ENSO is the primary natural hazard that contributes to food insecurity and poverty. It has been influencing countries’ climatic regimes for decades, bringing frequent floods and droughts. There is limited knowledge on El Niño and La Niña occurrences that affect agricultural activities in the Oromia Region and occur during the Belg and Kiremt seasons when rainfall is distributed. Evaluating the spatiotemporal rainfall performance of ENSO years spanning Belg and Kiremt seasons rainfall distribution over the research area is the primary goal. For the study’s spatial and temporal analyses, satellite rainfall data from 1981 to 2021 was obtained from CHG-UCSB and https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/fews/ewx_lite/index.html, respectively. The study’s findings demonstrated a substantial association between the Belg and Kiremt seasons spanning El Niño and La Niña periods, with a range of correlation values indicating a weak, moderate, and strong relationship. Because of the spatial and temporal dynamics of this study area, ENSO phases indicate that exceptionally dry years are probably linked to El Niño occurrences in the region, whereas extraordinarily rainy years are likely linked to La Niña events. Seasonal rainfall performance and rainfall variability are impacted by ENSO events and other regional systems, with both positive and negative effects observed throughout the research area. In addition to examining the ENSO (Neutral, El Niño, and La Niña) that have a major impact on the seasonal rainfall performances in the Oromia region, this study also looked at the water availability, yield production, pastoralist and agro-pastoralist activities, and water availability. In summary, the results of this research can help us better understand the mechanisms underlying regional ENSO events and their causes, which will be especially useful when future climate conditions change.