those at high risk for GF or undernutrition and to provide individualized nutritional support when needed. These patients should either be referred to a specialized center for pediatric nutritional care or, alternatively, their general pediatrician should receive appropriate training on the subject.

Promotive Effect of Ginger Rhizome Extract Supplement on In Vitro Rooting of Persian Violet Shoot Tip Culture

Ginger is recognized for its economic value, which is derived from its rhizome that is often utilized as a spice and a herb. In plant tissue culture, various natural supplements are often added into culture media. Ginger rhizome extract has not been added to plant tissue culture media before, although it is anticipated to have plant hormones needed by plant tissue culture. This study was aimed to investigate if the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents in the extracts from young and old ginger rhizomes might be related to their effects on Persian violet shoot tips cultured on media supplemented with the extracts. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed distinct IAA concentrations of 97.04 and 95.57 µg/mL in the extracts from young and old ginger rhizomes, respectively. Basal MS medium was then supplemented with these extracts at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mL L-1 for culturing Persian violet shoot tips over 4 weeks. Remarkably, the medium supplemented with 5 mL L-1 of old ginger rhizome extract was the most effective in inducing root formation from Persian violet shoot tips under in vitro conditions, resulting in an average of 29 roots formed per shoot tip explant. In this treatment, the average root length was 6.7 cm, and maximum shoot height (3.6 cm) was also promoted. Therefore, the extract of old ginger rhizome distinctly stimulated both root and shoot development of Persian violet in vitro. This investigation supports the use of ginger rhizome extract (containing auxin) in plant tissue culture, particularly for enhancing propagation and development of Persian violet.

Estrogen regulates duodenal calcium absorption and improves postmenopausal osteoporosis by the effect of ERβ on PMCA1b

Dietary calcium supplements can prevent osteoporosis, and our previous investigation demonstrated a notable increase in duodenal calcium absorption due to the impact of estrogen. The decrease of estrogen level in postmenopausal women is significantly associated with an increased incidence of osteoporosis. In this study, we further investigated the role of estrogen regulating duodenal calcium absorption in osteoporosis and elucidated its underlying molecular mechanism. We recruited ten young women in the prefollicular stage and ten menopausal women for the study. Furthermore, we performed trials on mice, as well as human duodenal epithelial cells and SCBN cells. The measurement of calcium absorption in the duodenum of mice was conducted through single-pass perfusion in vivo. We used a calcium imaging system to evaluate calcium absorption in SCBN cells. The bone mineral density was measured using small animal computed tomography and a bone densitometer. Furthermore, The expression levels of calcium transport proteins, namely plasma membrane calcium pump (PMCA1b) and transient receptor potential cation channel (TRPV6), were evaluated using western blot analysis. Compared to young women, postmenopausal women exhibited significant reductions in estrogen levels, bone mineral density, and the expression of PMCA1b and TRPV6 in duodenal mucosal tissues (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was also observed between estrogen levels, the expression of PMCA1b and TRPV6, and bone mineral density (P < 0.05). The estrogen levels, the expression of PMCA1b and TRPV6 in the duodenal mucosa, calcium absorptions, and bone mineral density were observed to be decreased in ovariectomized mice based on in vivo animal experiments (P < 0.05). However, estrogen upplementation can enhance duodenal calcium absorptions and ameliorate osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice, with its primary mechanism of action being the regulation of PMCA1b expression and function (P < 0.05). The findings from SCBN cells further confirm that estrogen enhances duodenal calcium absorption through the effect of ERβ on PMCA1b. Estrogen enhances the expression and functionality of PMCA1b in duodenal mucosal cells via ERβ, promoting duodenal calcium absorption and ameliorating postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Dietary silver nanoparticle effects on Penaeus vannamei growth, histopathology, faecal microbiome, and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease survival.

This study examines acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp farming, caused by specific strains of Vibrio (Vp AHPND+), and evaluates the potential of silver and silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl NP) synthesised from marine resources as an antibacterial additive in shrimp feed. Penaeus vannamei juveniles were fed diets supplemented with 0, 10, 100, and 1000 mg Ag/AgCl per kg for 20 d. The highest weight gain (%WG) was observed in individuals consuming the 100 mg Ag kg-1 diet, with a 104.27 ± 4.11% increase. Histopathological analysis revealed that 10 and 100 mg Ag kg-1 improved hepatopancreas (HP) ultrastructure, whereas 1000 mg Ag kg-1 caused severe lesions, including cell necrosis. After infection with Vp AHPND+, survival rates increased from 27% in the control group to 78% in juveniles fed the 100 mg Ag kg-1 diet for 7 d. Microbiome analysis showed no significant changes in alpha diversity due to Ag/AgCl NP doses, although a notable shift was observed during the depuration phase. These findings highlight the potential of Ag/AgCl NP as a dietary supplement to improve growth, health, and disease resistance in shrimp farming, emphasising the importance of precise dosing to maximize benefits while minimising risks.

Does Food Habits and Malnutrition Affect Health Perception Among Diabetic Patients? A Mediation and Moderation Analysis.

The prevalence of diabetes among young individuals has reached concerning levels, posing significant public health risks and exacerbating the economic burden on healthcare systems. The health outcomes of individuals with diabetes are heavily influenced by malnutrition and unhealthy dietary habits, which not only hamper effective blood glucose management but also negatively affect overall health perceptions. This study analyzes the factors influencing malnutrition, food habits, and health perceptions among diabetic patients. A well-structured questionnaire was designed to collect data. A cross-sectional survey of 503 diabetic patients across various regions in India was conducted. Additionally, structural equation modeling, as well as mediation and moderation analyses, were performed. The study findings revealed that dietary knowledge, dietitian-led interventions, and economic factors significantly influenced malnutrition and health outcomes. Conversely, nutritional quality did not emerge as a significant predictor. The study will help pharmaceutical companies, governments, and healthcare practitioners in marketing dietary supplements, design focused dietary programs, and develop health education campaigns to improve diabetes patients' quality of life. The findings illuminated the critical roles of dietary knowledge, dietitian-led interventions, economic factors, and lifestyle modifications in managing malnutrition and enhancing health outcomes. The study demonstrated significant mediation and moderation effects, emphasizing the complex interplay between food habits and malnutrition on health perceptions. However, nutritional quality was not a significant predictor, and the research underscored the necessity of holistic, personalized interventions. This will also help medical marketers in devising their marketing strategies.

Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata): Quality of Food Supplements Versus Registered Herbal Medicinal Products.

The above-ground plant material from Passiflora incarnata is used for relief of symptoms of mental stress and to aid sleep. In Europe, passionflower products are marketed either as registered herbal medicinal products or as food supplements. Passionflower products for sleep disorders are increasingly recommended to patients by physicians or by social advertisement, but the potential consumers are in most cases not able to differentiate between food supplements or licensed herbal medicinal products. Analytical investigations by validated protocols on passionflower food supplements and registered medicinal products from different sources were performed to obtain an insight into the actual quality situation. TLC fingerprinting revealed the non-identity of five food supplements, while six products met the specification (five registered herbal medicinal products and one food supplement). A validated UHPLC method confirmed this result. LC-MS identified one food supplement containing only hyperoside and lacking other passionflower-related compounds. Quantitative determination of flavones by photometric protocol, as well as by a calibrated UHPLC, indicated that five out of six food supplements did not meet the specified content and identity, suggesting instances of food fraud. All registered herbal medicinal products conformed to the specification. As this analytical investigation is in line with other reports on the low quality of food supplements, transparent and intensified quality control is recommended. In addition, routine analyses of every batch using validated procedures by manufacturers on a batch-by-batch basis should provide a secure basis for improved product quality and for the safety of the consumer.

Vitamin D Toxicity and Clinical Consequences of Hypervitaminosis

Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that enters the human body with certain animal products, fortified foods, dietary supplements, and is also synthesized endogenously under the influence of solar radiation. It plays a critical role in regulating calcium-phosphorus metabolism and maintaining bone health, preventing the development of rickets and osteopenia. In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence regarding its involvement in numerous metabolic processes and potential link to the risk of autoimmune diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression, dementia and infectious diseases. However, despite the widespread use and availability of vitamin D, including in the form of over-the-counter supplements, there is a risk of developing hypervitaminosis D, which, although rare, can have serious clinical consequences. Vitamin D toxicity is usually caused by excessive intake of high doses of the vitamin (intentional or accidental), prescription errors, or lack of proper monitoring of vitamin D levels during treatment of certain diseases (e.g., osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy, malabsorption). Clinical manifestations of hypervitaminosis D are caused by hypercalcemia and can range from nonspecific symptoms (weakness, fatigue, anorexia, bone pain) to more serious neurological (confusion, apathy, ataxia), gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, constipation, pancreatitis), renal (polyuria, polydipsia, nephrolithiasis) and cardiac (arrhythmias) disorders. Treatment is mainly supportive and aimed at lowering calcium levels by discontinuing vitamin D and calcium intake, rehydration, and in severe cases, calcitonin, bisphosphonates, sometimes glucocorticoids, or hemodialysis.

Nutraceuticals in Reproductive and Urinary Disorders: A Brief Review

Nutraceuticals are the food supplements that play a vital role to maintain healthy body and provide essential supplements required by the body in order to regulate body’s metabolic process as well as to prevent from diseases. Nature provides us a vast diversified flora and fauna which are used tremendously from a long time by different civilizations for their health promoting effects. Unlike modern day synthetic drugs, nutraceuticals have the ability to provide both preventive action as well as nutritive action without exerting any adverse effects. Nutraceuticals have gained interest worldwide due to their nutritional and therapeutic effects without any toxic issues. The substances derived from foods and dietary supplements have shown different metabolic and biological actions on reproductive system in both human as well as animals. The present review discusses the use of nutraceuticals in different reproductive health anomalies. Articles were gathered using search engines such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect.

Nutrition knowledge, supplementation practices and access to nutrition supports of collegiate student athletes in Ireland

PurposeTo provide a comprehensive assessment of nutrition knowledge, supplementation practices and access to nutrition supports in third-level/university student athletes in Ireland.MethodsNutrition knowledge was assessed using the Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (ANSKQ), with additional questions on nutrition information sources, access to nutritional supports and supplement use.Results138 student athletes completed the online questionnaire. Participants had a mean (± SD) Total Nutrition Knowledge (TNK) score of 51.6 ± 13.7%, classed as “average”. Scores were higher in the General Nutrition Knowledge (GNK) (61.4 ± 15.4%) sub-section, while Sports Nutrition Knowledge (SNK) scores (47.2 ± 15.5%) were considered “poor”. Athletes that studied nutrition/dietetics at university level had higher GNK (69.9 ± 12.3% vs. 60.3 ± 15.5%), SNK (61.5 ± 13.7% vs. 45.3 ± 14.8%) and TNK (64.1 ± 11.8% vs. 50.0 ± 13.1%) scores than other students (all p < 0.05). Athletes with prior nutrition education/training also had significantly better TNK, GNK and SNK scores than those with no previous education/training (p < 0.001). Dietary supplements were used by 62.4% of participants, 64.0% of whom used 3 or more supplements. The most popular supplements were protein (77.9%), vitamin D (47.7%) and multivitamins (47.7%). Only 49.3% of participants had previous access to nutrition supports, but 80.4% of participants wanted more support.ConclusionsStudent athletes demonstrated inadequate levels of nutrition knowledge, particularly in the areas of sports nutrition, coupled with a high prevalence of nutritional supplement use. Athletes with higher education levels and prior nutrition education/training demonstrated greater nutrition knowledge, although a high desire for more nutrition supports was reported by the athletes in this cohort.

The Effect of Poppy Oil on Egg Production and Calcium Metabolism in Japanese Quail.

Consumers tend to favor natural dietary supplements to improve their health. However, vendors rarely cite scientific evidence to justify these claims. In the case of poppy oil, it is often mentioned as having a positive effect on Ca metabolism-related disorders, but no proof has been provided. Therefore, the aim of our trial was to test the possible effect of poppy oil on calcium metabolism using Japanese quail layers as a model animal. A total of 120 four-week-old quail were divided into three dietary treatments (four cages per treatment, with ten birds in each cage): a control group (using sunflower oil as the energy source in the diet), 0.5%, and 1% poppy oil supplementation (replacing sunflower oil). Egg production, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, and egg yolk color were investigated. Ca retention was determined using the acid-insoluble ash method. At the end of the experiment, two birds per cage were sacrificed, and uterus and jejunum samples were collected for gene expression analyses. Poppy oil supplementation improved egg production in terms of intensity, egg weight, and eggmass production. The thickness and eggshell strength decreased when 1% poppy oil was fed to the animals, while Ca retention improved. Poppy oil supplementation increased the expression of Ca transporter genes (CALB1, SLC8A1, and SLC26A9) in the uterus and ITPR1 in the jejunum. Our results indicate a possible effect of poppy oil on Ca metabolism. Further studies are needed to identify the active compound and to understand the mode of action.

A Review on Chemo Sensors and Fluorosensors for Manganese.

Manganese is a trace essential element in human body. Manganese can not be produced in body so the daily intake of manganese sources like shellfish, oysters, brown rice, black tea, Oat meal, black pepper, spinach and other dietary supplements of manganese are important. Manganese sensors are very rare and therefore it is very much important to discuss about all the sensors synthesized for manganese still date.